References
- Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21:655–679. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.01821896369
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3). 3rd ed Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2013.
- Baglioni C, Battagliese G, Feige B, et al. Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. J Affect Disord. 2011;135:10–19. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.01121300408
- Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):675–700.
- Castronovo V, Galbiati A, Sforza M, et al. Long-term clinical effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a case series study. Sleep Med. 2018;47:54–59. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.01729753926
- Riemann D, Nissen C, Palagini L, et al. The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(5):547–558. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00021-625895933
- Morin CM, Vallières A, Guay B, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(19):2005–2015. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.68219454639
- Matthews EE, Arnedt JT, McCarthy MS, Cuddihy LJ, Aloia MS. Adherence to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(6):453–464. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.01.00123602124
- Benjamins JS, Migliorati F, Dekker K, et al. Insomnia heterogeneity: characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;36:71–81. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.10.00529066053
- Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Liao D, et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2013a;17(4):241–254. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.00523419741
- Baglioni L, Regen W, Teghen A, et al. Sleep changes in the disorder of insomnia: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18:195–213. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.04.00123809904
- Feige B, Baglioni C, Spiegelhalder K, et al. The microstructure of sleep in primary insomnia: an overview and extension. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013;89:171–180. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.00223583625
- Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Nissen C, et al. REM sleep instability: a new pathway for insomnia? Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012;45(5):167–176. doi:10.1055/s-0031-129972122290199
- Freedman RR. EEG power spectra in sleep-onset insomnia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1986;63(5):408–413. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(86)90122-72420556
- Perlis ML, Smith MT, Andrews PJ, et al. Beta/gamma EEG activity in patients with primary and secondary insomnia and good sleeper controls. Sleep. 2001;24(1):110–117. doi:10.1093/sleep/24.1.11011204046
- Feige B, Al-Shajlawi A, Nissen C, et al. Does REM sleep contribute to subjective wake time in primary insomnia? A comparison of polysomnographic and subjective sleep in 100 patients. J Sleep Res. 2008;17(2):180–190. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00651.x18482106
- Terzano MG, Parrino L, Spaggiari MC, et al. CAP variables and arousals as sleep electroencephalogram markers for primary insomnia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(9):1715–1723. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00136-612948801
- Chouvarda I, Mendez MO, Rosso V, et al. CAP sleep in insomnia: new methodological aspects for sleep microstructure analysis. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:1495–1498.22254603
- Chouvarda I, Mendez MO, Rosso V, et al. Cyclic alternating patterns in normal sleep and insomnia: structure and content differences. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2012;20(5):642–652. doi:10.1109/TNSRE.2012.220898422855235
- Yang CM, Lo HS. ERP evidence of enhanced excitatory and reduced inhibitory processes of auditory stimuli during sleep in patients with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007;30(5):585–592. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.5.58517552373
- Bastien CH, St-Jean G, Morin CM, et al. Chronic psychophysiological insomnia: hyperarousal and/or inhibition deficits? An ERPs investigation. Sleep. 2008;31(6):887–898. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.6.88718548835
- Kertesz RS, Cote KA. Event-related potentials during the transition to sleep for individuals with sleep-onset insomnia. Behav Sleep Med. 2011;9(2):68–85. doi:10.1080/15402002.2011.55798921491230
- Turcotte I, Bastien CH. Is quality of sleep related to the N1 and P2 ERPs in chronic psychophysiological insomnia sufferers? Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;72(3):314–322. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.00119239917
- Besset A, Villemin E, Tafti M, et al. Homeostatic process and sleep spindles in patients with sleep-maintenance insomnia: effect of partial (21 h) sleep deprivation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;107(2):122–132. doi:10.1016/S0013-4694(98)00048-09751283
- Bastien CH, St-Jean G, Turcotte I, et al. Sleep spindles in chronic psychophysiological insomnia. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66(1):59–65. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.01319073295
- Forget D, Morin CM, Bastien CH. The role of the spontaneous and evoked k- complex in good-sleeper controls and in individuals with insomnia. Sleep. 2011;34(9):1251–1260. doi:10.5665/SLEEP.125021886363
- Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Precipitating factors of insomnia. Behav Sleep Med. 2004;2(1):50–62. doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0201_515600224
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2): Diagnostic and Coding Manual. 2nd ed Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
- Edinger JD, Wyatt JK, Stepanski EJ, et al. Testing the reliability and validity of DSM-IV-TR and ICSD-2 insomnia diagnoses: results of a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(10):992–1002. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.6421646568
- Foley KA, Sarsour K, Kalsekar A, et al. Subtypes of sleep disturbance: associations among symptoms, comorbidities, treatment, and medical costs. Behav Sleep Med. 2010;8(2):90–104. doi:10.1080/1540200100362284220352545
- Crawford MR, Chirinos DA, Iurcotta T, et al. Characterization of patients who present with insomnia: is there room for a symptom cluster-based approach? J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(7):911–921. doi:10.5664/jcsm.666628633722
- Green MJ, Espie CA, Benzeval M. Social class and gender patterning of insomnia symptoms and psychiatric distress: a 20-year prospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):152. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-15224884517
- Blanken TF, Benjamins JS, Borsboom D, et al. Insomnia disorder subtypes derived from life history and traits of affect and personality. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(2):151–163. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30464-430630691
- Dekker K, Blanken T, Van Someren E. Insomnia and personality-a network approach. Brain Sci. 2017;7(3):28. doi:10.3390/brainsci7030028
- Bathgate CJ, Edinger JD, Krystal AD. Insomnia patients with objective short sleep duration have a blunted response to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Sleep. 2017;40:1.
- Miller CB, Espie CA, Bartlett DJ, et al. Acceptability, tolerability, and potential efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia disorder subtypes defined by polysomnography: a retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6664. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25033-329703951
- Troxel WM, Conrad TS, Germain A, et al. Predictors of treatment response to brief behavioral treatment of insomnia (BBTI) in older adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(12):1281–1289. doi:10.5664/jcsm.327024340290
- Fernandez-Mendoza J, Vgontzas AN, Liao D. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and incident hypertension: the Penn State Cohort. Hypertension. 2012b;60(4):929–935. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.19326822892811
- Bathgate CJ, Edinger JD, Wyatt JK, et al. Objective but not subjective short sleep duration associated with increased risk for hypertension in individuals with insomnia. Sleep. 2016;39(5):1037–1045. doi:10.5665/sleep.574826951399
- Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Pejovic S, et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(11):1980–1985. doi:10.2337/dc09-028419641160
- Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun S, Bixler EO, et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with deficits in neuropsychological performance: a general population study. Sleep. 2010;33(4):459–465. doi:10.1093/sleep/33.4.45920394314
- Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Pejovic S, et al. Insomnia with short sleep duration and mortality: the Penn State cohort. Sleep. 2010;33(9):1159–1164. doi:10.1093/sleep/33.9.115920857861
- Bertisch SM, Pollock DB, Mittleman MA, et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2018;41:6. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy047
- Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Clinical effects of sleep fragmentation versus sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(4):297–310. doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.024514505597
- Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(5):2119–2126. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-03156215126529
- Rodenbeck A, Cohrs S, Jordan W, et al. The sleep-improving effects of doxepin are paralleled by a normalized plasma cortisol secretion in primary insomnia. A placebo- controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study followed by an open treatment over 3 weeks. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003;170(4):423–428. doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1565-013680082
- Harvey AG, Tang NK. Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution. Psychol Bull. 2012;138(1):77–101. doi:10.1037/a002573021967449
- Vgontzas AN, Tsigos C, Bixler EO, et al. Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res. 1998;45(1):21–31. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00302-49720852
- Bonnet MH, Arand DL. 24-hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep. 1995;18(7):581–588. doi:10.1093/sleep/18.7.5818552929
- Lovato N, Lack L, Kennaway DJ. Comparing and contrasting therapeutic effects of cognitive-behavior therapy for older adults suffering from insomnia with short and long objective sleep duration. Sleep Med. 2016;22:4–12. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.00127544829
- Crönlein T, Wetter T, Rupprecht R, et al. Cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia is equally effective in insomnia patients with objective short and normal sleep duration. Sleep Med. 2018;S1389–9457(18)30535–5.
- Rochefort A, Jarrin DC, Bélanger L, et al. Insomnia treatment response as a function of objectively measured sleep duration. Sleep Med. 2019;56:135–144. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.01630871960
- Galbiati A, Sforza M, Poletti M, et al. Insomnia patients with subjective short total sleep time have a boosted response to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia despite residual symptoms. Behav Sleep Med;2018 1–10. doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1545650
- Chiu VW, Ree M, Janca A, et al. Sleep profiles and CBT-I response in schizophrenia and related psychoses. Psychiatry Res. 2018;268:279–287. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.02730077955
- Perlis M, Aloia M, Millikan A, et al. Behavioral treatment of insomnia: a clinical case series study. J Behav Med. 2000;23(2):149–161. doi:10.1023/A:100541311793210833677
- Ong JC, Kuo TF, Manber R. Who is at risk for dropout from group cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia? J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(4):419–425. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.10.00918374742
- Yeung WF, Chung KF, Ho FYY, et al. Predictors of dropout from internet-based self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 2015;73:19–24. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.07.00826226091
- Perlis ML, Swinkels CM, Gehrman PR, et al. The incidence and temporal patterning of insomnia: a pilot study. J Sleep Res. 2010;19:31–35. doi:10.1111/jsr.2010.19.issue-1-Part-I19912510
- Sánchez-Ortuño MM, Edinger JD. Internight sleep variability: its clinical significance and responsiveness to treatment in primary and comorbid insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(5):527–534. doi:10.1111/jsr.2012.21.issue-522463493
- Chan WS, Williams J, Dautovich ND, et al. Night-to-night sleep variability in older adults with chronic insomnia: mediators and moderators in a randomized controlled trial of Brief Behavioral Therapy (BBT-I). J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(11):1243–1254. doi:10.5664/jcsm.679028992829
- Suh S, Nowakowski S, Bernert RA, et al. Clinical significance of night-to-night sleep variability in insomnia. Sleep Med. 2012;13(5):469–475. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.10.03422357064
- Cervena K, Dauvilliers Y, Espa F, et al. Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power spectra in psychophysiological insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2004;13(4):385–393. doi:10.1111/jsr.2004.13.issue-415560773
- Krystal AD, Edinger JD. Sleep EEG predictors and correlates of the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Sleep. 2010;33(5):669–677. doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.66920469809
- Krystal AD, Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, et al. NREM sleep EEG frequency spectral correlates of sleep complaints in primary insomnia subtypes. Sleep. 2002;25(6):630–640.12224842
- Dang-Vu TT, Hatch B, Salimi A, et al. Sleep spindles may predict response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia. Sleep Med. 2017;39:54–61. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.08.01229157588
- Schabus M, Kerstin H, Thomas P, et al. Interindividual sleep spindle differences and their relation to learning-related enhancements. Brain Res. 2008;1191:127–135. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.10618164280
- Fogel SM, Smith CT. The function of the sleep spindle: a physiological index of intelligence and a mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(5):1154–1165. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.00321167865
- Dang-Vu TT, McKinney SM, Buxton OM, et al. Spontaneous brain rhythms predict sleep stability in the face of noise. Curr Biol. 2010;20(15):R626–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.03220692606
- Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, et al. Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep. 2006;29(9):1155–1173. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.9.115517040003
- Ludwin BM, Bamonti P, Mulligan EA. Program evaluation of group-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a focus on treatment adherence and outcomes in older adults with co-morbidities. Clin Gerontol. 2018;41(5):487–497. doi:10.1080/07317115.2017.139919029252112
- Riedel BW, Lichstein KL. Strategies for evaluating adherence to sleep restriction treatment for insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(2):201–212. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00002-411153973
- Cui R, Fiske A. Predictors of treatment attendance and adherence to treatment recommendations among individuals receiving cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Cogn Behav Ther. 2019;1–7. doi:10.1080/16506073.2019.1586992
- Bei B, Asarnow LD, Krystal A, et al. Treating insomnia in depression: insomnia related factors predict long-term depression trajectories. J Consulting Clin Psychol. 2018;86(3):282–293. doi:10.1037/ccp0000282
- Sánchez-Ortuño MM, Edinger JD. A penny for your thoughts: patterns of sleep-related beliefs, insomnia symptoms and treatment outcome. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(2):125–133. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.00319879556
- Neu D, Mairesse O, Le Bon O. What about sleep homeostasis in insomnia? Comment on the European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):701. doi:10.1111/jsr.2017.26.issue-629047179
- Palagini L, Moretto U, Dell’Osso L, Carney C. Sleep-related cognitive processes, arousal, and emotion dysregulation in insomnia disorder: the role of insomnia-specific rumination. Sleep Med. 2017;30:97–104. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.00428215272
- Zachariae R, Lyby MS, Ritterband LM, O’Toole MS. Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia – A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;30:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.00426615572