469
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

The Interplay Between Problematic Online Pornography Use, Psychological Stress, Emotion Dysregulation and Insomnia Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediation Analysis

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 83-92 | Published online: 20 Jan 2022

References

  • Bjorvatn B, Jernelöv S, Pallesen S. Insomnia – a heterogenic disorder often comorbid with psychological and somatic disorders and diseases: a narrative review with focus on diagnostic and treatment challenges. Front Psychol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639198.
  • Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, et al. Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(2):263–298. doi:10.5664/JCSM.8988
  • Ohayon MM. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6(2):97–111. doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186
  • Buysse DJ, Angst J, Gamma A, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults. Sleep. 2008;31(4):473–480. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.4.473
  • Harvey AG. A cognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40(8):869–893. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00061-4
  • Kalmbach DA, Anderson JR, Drake CL. The impact of stress on sleep: pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(6):e12710. doi:10.1111/jsr.12710
  • Perlis ML, Giles DE, Mendelson WB, Bootzin RR, Wyatt JK. Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res. 1997;6(3):179–188. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00045.x
  • Kardefelt-Winther D. A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput Human Behav. 2014;31(1):351–354. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
  • Billieux J, Schimmenti A, Khazaal Y, Maurage P, Heeren A. Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):119–123. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.009
  • Alimoradi Z, Lin CY, Broström A, et al. Internet addiction and sleep problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;47:51–61. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.004
  • Small GW, Lee J, Kaufman A, et al. Brain health consequences of digital technology use. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020;22(2):179–187. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/gsmall
  • Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
  • Laier C, Brand M. Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations on factors contributing to cybersex addiction from a cognitive-behavioral view. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2014;21(4):305–321. doi:10.1080/10720162.2014.970722
  • Grubbs JB, Volk F, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Internet pornography use: perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. J Sex Marital Ther. 2015;41(1):83–106. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192
  • Manning JC. The impact of internet pornography on marriage and the family: a review of the research. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2006;13(2–3):131–165. doi:10.1080/10720160600870711
  • Cacioppo M, Gori A, Schimmenti A, Baiocco R, Laghi F, Caretti V. Development of a new screening tool for cyber pornography: psychometric properties of the cyber pornography addiction test (CYPAT). Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2018;15(1):60–65.
  • Nelson LJ, Padilla-Walker LM, Carroll JS. “I believe it is wrong but I still do it”: a comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2010;2(3):136–147. doi:10.1037/a0019127
  • Shirk SD, Saxena A, Park D, Kraus SW. Predicting problematic pornography use among male returning US veterans. Addict Behav. 2021;112:106647. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106647
  • Kraus S, Rosenberg H. The pornography craving questionnaire: psychometric properties. Arch Sex Behav. 2014;43(3):451–462. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0229-3
  • Odaci H, Çikrikci Ö. An exploration of the associations among internet use, depression, anxiety and stress among youths. Mediterr J Clin Psychol. 2017;5(3):1–16. doi:10.6092/2282-1619/2017.5.1635
  • Camilleri C, Perry JT, Sammut S. Compulsive Internet pornography use and mental health: a cross-sectional study in a sample of university students in the United States. Front Psychol. 2021;11:1–24. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244
  • Whelan G, Brown J. Pornography addiction: an exploration of the association between use, perceived addiction, erectile dysfunction, premature (early) ejaculation, and sexual satisfaction in males aged 18–44 years. J Sex Med. 2021;18(9):1582–1591. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.014
  • Lin CY, Broström A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Investigating mediated effects of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 misunderstanding in the association between problematic social media use, psychological distress, and insomnia. Internet Interv. 2020;21:100345. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100345
  • Galbiati A, Sforza M, Fasiello E, et al. The association between emotional dysregulation and REM sleep features in insomnia disorder. Brain Cogn. 2020;146:105642. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105642
  • Kalmbach DA, Cuamatzi-Castelan AS, Tonnu CV, et al. Hyperarousal and sleep reactivity in insomnia: current insights. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:193–201. doi:10.2147/NSS.S138823
  • Pepping CA, Cronin TJ, Lyons A, Caldwell JG. The effects of mindfulness on sexual outcomes: the role of emotion regulation. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(6):1601–1612. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1127-x
  • Vandekerckhove M, Wang YL. Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep: an intimate relationship. AIMS Neurosci. 2018;5(1):1–17. doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2018.1.1
  • Ballesio A, Ghezzi V, Vacca M, Ottaviani C, Lombardo C. Effects of presleep cognitive intrusions on subjective sleep and next-day cognitive performance in insomnia. Behav Ther. 2020;51(5):688–699. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.09.003
  • Li Y, Gu S, Wang Z, et al. Relationship between stressful life events and sleep quality: rumination as a mediator and resilience as a moderator. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:1–9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00348
  • Du C, Zan MCH, Cho MJ, et al. Increased resilience weakens the relationship between perceived stress and anxiety on sleep quality: a moderated mediation analysis of higher education students from 7 countries. Clocks Sleep. 2020;2(3):334–353. doi:10.3390/clockssleep2030025
  • Roos LE, Knight EL, Beauchamp KG, et al. Acute stress impairs inhibitory control based on individual differences in parasympathetic nervous system activity. Biol Psychol. 2017;125:58–63. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.004
  • Deatherage S, Servaty-Seib HL, Aksoz I. Stress, coping, and internet use of college students. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(1):40–46. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.843536
  • Pettorruso M, Valle S, Cavic E, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, Grant JE. Problematic Internet Use (PIU), personality profiles and emotion dysregulation in a cohort of young adults: trajectories from risky behaviors to addiction. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113036. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113036
  • Liu C, Pan W, Li L, Li B, Ren Y, Ma X. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms among patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis of quality effects model. J Psychosom Res. 2021;147:5. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110516
  • Jahrami H, BaHammam AS, Bragazzi NL, Saif Z, Faris M, Vitiello MV. Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(2):299–313. doi:10.5664/jcsm.8930
  • Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van HG, et al. Associations between online pornography consumption and sexual dysfunction in young men: multivariate analysis based on an international web-based survey. JMIR Public Heal Surveill. 2021;7(10):e32542. doi:10.2196/32542
  • Fernandez DP, Griffiths MD. Psychometric instruments for problematic pornography use: a systematic review. Eval Heal Prof. 2021;44(2):111–141. doi:10.1177/0163278719861688
  • Sighinolfi C, Pala AN, Chiri LR, Marchetti I, Sica C. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): traduzione e adattamento italiano. [Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): the Italian translation and adaptation.]. Psicoter Cogn e Comport. 2010;16(2):141–170.
  • Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties In Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Hallion LS, Steinman SA, Tolin DF, Diefenbach GJ. Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539
  • Sörman K, Garke M, Isacsson NH, et al. Measures of emotion regulation: convergence and psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale and emotion regulation questionnaire. J Clin Psychol. 2021:1–17. doi:10.1002/jclp.23206.
  • Bottesi G, Ghisi M, Altoè G, Conforti E, Melli G, Sica C. The Italian version of the depression anxiety stress scales-21: factor structure and psychometric properties on community and clinical samples. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;60:170–181. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005
  • Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.
  • Gomez R, Summers M, Summers A, Wolf A, Summers J. Depression anxiety stress scales-21: measurement and structural invariance across ratings of men and women. Assessment. 2014;21(4):418–426. doi:10.1177/1073191113514106
  • Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297–307. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4
  • Manzar MD, Jahrami HA, Bahammam AS. Structural validity of the insomnia severity index: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;60:101531. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101531
  • Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. Guilford Press; 2018.
  • Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods. 2004;36(4):717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
  • Franceschini C, Musetti A, Zenesini C, et al. Poor sleep quality and its consequences on mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1–15. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475
  • Giromini L, Ales F, de Campora G, Zennaro A, Pignolo C. Developing age and gender adjusted normative reference values for the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2017;39(4):705–714. doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9611-0
  • Gori A, Topino E. Across the covid-19 waves; assessing temporal fluctuations in perceived stress, post-traumatic symptoms, worry, anxiety and civic moral disengagement over one year of pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5651. doi:10.3390/ijerph18115651
  • Gori A, Topino E, Caretti V. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on perceived stress: the role of defence mechanisms and coping strategies. J Contingencies Crisis Manag. 2021:1–12. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12380
  • Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:7–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
  • Gualano MR, Lo Moro G, Voglino G, Bert F, Siliquini R. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health and sleep disturbances in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):1–13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134779
  • Rodriguez-Besteiro S, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Fernández-Lucas J, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Gender differences in the covid-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of Spanish university students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3908. doi:10.3390/ijerph18083908
  • Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Sallie SN, Ritou VJE, Bowden-Jones H, Voon V. Assessing online gaming and pornography consumption patterns during COVID-19 isolation using an online survey: highlighting distinct avenues of problematic internet behavior. Addict Behav. 2021;123:107044. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107044
  • Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, et al. Internet addiction and relationships with insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in university students: a cross-sectional designed study. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0161126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161126
  • Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Blais-Lecours S, Labadie C, Bergeron S, Sabourin S, Godbout N. Profiles of cyberpornography use and sexual well-being in adults. J Sex Med. 2017;14(1):78–85. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.10.016
  • Spenhoff M, Kruger THC, Hartmann U, Kobs J. Hypersexual behavior in an online sample of males: associations with personal distress and functional impairment. J Sex Med. 2013;10(12):2996–3005. doi:10.1111/jsm.12160
  • Hermand M, Benyamina A, Donnadieu-Rigole H, et al. Addictive use of online sexual activities and its comorbidities: a systematic review. Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7(2):194–209. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00301-3
  • Wéry A, Billieux J. Problematic cybersex: conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Addict Behav. 2017;64:238–246. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.007
  • Caretti V, Gori A, Craparo G, Giannini M, Iraci-Sareri G, Schimmenti A. A new measure for assessing substance-related and addictive disorders: the addictive behavior questionnaire (ABQ). J Clin Med. 2018;7(8):194. doi:10.3390/jcm7080194
  • Zdankiewicz-ścigała E, Ścigała DK. Attachment style, early childhood trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation among persons addicted to alcohol: structural equation model of dependencies. Front Psychol. 2020;10:1–13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02957
  • Topino E, Gori A, Cacioppo M. Alexithymia, dissociation, and family functioning in a sample of online gamblers: a moderated mediation study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13291. doi:10.3390/ijerph182413291
  • Gori A, Topino E, Pucci C, Griffiths MD. The relationship between alexithymia, dysmorphic concern, and exercise addiction: the moderating effect of self-esteem. J Pers Med. 2021;11(11):1111. doi:10.3390/jpm11111111
  • Walton MT, Cantor JM, Lykins AD. An online assessment of personality, psychological, and sexuality trait variables associated with self-reported hypersexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav. 2017;46(3):721–733. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0606-1
  • Adams KD, Robinson DW. Shame reduction, affect regulation, and sexual boundary development: essential building blocks of sexual addiction treatment. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2001;8(1):23–44. doi:10.1080/10720160127559
  • Bos SC, Macedo AF. Literature review on Insomnia (2010–2016). Biol Rhythm Res. 2019;50(1):94–163. doi:10.1080/09291016.2017.1413766
  • Tsypes A, Aldao A, Mennin DS. Emotion dysregulation and sleep difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27(2):197–203. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.008
  • Hoag JR, Tennen H, Stevens RG, Coman E, Wu H. Affect, emotion dysregulation, and sleep quality among low-income women. Sleep Health. 2016;2(4):283–288. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2016.08.006
  • Mauer-Vakil D, Bahji A. The addictive nature of compulsive sexual behaviours and problematic online pornography consumption: a review. Can J Addict. 2020;11(3):42–51. doi:10.1097/CXA.0000000000000091
  • Teh HC, Archer JA, Chang W, Chen SHA. Mental well-being mediates the relationship between perceived stress and perceived health. Stress Health. 2015;31(1):71–77. doi:10.1002/smi.2510
  • Pellerone M, Cascio MI, Costanzo G, Gori A, Pace U, Craparo G. Alexithymia and psychological symptomatology: research conducted on a non-clinical group of Italian adolescents. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2017;10(3):300–309. doi:10.1080/17542863.2017.1307434
  • Biddle DJ, Hermens DF, Lallukka T, Aji M, Glozier N. Insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration predict trajectory of mental health symptoms. Sleep Med. 2019;54:53–61. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.008
  • Di Giunta L, Lunetti C, Fiasconaro I, et al. COVID-19 impact on parental emotion socialization and youth socioemotional adjustment in Italy. J Res Adolesc. 2021;31(3):657–677. doi:10.1111/jora.12669
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:40–48. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
  • Morin CM, Vézina-Im L-A, Ivers H, et al. Prevalent, incident, and persistent insomnia in a population-based cohort tested before (2018) and during the first-wave of COVID-19 pandemic (2020). Sleep. 2021:1–6. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab258.
  • Gerber M, Lang C, Lemola S, et al. Validation of the German version of the insomnia severity index in adolescents, young adults and adult workers: results from three cross-sectional studies. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0876-8
  • Kinderman P, Schwannauer M, Pontin E, Tai S. Psychological processes mediate the impact of familial risk, social circumstances and life events on mental health. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076564