604
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Understanding the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Lockdowns and Social Isolation on Sleep Quality

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 2053-2064 | Published online: 11 Nov 2021

References

  • Meaklim H, Junge Moira F, Varma P, Finck WA, Jackson ML. Pre-existing and post-pandemic insomnia symptoms are associated with high levels of stress, anxiety and depression globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(10):2085–2097. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9354
  • Rogers JP, Watson CJ, Badenoch J. et al. Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key emerging narratives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry;2021:jnnp-2021-326405. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326405
  • Numbers K, Brodaty H. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(2):69–70. doi:10.1038/s41582-020-00450-z
  • Nakamura ZM, Nash RP, Laughon SL, Rosenstein DL. Neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(5):25. doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01237-9
  • Nollet M, Hicks H, McCarthy AP, et al. REM sleep’s unique associations with corticosterone regulation, apoptotic pathways, and behavior in chronic stress in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116(7):2733–2742. doi:10.1073/pnas.1816456116
  • Rosenzweig I, Glasser M, Polsek D, Leschziner GD, Williams SC, Morrell MJ. Sleep apnoea and the brain: a complex relationship. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(5):404–414. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00090-9
  • Jackson ML, Tolson J, Bartlett D, Berlowitz DJ, Varma P, Barnes M. Clinical depression in untreated obstructive sleep apnea: examining predictors and a meta-analysis of prevalence rates. Sleep Med. 2019;62:22–28. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.011
  • Helbok R, Chou SH-Y, Beghi E, et al. NeuroCOVID: it’s time to join forces globally. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(10):805–806. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30322-7
  • Solomon T. Neurological infection with SARS-CoV-2 - the story so far. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(2):65–66. doi:10.1038/s41582-020-00453-w
  • Fatima Y, Bucks RS, Mamun AA, et al. Sleep trajectories and mediators of poor sleep: findings from the longitudinal analysis of 41,094 participants of the UK Biobank cohort. Sleep Med. 2020;76:120–127. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.10.020
  • Duffy, B. How the UK is Sleeping Under Lockdown [Press Release]. King’s College London; 2020.
  • Perez-Carbonell L, Meurling IJ, Wassermann D, et al. Impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on sleep. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(Suppl 2):S163–S175. doi:10.21037/jtd-cus-2020-015
  • Scarpelli S, Alfonsi V, Mangiaruga A, et al. Pandemic nightmares: effects on dream activity of the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(5):e13300. doi:10.1111/jsr.13300
  • Barrett D. Dreams about COVID-19 versus normative dreams: trends by gender. Dreaming. 2020;30(3):216–221. doi:10.1037/drm0000149
  • Scarpelli S, Gorgoni M, Alfonsi V, et al. The impact of the end of COVID confinement on pandemic dreams, as assessed by a weekly sleep diary: a longitudinal investigation in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2021:e13429. doi:10.1111/jsr.13429
  • Dzierzewski JM, Dautovich ND, Ravyts SG, Perez E, Soto P, Donovan EK. Insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: an examination of biopsychosocial moderators. Sleep Med. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.018
  • Florea C, Topalidis P, Hauser T, et al. Sleep during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-cultural study investigating job system relevance. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021;191:114463. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114463
  • Rosenzweig I, Mitrečić D, Petanjek Z, et al. Does damage to hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus underlie symptoms of ultradian rhythm disorder and an increased anxiety in coronavirus disease 2019? Croat Med J. 2020;61(4):377–380. doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.377
  • Steenblock C, Todorov V, Kanczkowski W, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(8):1611–1617. doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0758-9
  • Goldstein AN, Walker MP. The role of sleep in emotional brain function. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10(1):679–708. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153716
  • Suzuki YJ, Gychka SG. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicits cell signaling in human host cells: implications for possible consequences of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(1):36.
  • Garrigues E, Janvier P, Kherabi Y, et al. Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(6):e4–e6. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029
  • Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(5):416–427. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5
  • Rathod S, Pallikadavath S, Young AH, et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic: protocol and results of first three weeks from an international cross-section survey - focus on health professionals. J Affect Disord Rep. 2020;1:100005. doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100005
  • Suzuki YJ, Nikolaienko SI, Dibrova VA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell signaling in lung vascular cells. Vascul Pharmacol. 2021;137:106823. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2020.106823
  • Suryawanshi RK, Koganti R, Agelidis A, Patil CD, Shukla D. Dysregulation of cell signaling by SARS-CoV-2. Trends Microbiol. 2021;29(3):224–237. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2020.12.007
  • Domazet-Lošo T. mRNA Vaccines: Why is the Biology of Retroposition Ignored?
  • Galli F, Reglero G, Bartolini D, Visioli F. Better prepare for the next one. Lifestyle lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. PharmaNutrition. 2020;12:100193. doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100193
  • Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(4):e13052. doi:10.1111/jsr.13052
  • Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62(4):370–378. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_523_20
  • Kearsley R, Duffy CC. The COVID-19 information pandemic: how have we managed the surge? Anaesthesia. 2020;75(8):993–996. doi:10.1111/anae.15121
  • Leger D, Beck F, Fressard L, Verger P, Peretti-Watel P; Group C. Poor sleep associated with overuse of media during the COVID-19 lockdown. Sleep. 2020;43(10). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa125
  • Simpson N, Manber R. Treating Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic: observations and perspectives from a behavioral sleep medicine clinic. Behav Sleep Med. 2020;18(4):573–575. doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1765781
  • Blume C, Schmidt MH, Cajochen C. Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on human sleep and rest-activity rhythms. Curr Biol. 2020;30(14):R795–R797.
  • Wright KP, Linton SK, Withrow D, et al. Sleep in University students prior to and during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Curr Biol. 2020;30(14):R797–R798. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.022
  • Robbins R, Affouf M, Weaver MD, et al. Estimated sleep duration before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in major metropolitan areas on different continents: observational study of smartphone app data. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(2):e20546. doi:10.2196/20546
  • Beck F, Leger D, Cortaredona S, Verger P, Peretti-Watel P; group C. Would we recover better sleep at the end of Covid-19? A relative improvement observed at the population level with the end of the lockdown in France. Sleep Med. 2021;78:115–119. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.029
  • Salfi F, Lauriola M, D’Atri A, et al. Demographic, psychological, chronobiological, and work-related predictors of sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11416. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90993-y
  • Staller N, Randler C. Changes in sleep schedule and chronotype due to COVID-19 restrictions and home office. Somnologie (Berl). 2020;25:131–137.
  • Varma P, Burge M, Meaklim H, Junge M, Jackson ML. Poor sleep quality and its relationship with individual characteristics, personal experiences and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):11. doi:10.3390/ijerph18116030
  • Phillips AJK, Clerx WM, O’Brien CS, et al. Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3216. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03171-4
  • Huang T, Mariani S, Redline S. Sleep irregularity and risk of cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(9):991–999. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.054
  • Cellini N, Canale N, Mioni G, Costa S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(4):e13074. doi:10.1111/jsr.13074
  • Zhao X, Lan M, Li H, Yang J. Perceived stress and sleep quality among the non-diseased general public in China during the 2019 coronavirus disease: a moderated mediation model. Sleep Med. 2021;77:339–345. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.021
  • Franceschini C, Musetti A, Zenesini C, et al. Poor sleep quality and its consequences on mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Front Psychol. 2020;11:574475. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475
  • Sultana A, Tasnim S, Hossain MM, Bhattacharya S, Purohit N. Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: a public health concern. F1000Research. 2021;10:81. doi:10.12688/f1000research.50880.1
  • Smith L, Jacob L, Trott M, et al. The association between screen time and mental health during COVID-19: a cross sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113333. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113333
  • Salfi F, Amicucci G, Corigliano D, et al. Changes of evening exposure to electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown affect the time course of sleep disturbances. Sleep. 2021;44(9). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab080.
  • Voitsidis P, Gliatas I, Bairachtari V, et al. Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113076. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113076
  • Nedergaard M, Goldman SA. Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia. Science. 2020;370(6512):50–56. doi:10.1126/science.abb8739
  • Borbely AA, Daan S, Wirz-Justice A, Deboer T. The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res. 2016;25(2):131–143. doi:10.1111/jsr.12371
  • Đogaš Z, Lušić Kalcina L, Pavlinac Dodig I, et al. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and mood in Croatian general population: a cross-sectional study. Croat Med J. 2020;61(4):309–318. doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.309
  • Czeisler MÉ, Wiley JF, Facer-Childs ER, et al. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during a prolonged COVID-19–related lockdown in a region with low SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;140:533–544. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.080
  • Abdool Karim SS. The South African response to the pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):e95. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2014960
  • Cellini N, Conte F, De Rosa O, et al. Changes in sleep timing and subjective sleep quality during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy and Belgium: age, gender and working status as modulating factors. Sleep Med. 2021;77:112–119. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.027
  • Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, et al. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, June 24- 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1049–1057. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1
  • Rossell SL, Neill E, Phillipou A, et al. An overview of current mental health in the general population of Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the COLLATE project. Psychiatry Res. 2021;296:113660. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113660
  • Salfi F, Lauriola M, Amicucci G, et al. Gender-related time course of sleep disturbances and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown: a longitudinal study on the Italian population. Neurobiol Stress. 2020;13:100259. doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100259
  • Matias T, Dominski FH, Marks DF. Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. J Health Psychol. 2020;25(7):871–882. doi:10.1177/1359105320925149
  • Baron KG, Culnan E. Sleep and Healthy Decision Making. Academic Press; 2019:359–369.
  • Ramalho R, Adiukwu F, Gashi Bytyci D, et al. Alcohol and tobacco use during the COVID-19 pandemic. A call for local actions for global impact. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:634254. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634254
  • Doraiswamy S, Cheema S, Al Mulla A, Mamtani R. COVID-19 lockdown and lifestyles – a narrative review. Med Pharmacol. 2021. doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0532.v2
  • Stein MD, Friedmann PD. Disturbed sleep and its relationship to alcohol use. Subst Abus. 2005;26(1):1–13. doi:10.1300/J465v26n01_01
  • Kudumija Slijepcevic M, Jukic V, Novalic D, Zarkovic-Palijan T, Milosevic M, Rosenzweig I. Alcohol abuse as the strongest risk factor for violent offending in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Croat Med J. 2014;55(2):156–162. doi:10.3325/cmj.2014.55.156
  • Bu F, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. 2020.
  • Chaudhury S, Samudra M. COVID-19 lockdown: psychological effects. Med J Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth. 2020;13(6):580. doi:10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_230_20
  • Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Berntson GG, et al. Do lonely days invade the nights? Potential social modulation of sleep efficiency. Psychol Sci. 2002;13(4):384–387. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2002.00469.x
  • Rosenzweig I. Vignette on Canetti, crowds, and the self in times of COVID-19. Croat Med J. 2020;61(4):307–308. doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.307
  • Acharibasam JW, Chireh B, Menegesha HG. Assessing anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms among Ebola survivors in Africa: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246515. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246515
  • Pieh C, Budimir S, Delgadillo J, Barkham M, Fontaine JRJ, Probst T. Mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom. Psychosom Med. 2021;83(4):328–337. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000871
  • Alimoradi Z, Broström A, Tsang HWH, et al. Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its’ association to psychological distress: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100916. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916
  • Kocevska D, Blanken TF, Van Someren EJW, Rösler L. Sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic: not one size fits all. Sleep Med. 2020;76:86–88. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.09.029
  • Ferri P, Guadi M, Marcheselli L, Balduzzi S, Magnani D, Di Lorenzo R. The impact of shift work on the psychological and physical health of nurses in a general hospital: a comparison between rotating night shifts and day shifts. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2016;9:203–211. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S115326
  • Mohanty A, Kabi A, Mohanty AP. Health problems in healthcare workers: a review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(8):2568–2572.
  • Fatima Y, Bucks RS, Mamun AA, et al. Shift work is associated with increased risk of COVID-19: findings from the UK Biobank cohort. J Sleep Res. 2021;30:e13326.
  • Blume C, Schmidt MH, Cajochen C. Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on human sleep and rest-activity rhythms. Curr Biol. 2020;30(14):R795–R797.
  • Manjunatha N, Math SB, Kulkarni GB, Chaturvedi SK. The neuropsychiatric aspects of influenza/swine flu: a selective review. Ind Psychiatry J. 2011;20(2):83–90. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.102479
  • Economo CV. Encephalitis lethargica, its sequelae and treatment. J Am Med Assoc. 1932;98(3):255. doi:10.1001/jama.1932.02730290071039
  • Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S. Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:34–39. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027
  • Salfi F, D’Atri A, Tempesta D, Ferrara M. Sleeping under the waves: a longitudinal study across the contagion peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(5):e13313. doi:10.1111/jsr.13313
  • Barateau L, Lopez R, Franchi JA, Dauvilliers Y. Hypersomnolence, hypersomnia, and mood disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(2):13. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0763-0
  • Selsick H, O’Regan D. Sleep disorders in psychiatry. BJ Psych Advan. 2018;24(4):273–283. doi:10.1192/bja.2018.8
  • Duggan KA, McDevitt EA, Whitehurst LN, Mednick SC. To nap, perchance to DREAM: a factor analysis of college students’ self-reported reasons for napping. Behav Sleep Med. 2018;16(2):135–153. doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1178115
  • Lichstein KL, Wilson NM, Noe SL, Aguillard RN, Bellur SN. Daytime sleepiness in insomnia: behavioral, biological and subjective indices. Sleep. 1994;17(8):693–702. doi:10.1093/sleep/17.8.693
  • Becker PM. Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. Sleep Med. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.024
  • Jauhar S, Lai S, Bonoldi I, et al. Early intervention in psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: Maudsley recommendations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;47:130–135. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.005
  • Morin CM, Carrier J, Bastien C, Godbout R, Canadian S, Circadian N. Sleep and circadian rhythm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Public Health. 2020;111(5):654–657. doi:10.17269/s41997-020-00382-7
  • Datta K, Tripathi M. Sleep and Covid-19. Neurol India. 2021;69(1):26–31. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.310073
  • Magill E, Siegel Z, Pike KM. The mental health of frontline health care providers during pandemics: a rapid review of the literature. Psychiatr Serv. 2020;71(12):1260–1269. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000274
  • Arnedt JT, Conroy DA, Mooney A, Furgal A, Sen A, Eisenberg D. Telemedicine versus face-to-face delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled noninferiority trial. Sleep. 2021;44(1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa136
  • O’Regan D, Nesbitt A, Biabani N, et al. A novel group cognitive behavioural therapy approach to adult non-rapid eye movement parasomnias. Front Psychiatry. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.679272
  • Calhoon GG, Tye KM. Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(10):1394–1404. doi:10.1038/nn.4101
  • Mukerjee S, Gao H, Xu J, Sato R, Zsombok A, Lazartigues E. ACE2 and ADAM17 interaction regulates the activity of presympathetic neurons. Hypertension. 2019;74(5):1181–1191. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13133
  • Ferguson AV, Latchford KJ, Samson WK. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus - a potential target for integrative treatment of autonomic dysfunction. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008;12(6):717–727. doi:10.1517/14728222.12.6.717