702
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: natural history, diagnosis, and emerging treatment options

&
Pages 233-255 | Published online: 28 Sep 2010

References

  • Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task ForceSleep1999Aug 122566768910450601
  • KushidaCALittnerMRMorgenthalerTPractice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005Sleep200528449952116171294
  • GottliebDJWhitneyCWBonekatWHRelation of sleepiness to respiratory disturbance index: the Sleep Heart Health StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med199915925025079927364
  • YoungTPeppardPPaltaMPopulation-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertensionArch Intern Med199715715174617529250236
  • ShaharEWhitneyCWRedlineSSleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med20011631192511208620
  • MeisingerCHeierMLowelHSchneiderADoringASleep duration and sleep complaints and risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men and women from the general population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort studySleep20073091121112717910384
  • LindbergECarterNGislasonTJansonCRole of snoring and daytime sleepiness in occupational accidentsAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164112031203511739131
  • Teran-SantosJJimenez-GomezACordero-GuevaraJThe association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-SantanderN Engl J Med19993401184785110080847
  • YoungTPaltaMDempseyJSkatrudJWeberSBadrSThe occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adultsN Engl J Med199332817123012358464434
  • BixlerEOVgontzasANLinHMPrevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of genderAm J Respir Crit Care Med20011633 Pt 160861311254512
  • BixlerEOVgontzasANTen HaveTTysonKKalesAEffects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severityAm J Respir Crit Care Med199815711441489445292
  • BearparkHElliottLGrunsteinRSnoring and sleep apnea. A population study in Australian menAm J Respir Crit Care Med19951515145914657735600
  • DuranJEsnaolaSRubioRIztuetaAObstructive sleep apneahypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yrAm J Respir Crit Care Med20011633 Pt 168568911254524
  • IpMSLamBTangLCLauderIJIpTYLamWKA community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differencesChest2004125112713414718431
  • IpMSLamBLauderIJA community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese men in Hong KongChest20011191626911157585
  • KimJInKKimJPrevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Korean men and womenAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004170101108111315347562
  • UdwadiaZFDoshiAVLonkarSGSinghCIPrevalence of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea in middle-aged urban Indian menAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169216817314604837
  • SharmaSKKumpawatSBangaAGoelAPrevalence and risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a population of Delhi, IndiaChest2006130114915616840395
  • PuvanendranKGohKLFrom snoring to sleep apnea in a Singapore populationSleep Res Online199921111411382877
  • TamiTADuncanHJPflegerMIdentification of obstructive sleep apnea in patients who snoreLaryngoscope19981084 Pt 15085139546261
  • VaidyaAMPetruzzelliGJWalkerRPMcGeeDGopalsamiCIdentifying obstructive sleep apnea in patients presenting for laser-assisted uvulopalatoplastyLaryngoscope199610644314378614217
  • GottliebDJYaoQRedlineSAliTMahowaldMWDoes snoring predict sleepiness independently of apnea and hypopnea frequency?Am J Respir Crit Care Med20001624 Pt 11512151711029370
  • DouglasNJSystematic review of the efficacy of nasal CPAPThorax19985354144159708236
  • BeutlerLEWareJCKaracanIThornbyJIDifferentiating psychological characteristics of patients with sleep apnea and narcolepsySleep19814139477232970
  • KribbsNBPackAIKlineLREffects of one night without nasal CPAP treatment on sleep and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apneaAm Rev Respir Dis19931475116211688484626
  • JohnsMWDaytime sleepiness, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea. The Epworth Sleepiness ScaleChest1993103130368417909
  • VinerSSzalaiJPHoffsteinVAre history and physical examination a good screening test for sleep apnea?Ann Intern Med199111553563591863025
  • MaislinGPackAIKribbsNBA survey screen for prediction of apneaSleep19951831581667610311
  • NetzerNCStoohsRANetzerCMClarkKStrohlKPUsing the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndromeAnn Intern Med1999131748549110507956
  • KirbySDEngPDanterWNeural network prediction of obstructive sleep apnea from clinical criteriaChest1999116240941510453870
  • DixonJBSchachterLMO’BrienPEPredicting sleep apnea and excessive day sleepiness in the severely obese: indicators for polysomnographyChest200312341134114112684304
  • KushidaCAEfronBGuilleminaultCA predictive morphometric model for the obstructive sleep apnea syndromeAnn Intern Med19971278 Pt 15815879341055
  • TsaiWHRemmersJEBrantRFlemonsWWDaviesJMacarthurCA decision rule for diagnostic testing in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2003167101427143212738600
  • RowleyJAAboussouanLSBadrMSThe use of clinical prediction formulas in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apneaSleep200023792993811083602
  • YoungTShaharENietoFJPredictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health StudyArch Intern Med2002162889390011966340
  • Ancoli-IsraelSKlauberMRStepnowskyCEstlineEChinnAFellRSleep-disordered breathing in African-American elderlyAm J Respir Crit Care Med19951526 Pt 1194619498520760
  • Ancoli-IsraelSKripkeDFKlauberMRMorbidity, mortality and sleep-disordered breathing in community dwelling elderlySleep19961942772828776783
  • Ancoli-IsraelSKripkeDFKlauberMRMasonWJFellRKaplanOSleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling elderlySleep19911464864951798880
  • Ancoli-IsraelSKripkeDFKlauberMRNatural history of sleep disordered breathing in community dwelling elderlySleep199316Suppl 8S25S298178017
  • Ancoli-IsraelSEpidemiology of sleep disordersPhiladelphia, PAWB. Saunders1989
  • YoungTSleep-disordered breathing in older adults: is it a condition distinct from that in middle-aged adults?Sleep19961975295308899930
  • MantASaundersNAEylandAEPondCDChancellorAHWebsterIWSleep-related respiratory disturbance and dementia in elderly femalesJ Gerontol1988435M140M1443418035
  • EnrightPLNewmanABWahlPWManolioTAHaponikEFBoylePJPrevalence and correlates of snoring and observed apneas in 5,201 older adultsSleep19961975315388899931
  • Ancoli-IsraelSGehrmanPKripkeDFLong-term follow-up of sleep disordered breathing in older adultsSleep Med20012651151614592266
  • MehraRStoneKLBlackwellTPrevalence and correlates of sleep-disordered breathing in older men: osteoporotic fractures in men sleep studyJ Am Geriatr Soc20075591356136417767677
  • EikermannMJordanASChamberlinNLThe influence of aging on pharyngeal collapsibility during sleepChest200713161702170917413053
  • MalhotraAHuangYFogelRAging influences on pharyngeal anatomy and physiology: the predisposition to pharyngeal collapseAm J Med2006119172e9e1416431197
  • ShochatTLoredoJAncoli-IsraelSSleep Disorders in the ElderlyCurr Treat Options Neurol200131193611123856
  • MortimoreILBennettSPDouglasNJTongue protrusion strength and fatiguability: relationship to apnoea/hypopnoea index and ageJ Sleep Res20009438939311386206
  • MartinSEMathurRMarshallIDouglasNJThe effect of age, sex, obesity and posture on upper airway sizeEur Respir J1997109208720909311508
  • PatilSPSchneiderHMarxJJGladmonESchwartzARSmithPLNeuromechanical control of upper airway patency during sleepJ Appl Physiol2007102254755617008440
  • KapsimalisFKrygerMHGender and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, part 1: clinical featuresSleep15200225441241912071542
  • AmbrogettiAOlsonLGSaundersNADifferences in the symptoms of men and women with obstructive sleep apnoeaAust N Z J Med19912168638661818545
  • ShepertyckyMRBannoKKrygerMHDifferences between men and women in the clinical presentation of patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndromeSleep200528330931416173651
  • MohseninVGender differences in the expression of sleep-disordered breathing: role of upper airway dimensionsChest200112051442144711713117
  • MalhotraAHuangYFogelRBThe male predisposition to pharyngeal collapse: importance of airway lengthAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002166101388139512421747
  • MohseninVEffects of gender on upper airway collapsibility and severity of obstructive sleep apneaSleep Med20034652352914607346
  • JordanASMcEvoyRDEdwardsJKThe influence of gender and upper airway resistance on the ventilatory response to arousal in obstructive sleep apnoea in humansJ Physiol2004558Pt 3993100415218069
  • MillmanRPCarlisleCCMcGarveySTEveloffSELevinsonPDBody fat distribution and sleep apnea severity in womenChest199510723623667842762
  • WhittleATMarshallIMortimoreILWraithPKSellarRJDouglasNJNeck soft tissue and fat distribution: comparison between normal men and women by magnetic resonance imagingThorax199954432332810092693
  • PeppardPEYoungTPaltaMDempseyJSkatrudJLongitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathingJAMA2000284233015302111122588
  • NewmanABFosterGGivelberRNietoFJRedlineSYoungTProgression and regression of sleep-disordered breathing with changes in weight: the Sleep Heart Health StudyArch Intern Med2005165202408241316287771
  • O’ConnorGTLindBKLeeETVariation in symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing with race and ethnicity: the Sleep Heart Health StudySleep2003261747912627736
  • GreenburgDLLettieriCJEliassonAHEffects of surgical weight loss on measures of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysisAm J Med2009122653554219486716
  • StrohlKPSaundersNAFeldmanNTHallettMObstructive sleep apnea in family membersN Engl J Med197829918969973211413
  • RedlineSTishlerPVTostesonTDThe familial aggregation of obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med19951513 Pt 16826877881656
  • MathurRDouglasNJFamily studies in patients with the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndromeAnn Intern Med199512231741787810934
  • GuilleminaultCPartinenMHollmanKPowellNStoohsRFamilial aggregates in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeChest19951076154515517781344
  • Ferini-StrambiLCaloriGOldaniASnoring in twinsRespir Med19958953373407638367
  • StunkardAJFochTTHrubecZA twin study of human obesityJAMA1986256151543712713
  • LoosRJRecent progress in the genetics of common obesityBr J Clin Pharmacol200968681182920002076
  • PalmerLJBuxbaumSGLarkinEKWhole genome scan for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in African-American familiesAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169121314132115070816
  • HollisterDWGodfreyMSakaiLYPyeritzREImmunohistologic abnormalities of the microfibrillar-fiber system in the Marfan syndromeN Engl J Med199032331521592194127
  • KuriharaYKuriharaHSuzukiHElevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1Nature199436864737037108152482
  • LohnesDMarkMMendelsohnCFunction of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutantsDevelopment199412010272327487607067
  • SanfordLPOrmsbyIGittenberger-de GrootACTGF-beta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypesDevelopment199712413265926709217007
  • YoungTFinnLAustinDPetersonAMenopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med200316791181118512615621
  • ShaharERedlineSYoungTHormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathingAm J Respir Crit Care Med200316791186119212531779
  • DeeganPCMcNicholasWTPredictive value of clinical features for the obstructive sleep apnoea syndromeEur Respir J1996911171248834344
  • PopovicRMWhiteDPUpper airway muscle activity in normal women: influence of hormonal statusJ Appl Physiol1998843105510629480969
  • HudgelDWSPThe Human Airway During SleepSaundersNASCSleep and BreathingNew YorkMarcel Dekker1994191208
  • RedlineSTishlerPVHansMGTostesonTDStrohlKPSpryKRacial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and CaucasiansAm J Respir Crit Care Med199715511861929001310
  • SpilsburyJCStorfer-IsserAKirchnerHLNeighborhood disadvantage as a risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apneaJ Pediatr2006149334234716939744
  • ChenEMatthewsKABoyceWTSocioeconomic differences in children’s health: how and why do these relationships change with age?Psychol Bull2002128229532911931521
  • CrisostomoIZayyadACarleyDWChemo- and baroresponses differ in African-Americans and Caucasians in sleepJ Appl Physiol1998854141314209760335
  • OngKCClerkAAComparison of the severity of sleep-disordered breathing in Asian and Caucasian patients seen at a sleep disorders centerRespir Med19989268438489850368
  • LiKKKushidaCPowellNBRileyRWGuilleminaultCObstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a comparison between Far-East Asian and white menLaryngoscope200011010 Pt 11689169311037826
  • BouscouletLTVazquez-GarciaJCMuinoAPrevalence of sleep related symptoms in four Latin American citiesJ Clin Sleep Med1520084657958519110888
  • TarasiukAGreenberg-DotanSSimonTTalAOksenbergAReuveniHLow socioeconomic status is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among adult obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients requiring treatmentChest2006130376677316963673
  • OlsenKDKernEBWestbrookPRSleep and breathing disturbance secondary to nasal obstructionOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg19818958048106799913
  • LaviePFischelNZomerJEliascharIThe effects of partial and complete mechanical occlusion of the nasal passages on sleep structure and breathing in sleepActa Otolaryngol1983951–21611666829297
  • ZwillichCWPickettCHansonFNWeilJVDisturbed sleep and prolonged apnea during nasal obstruction in normal menAm Rev Respir Dis198112421581607258828
  • BlakleyBWMahowaldMWNasal resistance and sleep apneaLaryngoscope19879767527543586822
  • AtkinsMTaskarVClaytonNStonePWoodcockANasal resistance in obstructive sleep apneaChest19941054113311358162738
  • MiljeteigHHoffsteinVColePThe effect of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction on snoring and sleep apneaLaryngoscope199210210115011521405965
  • KerrPMillarTBucklePKrygerMThe importance of nasal resistance in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeJ Otolaryngol19922131891951404570
  • LofasoFCosteAd’OrthoMPNasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep apnoea syndromeEur Respir J200016463964311106205
  • YoungTFinnLPaltaMChronic nasal congestion at night is a risk factor for snoring in a population-based cohort studyArch Intern Med252001161121514151911427099
  • WenzelMSchonhoferBSiemonKKohlerDNasal strips without effect on obstructive sleep apnea and snoringPneumologie19975112110811109487771
  • JamiesonAGuilleminaultCPartinenMQuera-SalvaMAObstructive sleep apneic patients have craniomandibular abnormalitiesSleep1986944694773809860
  • LoweAASantamariaJDFleethamJAPriceCFacial morphology and obstructive sleep apneaAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop19869064844913098087
  • LoweAAOnoTFergusonKAPaeEKRyanCFFleethamJACephalometric comparisons of craniofacial and upper airway structure by skeletal subtype and gender in patients with obstructive sleep apneaAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop199611066536648972813
  • MaltaisFCarrierGCormierYSeriesFCephalometric measurements in snorers, non-snorers, and patients with sleep apnoeaThorax19914664194231858079
  • ZucconiMFerini-StrambiLPalazziSOrenaCZontaSSmirneSHabitual snoring with and without obstructive sleep apnoea: the importance of cephalometric variablesThorax19924731571611519191
  • SchwabRJUpper airway imagingClin Chest Med199819133549554216
  • WillMJEsterMSRamirezSGTinerBDMcAnearJTEpsteinLComparison of cephalometric analysis with ethnicity in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeSleep199518108738758746394
  • WetterDWYoungTBThe relation between cigarette smoking and sleep disturbancePrev Med19942333283348078854
  • PhillipsBADannerFJCigarette smoking and sleep disturbanceArch Intern Med199515577347377695462
  • WetterDWYoungTBBidwellTRBadrMSPaltaMSmoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathingArch Intern Med199415419221922247944843
  • KashyapRHockLMBowmanTJHigher prevalence of smoking in patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apneaSleep Breath20015416717211868156
  • FranklinKAGislasonTOmenaasEThe influence of active and passive smoking on habitual snoringAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004170779980315242843
  • YulesRBLippmanMEFreedmanDXAlcohol administration prior to sleep. The effect on EEG sleep stagesArch Gen Psychiatry196716194976015940
  • ScanlanMFRoebuckTLittlePJRedmanJRNaughtonMTEffect of moderate alcohol upon obstructive sleep apnoeaEur Respir J200016590991311153591
  • TaasanVCBlockAJBoysenPGWynneJWAlcohol increases sleep apnea and oxygen desaturation in asymptomatic menAm J Med19817122402457258218
  • DawsonABigbyBGPocetaJSMitlerMMEffect of bedtime alcohol on inspiratory resistance and respiratory drive in snoring and nonsnoring menAlcohol Clin Exp Res19972121831909113250
  • TsutsumiWMiyazakiSItasakaYTogawaKInfluence of alcohol on respiratory disturbance during sleepPsychiatry Clin Neurosci200054333233311186100
  • BerryRBDesaMMLightRWEffect of ethanol on the efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure as a treatment for obstructive sleep apneaChest19919923393431989792
  • ScrimaLHartmanPGHillerFCEffect of three alcohol doses on breathing during sleep in 30–49 year old nonobese snorers and nonsnorersAlcohol Clin Exp Res19891334204272665559
  • PeppardPEAustinDBrownRLAssociation of alcohol consumption and sleep disordered breathing in men and womenJ Clin Sleep Med20073326527017561593
  • TanigawaTTachibanaNYamagishiKUsual alcohol consumption and arterial oxygen desaturation during sleepJAMA2004292892392515328323
  • KrolRCKnuthSLBartlettDJrSelective reduction of genioglossal muscle activity by alcohol in normal human subjectsAm Rev Respir Dis198412922472506421210
  • JohnstoneREReierCEAcute respiratory effects of ethanol in manClin Pharmacol Ther19731445015084723257
  • SahnSALakshminarayanSPiersonDJWeilJVEffect of ethanol on the ventilatory responses to oxygen and carbon dioxide in manClin Sci Mol Med197549133381149393
  • MitlerMMDawsonAHenriksenSJSobersMBloomFEBedtime ethanol increases resistance of upper airways and produces sleep apneas in asymptomatic snorersAlcohol Clin Exp Res19881268018053064641
  • IsonoSRemmersJETanakaAShoYSatoJNishinoTAnatomy of pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and in normal subjectsJ Appl Physiol1997824131913269104871
  • SchwartzARGoldARSchubertNEffect of weight loss on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apneaAm Rev Respir Dis19911443 Pt 14944981892285
  • SchwartzARSmithPLWiseRAGoldARPermuttSInduction of upper airway occlusion in sleeping individuals with subatmospheric nasal pressureJ Appl Physiol19886425355423372411
  • SchwabRJPro: sleep apnea is an anatomic disorderAm J Respir Crit Care Med20031683270271 discussion27312888606
  • KatzIStradlingJSlutskyASZamelNHoffsteinVDo patients with obstructive sleep apnea have thick necks?Am Rev Respir Dis19901415 Pt 1122812312339843
  • DaviesRJStradlingJRThe relationship between neck circumference, radiographic pharyngeal anatomy, and the obstructive sleep apnoea syndromeEur Respir J1990355095142376247
  • LybergTKrogstadODjupeslandGCephalometric analysis in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. I. Skeletal morphologyJ Laryngol Otol198910332872922703770
  • GleadhillICSchwartzARSchubertNWiseRAPermuttSSmithPLUpper airway collapsibility in snorers and in patients with obstructive hypopnea and apneaAm Rev Respir Dis19911436130013032048817
  • GoldARMarcusCLDipaloFGoldMSUpper airway collapsibility during sleep in upper airway resistance syndromeChest200212151531154012006440
  • MathewOPAbu-OsbaYKThachBTGenioglossus muscle responses to upper airway pressure changes: afferent pathwaysJ Appl Physiol19825224454507061298
  • MathewOPAbu-OsbaYKThachBTInfluence of upper airway pressure changes on genioglossus muscle respiratory activityJ Appl Physiol19825224384447037716
  • HornerRLInnesJAHoldenHBGuzAAfferent pathway(s) for pharyngeal dilator reflex to negative pressure in man: a study using upper airway anaesthesiaJ Physiol199143631442061834
  • van LunterenEMuscles of the pharynx: structural and contractile propertiesEar Nose Throat J19937212729338444123
  • FogelRBTrinderJMalhotraAWithin-breath control of genioglossal muscle activation in humans: effect of sleep-wake stateJ Physiol2003550Pt 389991012807995
  • JelevASoodSLiuHNolanPHornerRLMicrodialysis perfusion of 5-HT into hypoglossal motor nucleus differentially modulates genioglossus activity across natural sleep-wake states in ratsJ Physiol2001532Pt 246748111306665
  • Van de GraaffWBThoracic influence on upper airway patencyJ Appl Physiol1988655212421313209556
  • Van de GraaffWBThoracic traction on the trachea: mechanisms and magnitudeJ Appl Physiol1991703132813362033000
  • StanchinaMLMalhotraAFogelRBThe influence of lung volume on pharyngeal mechanics, collapsibility, and genioglossus muscle activation during sleepSleep200326785185614655919
  • BallardRDIrvinCGMartinRJPakJPandeyRWhiteDPInfluence of sleep on lung volume in asthmatic patients and normal subjectsJ Appl Physiol1990685203420412361905
  • YounesMOstrowskiMThompsonWLeslieCShewchukWChemical control stability in patients with obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med200116351181119011316657
  • HudgelDWGordonEAThanakitcharuSBruceENInstability of ventilatory control in patients with obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med19981584114211499769273
  • CherniackNSRespiratory dysrhythmias during sleepN Engl J Med198130563253307017417
  • WhiteDPPathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005172111363137016100008
  • AsyaliMHBerryRBKhooMCAssessment of closed-loop ventilatory stability in obstructive sleep apneaIEEE Trans Biomed Eng200249320621611878312
  • LongobardoGSGotheBGoldmanMDCherniackNSSleep apnea considered as a control system instabilityRespir Physiol19825033113336819618
  • OnalEBurrowsDLHartRHLopataMInduction of periodic breathing during sleep causes upper airway obstruction in humansJ Appl Physiol1986614143814433781958
  • WellmanAJordanASMalhotraAVentilatory control and airway anatomy in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004170111225123215317668
  • JordanASWellmanAEdwardsJKRespiratory control stability and upper airway collapsibility in men and women with obstructive sleep apneaJ Appl Physiol20059952020202715994243
  • WheatleyJRWhiteDPThe influence of sleep on pharyngeal reflexesSleep199316Suppl 8S87S898178040
  • StanchinaMLMalhotraAFogelRBGenioglossus muscle responsiveness to chemical and mechanical stimuli during non-rapid eye movement sleepAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165794594911934719
  • MalhotraATrinderJFogelRPostural effects on pharyngeal protective reflex mechanismsSleep20042761105111215532204
  • YounesMContributions of upper airway mechanics and control mechanisms to severity of obstructive apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2003168664565812773321
  • RyanCMBradleyTDPathogenesis of obstructive sleep apneaJ Appl Physiol20059962440245016288102
  • KimoffRJSforzaEChampagneVOfaraLGendronDUpper airway sensation in snoring and obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164225025511463596
  • SvanborgEUpper airway nerve lesions in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164218718911463584
  • FribergDGazeliusBHokfeltTNordlanderBAbnormal afferent nerve endings in the soft palatal mucosa of sleep apnoics and habitual snorersRegul Pept199771129369299639
  • BoydJHPetrofBJHamidQFraserRKimoffRJUpper airway muscle inflammation and denervation changes in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004170554154615151922
  • IbrahimLHPatelSRModarresMA measure of ventilatory variability at wake-sleep transition predicts sleep apnea severityChest20081341737818347208
  • FriedmanJMHalaasJLLeptin and the regulation of body weight in mammalsNature199839567047637709796811
  • O’DonnellCPSchaubCDHainesASLeptin prevents respiratory depression in obesityAm J Respir Crit Care Med19991595 Pt 11477148410228114
  • ChristouKMarkoulisNMoulasANPastakaCGourgoulianisKIReactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) as an index of oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea patientsSleep Breath20037310511014569521
  • SchulzRMahmoudiSHattarKEnhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapyAm J Respir Crit Care Med20001622 Pt 156657010934088
  • LavieLVishnevskyALaviePEvidence for lipid peroxidation in obstructive sleep apneaSleep200427112312814998248
  • RyanSTaylorCTMcNicholasWTSelective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeCirculation2005112172660266716246965
  • MinoguchiKTazakiTYokoeTElevated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by monocytes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndromeChest200412651473147915539715
  • RihaRLBranderPVennelleMTumour necrosis factor-alpha (-308) gene polymorphism in obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndromeEur Respir J200526467367816204600
  • YokoeTMinoguchiKMatsuoHElevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressureCirculation200310781129113412615790
  • CiftciTUKokturkOBukanNBilgihanAThe relationship between serum cytokine levels with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndromeCytokine2004282879115381186
  • AlzoghaibiMABahammamASLipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase and circulating IL-8 and GCP-2 in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot studySleep Breath20059311912615988615
  • OhgaENagaseTTomitaTIncreased levels of circulating ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and L-selectin in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeJ Appl Physiol1999871101410409552
  • OhgaETomitaTWadaHYamamotoHNagaseTOuchiYEffects of obstructive sleep apnea on circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1J Appl Physiol200394117918412391099
  • UrsavasAKaradagMRodopluEYilmaztepeAOralHBGozuROCirculating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndromeRespiration200774552553217148932
  • KohlerMCraigSNicollDLeesonPDaviesRJStradlingJREndothelial function and arterial stiffness in minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2008178998498818658111
  • DragerLFBortolottoLALorenziMCFigueiredoACKriegerEMLorenzi-FilhoGEarly signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005172561361815901608
  • LibbyPInflammation in atherosclerosisNature2002420691786887412490960
  • KobayashiKNishimuraYShimadaTEffect of continuous positive airway pressure on soluble CD40 ligand in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndromeChest2006129363263716537861
  • IpMSTseHFLamBTsangKWLamWKEndothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea and response to treatmentAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169334835314551167
  • FletcherECLesskeJQianWMillerCCIIIUngerTRepetitive, episodic hypoxia causes diurnal elevation of blood pressure in ratsHypertension1992196 Pt 15555611592450
  • BrooksDHornerRLKozarLFRender-TeixeiraCLPhillipsonEAObstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine modelJ Clin Invest19979911061099011563
  • FletcherECMillerJSchaafJWFletcherJGUrinary catecholamines before and after tracheostomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertensionSleep198710135443563246
  • JennumPWildschiodtzGChristensenNJSchwartzTBlood pressure, catecholamines, and pancreatic polypeptide in obstructive sleep apnea with and without nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) treatmentAm J Hypertens1989211 Pt 18478522686712
  • LapinskiMPrzybylowskiTLewandowskiJDiurnal blood pressure rhythm and urinary catecholamine excretion in obstructive sleep apnoea and essential hypertensionJ Hypertens Suppl1993115S292S2938158391
  • MarroneORiccobonoLSalvaggioAMirabellaABonannoABonsignoreMRCatecholamines and blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeChest199310337227278449058
  • DimsdaleJECoyTZieglerMGAncoli-IsraelSClausenJThe effect of sleep apnea on plasma and urinary catecholaminesSleep199561853773817676172
  • ZieglerMGMillsPJLoredoJSAncoli-IsraelSDimsdaleJEEffect of continuous positive airway pressure and placebo treatment on sympathetic nervous activity in patients with obstructive sleep apneaChest2001120388789311555525
  • BixlerEOVgontzasANLinHMAssociation of hypertension and sleep-disordered breathingArch Intern Med2000160152289229510927725
  • NietoFJYoungTBLindBKAssociation of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health StudyJAMA2000283141829183610770144
  • PeppardPEYoungTPaltaMSkatrudJProspective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertensionN Engl J Med2000342191378138410805822
  • O’ConnorGTCaffoBNewmanABProspective study of sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2009179121159116419264976
  • HaasDCFosterGLNietoFJAge-dependent associations between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: importance of discriminating between systolic/diastolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension in the Sleep Heart Health StudyCirculation2005111561462115699282
  • BeckerHFJerrentrupAPlochTEffect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apneaCirculation20031071687312515745
  • FaccendaJFMackayTWBoonNADouglasNJRandomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001163234434811179104
  • HeitmannJEhlenzKPenzelTSympathetic activity is reduced by nCPAP in hypertensive obstructive sleep apnoea patientsEur Respir J200423225526214979500
  • Martinez-GarciaMAGomez-AldaraviRSoler-CatalunaJJMartinezTGBernacer-AlperaBRoman-SanchezPPositive effect of CPAP treatment on the control of difficult-to-treat hypertensionEur Respir J200729595195717301092
  • NormanDLoredoJSNelesenRAEffects of continuous positive airway pressure versus supplemental oxygen on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressureHypertension200647584084516585412
  • PepperellJCRamdassingh-DowSCrosthwaiteNAmbulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trialLancet2002359930220421011812555
  • RobinsonGVSmithDMLangfordBADaviesRJStradlingJRContinuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patientsEur Respir J20062761229123516455835
  • Campos-RodriguezFGrilo-ReinaAPerez-RonchelJEffect of continuous positive airway pressure on ambulatory BP in patients with sleep apnea and hypertension: a placebo-controlled trialChest200612961459146716778262
  • ChobanianAVBakrisGLBlackHRThe Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 reportJAMA2003289192560257212748199
  • ShamsuzzamanASGershBJSomersVKObstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular diseaseJAMA2003290141906191414532320
  • HanlyPSassonZZuberiNLunnKST-segment depression during sleep in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Cardiol19937115134113458498378
  • FranklinKANilssonJBSahlinCNaslundUSleep apnoea and nocturnal anginaLancet19953458957108510877715342
  • Alonso-FernandezAGarcia-RioFRacioneroMACardiac rhythm disturbances and ST-segment depression episodes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and its mechanismsChest20051271152215653957
  • SorajjaDGamiASSomersVKBehrenbeckTRGarcia-TouchardALopez-JimenezFIndependent association between obstructive sleep apnea and subclinical coronary artery diseaseChest2008133492793318263678
  • TurmelJSeriesFBouletLPRelationship between atherosclerosis and the sleep apnea syndrome: an intravascular ultrasound studyInt J Cardiol2009132220320918221805
  • MooeTRabbenTWiklundUFranklinKAErikssonPSleep-disordered breathing in men with coronary artery diseaseChest199610936596638617073
  • MooeTFranklinKAHolmstromKRabbenTWiklundUSleep-disordered breathing and coronary artery disease: long-term prognosisAm J Respir Crit Care Med200116410 Pt 11910191311734445
  • PekerYCarlsonJHednerJIncreased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-upEur Respir J200628359660216641120
  • YuminoDTsurumiYTakagiASuzukiKKasanukiHImpact of obstructive sleep apnea on clinical and angiographic outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromeAm J Cardiol2007991263017196456
  • MehraRPrincipe-RodriguezKKirchnerHLStrohlKPSleep apnea in acute coronary syndrome: high prevalence but low impact on 6-month outcomeSleep Med20067652152816931151
  • MarinJMCarrizoSJVicenteEAgustiAGLong-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational studyLancet200536594641046105315781100
  • YoungTFinnLPeppardPESleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohortSleep20083181071107818714778
  • MarshallNSWongKKLiuPYCullenSRKnuimanMWGrunsteinRRSleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality: the Busselton Health StudySleep20083181079108518714779
  • PunjabiNMCaffoBSGoodwinJLSleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort studyPLoS Med200968e100013219688045
  • BassettiCAldrichMSSleep apnea in acute cerebrovascular diseases: final report on 128 patientsSleep199922221722310201066
  • DykenMESomersVKYamadaTRenZYZimmermanMBInvestigating the relationship between stroke and obstructive sleep apneaStroke19962734014078610303
  • MohseninVValorRSleep apnea in patients with hemispheric strokeArch Phys Med Rehabil199576171767811179
  • ParraOArboixABechichSTime course of sleep-related breathing disorders in first-ever stroke or transient ischemic attackAm J Respir Crit Care Med20001612 Pt 137538010673174
  • WessendorfTETeschlerHWangYMKonietzkoNThilmannAFSleep-disordered breathing among patients with first-ever strokeJ Neurol20002471414710701896
  • ArztMYoungTFinnLSkatrudJBBradleyTDAssociation of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of strokeAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005172111447145116141444
  • YaggiHKConcatoJKernanWNLichtmanJHBrassLMMohseninVObstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and deathN Engl J Med2005353192034204116282178
  • ValhamFMooeTRabbenTStenlundHWiklundUFranklinKAIncreased risk of stroke in patients with coronary artery disease and sleep apnea: a 10-year follow-upCirculation2008118995596018697817
  • MunozRDuran-CantollaJMartinez-VilaESevere sleep apnea and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderlyStroke20063792317232116888274
  • PartinenMJamiesonAGuilleminaultCLong-term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. MortalityChest1988946120012043191760
  • PartinenMGuilleminaultCDaytime sleepiness and vascular morbidity at seven-year follow-up in obstructive sleep apnea patientsChest199097127322295260
  • KanekoYHajekVEZivanovicVRaboudJBradleyTDRelationship of sleep apnea to functional capacity and length of hospitalization following strokeSleep200326329329712749548
  • SahlinCSandbergOGustafsonYObstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for death in patients with stroke: a 10-year follow-upArch Intern Med2008168329730118268171
  • RedlineSYenokyanGGottliebDJObstructive sleep apnea hypopnea and incident stroke: The Sleep Heart Health StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2010182226927720339144
  • CherniackNSLongobardoGSCheyne-Stokes breathing. An instability in physiologic controlN Engl J Med1973288189529574571351
  • KhooMCKronauerREStrohlKPSlutskyASFactors inducing periodic breathing in humans: a general modelJ Appl Physiol19825336446597129986
  • SinDDFitzgeraldFParkerJDNewtonGFlorasJSBradleyTDRisk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failureAm J Respir Crit Care Med199916041101110610508793
  • JavaheriSParkerTJLimingJDSleep apnea in 81 ambulatory male patients with stable heart failure. Types and their prevalences, consequences, and presentationsCirculation19989721215421599626176
  • NarkiewiczKvan de BornePJPesekCADykenMEMontanoNSomersVKSelective potentiation of peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity in obstructive sleep apneaCirculation19999991183118910069786
  • DimsdaleJELoredoJSProfantJEffect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure: a placebo trialHypertension2000351 Pt 114414710642289
  • NarkiewiczKvan de BornePJCooleyRLDykenMESomersVKSympathetic activity in obese subjects with and without obstructive sleep apneaCirculation19989887727769727547
  • MehraRBenjaminEJShaharEAssociation of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: the Sleep Heart Health StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2006173891091616424443
  • MonahanKStorfer-IsserAMehraRTriggering of nocturnal arrhythmias by sleep-disordered breathing eventsJ Am Coll Cardiol200954191797180419874994
  • MehraRStoneKLVarosyPDNocturnal arrhythmias across a spectrum of obstructive and central sleep-disordered breathing in older men: outcomes of sleep disorders in older men (MrOS sleep) studyArch Intern Med2009169121147115519546416
  • KanagalaRMuraliNSFriedmanPAObstructive sleep apnea and the recurrence of atrial fibrillationCirculation2003107202589259412743002
  • GamiASHodgeDOHergesRMObstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillationJ Am Coll Cardiol200749556557117276180
  • HoffmanRPSinkeyCADoppJMPhillipsBGSystemic and local adrenergic regulation of muscle glucose utilization during hypoglycemia in healthy subjectsDiabetes200251373474211872674
  • PorteDJrWilliamsRHInhibition of insulin release by norepinephrine in manScience1966152726124812505327883
  • BratelTWennlundACarlstromKPituitary reactivity, androgens and catecholamines in obstructive sleep apnoea. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP)Respir Med19999311710464840
  • GrunsteinRRHandelsmanDJLawrenceSJBlackwellCCatersonIDSullivanCENeuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab19896823523582493027
  • MinoguchiKYokoeTTazakiTIncreased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005172562563016120716
  • YuanMKonstantopoulosNLeeJReversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of IkkbetaScience200129355351673167711533494
  • MokdadAHBowmanBAFordESVinicorFMarksJSKoplanJPThe continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United StatesJAMA2001286101195120011559264
  • CerielloAMotzEIs oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisitedArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol200424581682314976002
  • PunjabiNMSorkinJDKatzelLIGoldbergAPSchwartzARSmithPLSleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight menAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165567768211874813
  • IpMSLamBNgMMLamWKTsangKWLamKSObstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistanceAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165567067611874812
  • PunjabiNMShaharERedlineSGottliebDJGivelberRResnickHESleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance: the Sleep Heart Health StudyAm J Epidemiol2004160652153015353412
  • LamJCLamBLamCLObstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome in community-based Chinese adults in Hong KongRespir Med2006100698098716337115
  • OkadaMTakamizawaATsushimaKUrushihataKFujimotoKKuboKRelationship between sleep-disordered breathing and lifestyle-related illnesses in subjects who have undergone health-screeningIntern Med2006451589189616946570
  • SulitLStorfer-IsserAKirchnerHLRedlineSDifferences in polysomnography predictors for hypertension and impaired glucose toleranceSleep200629677778316796216
  • PeltierACConsensFBSheikhKWangLSongYRussellJWAutonomic dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea is associated with impaired glucose regulationSleep Med20078214915517236808
  • KonoMTatsumiKSaibaraTObstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with some components of metabolic syndromeChest200713151387139217494788
  • CoughlinSRMawdsleyLMugarzaJACalverleyPMWildingJPObstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndromeEur Heart J200425973574115120883
  • StrohlKPNovakRDSingerWInsulin levels, blood pressure and sleep apneaSleep19941776146187846459
  • VgontzasANPapanicolaouDABixlerEOSleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemiaJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20008531151115810720054
  • MakinoSHandaHSuzukawaKObstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, plasma adiponectin levels, and insulin resistanceClin Endocrinol (Oxf)2006641121916402923
  • ElmasryAJansonCLindbergEGislasonTTageldinMABomanGThe role of habitual snoring and obesity in the development of diabetes: a 10-year follow-up study in a male populationJ Intern Med20002481132010947876
  • Al-DelaimyWKMansonJEWillettWCStampferMJHuFBSnoring as a risk factor for type II diabetes mellitus: a prospective studyAm J Epidemiol2002155538739311867347
  • ReichmuthKJAustinDSkatrudJBYoungTAssociation of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based studyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005172121590159516192452
  • HarschIASchahinSPRadespiel-TrogerMContinuous positive airway pressure treatment rapidly improves insulin sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169215616214512265
  • WestSDNicollDJWallaceTMMatthewsDRStradlingJREffect of CPAP on insulin resistance and HbA1c in men with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetesThorax2007621196997417557769
  • BrooksBCistulliPABorkmanMObstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients: effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsivenessJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1994796168116857989475
  • CoughlinSRMawdsleyLMugarzaJAWildingJPCalverleyPMCardiovascular and metabolic effects of CPAP in obese males with OSAEur Respir J200729472072717251237
  • BabuARHerdegenJFogelfeldLShottSMazzoneTType 2 diabetes, glycemic control, and continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apneaArch Intern Med2005165444745215738376
  • SmurraMPhilipPTaillardJGuilleminaultCBioulacBGinHCPAP treatment does not affect glucose-insulin metabolism in sleep apneic patientsSleep Med20012320721311311683
  • SaarelainenSLahtelaJKallonenEEffect of nasal CPAP treatment on insulin sensitivity and plasma leptinJ Sleep Res1997621461479377535
  • RedlineSMehraRWangXBabineauDAylorJIsmail-BeigiFA double-blind cross-over trial of CPAP vs sham-CPAP on metabolic control in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2010181A2539
  • RedlineSMehraRWXBabineauDAylorJIsmail-BeigiFA double-blind cross-over trial of CPAP vs sham-CPAP on metabolic control in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and sleep apneaAmerican Thoracic Society Abstracts2010
  • SavranskyVNanayakkaraALiJChronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosisAm J Respir Crit Care Med2007175121290129717332479
  • LiJSavranskyVNanayakkaraASmithPLO’DonnellCPPolotskyVYHyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation are dependent on the severity of chronic intermittent hypoxiaJ Appl Physiol2007102255756317082365
  • SavranskyVJunJLiJDyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia are attenuated by deficiency of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturaseCirc Res2008103101173118018832746
  • SteiropoulosPTsaraVNenaEEffect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on serum cardiovascular risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndromeChest2007132384385117573492
  • RobinsonGVPepperellJCSegalHCDaviesRJStradlingJRCirculating cardiovascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnoea: data from randomised controlled trialsThorax200459977778215333855
  • GozalDCapdevilaOSKheirandish-GozalLMetabolic alterations and systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea among nonobese and obese prepubertal childrenAm J Respir Crit Care Med2008177101142114918276939
  • BarceloABarbeFLlompartEEffects of obesity on C-reactive protein level and metabolic disturbances in male patients with obstructive sleep apneaAm J Med2004117211812115234648
  • EnglemanHMDouglasNJSleep 4: Sleepiness, cognitive function, and quality of life in obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndromeThorax200459761862215223874
  • QuanSFWrightRBaldwinCMObstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and neurocognitive functioning in the Sleep Heart Health StudySleep Med20067649850716815753
  • EnglemanHMKingshottRNWraithPKMackayTWDearyIJDouglasNJRandomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure for mild sleep Apnea/Hypopnea syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care Med199915924614679927358
  • WeaverTEMaislinGDingesDFRelationship between hours of CPAP use and achieving normal levels of sleepiness and daily functioningSleep200730671171917580592
  • PatelSRWhiteDPMalhotraAStanchinaMLAyasNTContinuous positive airway pressure therapy for treating sleepiness in a diverse population with obstructive sleep apnea: results of a meta-analysisArch Intern Med2003163556557112622603
  • YoungTBlusteinJFinnLPaltaMSleep-disordered breathing and motor vehicle accidents in a population-based sample of employed adultsSleep19972086086139351127
  • HackMDaviesRJMullinsRRandomised prospective parallel trial of therapeutic versus subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure on simulated steering performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnoeaThorax200055322423110679542
  • EllenRLMarshallSCPalayewMMolnarFJWilsonKGMan-Son-HingMSystematic review of motor vehicle crash risk in persons with sleep apneaJ Clin Sleep Med20062219320017557495
  • YangEHHlaKMMcHorneyCAHavighurstTBadrMSWeberSSleep apnea and quality of lifeSleep200023453554110875560
  • BaldwinCMGriffithKANietoFJO’ConnorGTWalslebenJARedlineSThe association of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with quality of life in the Sleep Heart Health StudySleep20012419610511204058
  • BrionesBAdamsNStraussMRelationship between sleepiness and general health statusSleep19961975835888899938
  • WhitneyCWEnrightPLNewmanABBonekatWFoleyDQuanSFCorrelates of daytime sleepiness in 4578 elderly persons: the Cardiovascular Health StudySleep199821127369485530
  • GrunsteinRRStenlofKHednerJASjostromLImpact of self-reported sleep-breathing disturbances on psychosocial performance in the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) StudySleep19951886356438560128
  • MillmanRPFogelBSMcNamaraMECarlisleCCDepression as a manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea: reversal with nasal continuous positive airway pressureJ Clin Psychiatry19895093483512768203
  • WareJThe SF-36 health surveySpilkerBQuality of Life in Pharmacoeconomic in Clinical Trials2nd edPhiladelphia, PALippincott-Raven1996337345
  • FlemonsWWReimerMADevelopment of a disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med199815824945039700127
  • MoyerCASonnadSSGaretzSLHelmanJIChervinRDQuality of life in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of the literatureSleep Med20012647749114592263
  • JenkinsonCStradlingJPetersenSComparison of three measures of quality of life outcome in the evaluation of continuous positive airways pressure therapy for sleep apnoeaJ Sleep Res1997631992049358398
  • D’AmbrosioCBowmanTMohseninVQuality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure – a prospective studyChest199911511231299925072
  • BennettLSBarbourCLangfordBStradlingJRDaviesRJHealth status in obstructive sleep apnea: relationship with sleep fragmentation and daytime sleepiness, and effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatmentAm J Respir Crit Care Med199915961884189010351935
  • PiccirilloJFGatesGAWhiteDLSchectmanKBObstructive sleep apnea treatment outcomes pilot studyOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg199811868338449627245
  • JokicRKlimaszewskiACrossleyMSridharGFitzpatrickMFPositional treatment vs continuous positive airway pressure in patients with positional obstructive sleep apnea syndromeChest1999115377178110084491
  • BolitschekJSchmeiser-RiederASchobersbergerRRosenbergerAKunzeMAignerKImpact of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnoeaEur Respir J19981148908949623693
  • Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Polysomnography Task Force, American Sleep Disorders Association Standards of Practice CommitteeSleep19972064064229302725
  • ChediakADAcevedo-CrespoJCSeidenDJKimHHKielMHNightly variability in the indices of sleep-disordered breathing in men being evaluated for impotence with consecutive night polysomnogramsSleep19961975895928899939
  • AarabGLobbezooFHamburgerHLNaeijeMVariability in the apnea-hypopnea index and its consequences for diagnosis and therapy evaluationRespiration2009771323718957843
  • BittencourtLRSucheckiDTufikSThe variability of the apnoea-hypopnoea indexJ Sleep Res200110324525111696078
  • AhmadiNShapiroGKChungSAShapiroCMClinical diagnosis of sleep apnea based on single night of polysomnography vs two nights of polysomnographySleep Breath200913322122619067010
  • RichardWKoxDden HerderCLamanMvan TinterenHde VriesNThe role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndromeEur Arch Otorhinolaryngol20062631094695016802139
  • WiegandLZwillichCWWiegandDWhiteDPChanges in upper airway muscle activation and ventilation during phasic REM sleep in normal menJ Appl Physiol19917124884971938720
  • FlemonsWWDouglasNJKunaSTRodensteinDOWheatleyJAccess to diagnosis and treatment of patients with suspected sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169666867215003950
  • CollopNAAndersonWMBoehleckeBClinical guidelines for the use of unattended portable monitors in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adult patients. Portable Monitoring Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep MedicineJ Clin Sleep Med20073773774718198809
  • IberCRedlineSKaplan GilpinAMPolysomnography performed in the unattended home versus the attended laboratory setting – Sleep Heart Health Study methodologySleep200427353654015164911
  • Tonelli de OliveiraACMartinezDVasconcelosLFDiagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its outcomes with home portable monitoringChest2009135233033619201709
  • MulgrewATFoxNAyasNTRyanCFDiagnosis and initial management of obstructive sleep apnea without polysomnography: a randomized validation studyAnn Intern Med2007146315716617283346
  • CollopNAAndersonWMBoehleckeBClinical guidelines for the use of unattended portable monitors in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adult patients. Portable Monitoring Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep MedicineJ Clin Sleep Med20073773774718198809
  • SullivanCEIssaFGBerthon-JonesMEvesLReversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the naresLancet1981182258628656112294
  • BallesterEBadiaJRHernandezLEvidence of the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of sleep apnea/hypopnea syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care Med199915924955019927363
  • BarbeFMayoralasLRDuranJTreatment with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea but no daytime sleepiness: a randomized, controlled trialAnn Intern Med2001134111015102311388814
  • BarnesMHoustonDWorsnopCJA randomized controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in mild obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165677378011897643
  • BarnesMMcEvoyRDBanksSEfficacy of positive airway pressure and oral appliance in mild to moderate obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004170665666415201136
  • ChakravortyICaytonRMSzczepuraAHealth utilities in evaluating intervention in the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndromeEur Respir J20022051233123812449179
  • EnglemanHMMcDonaldJPGrahamDRandomized crossover trial of two treatments for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: continuous positive airway pressure and mandibular repositioning splintAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002166685585912231497
  • HenkeKGGradyJJKunaSTEffect of nasal continuous positive a irway pressure on neuropsychological function in sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. A randomized, placebo-controlled trialAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001163491191711282765
  • JenkinsonCDaviesRJMullinsRStradlingJRComparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised prospective parallel trialLancet199935391702100210510382693
  • MansfeldDRGolloglyNCKayeDMRichardsonMBerginPNaughtonMTControlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failureAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169336136614597482
  • MarshallNSNeillAMCampbellAJSheppardDSRandomised controlled crossover trial of humidified continuous positive airway pressure in mild obstructive sleep apnoeaThorax200560542743215860720
  • McArdleNDevereuxGHeidarnejadHEnglemanHMMackayTWDouglasNJLong-term use of CPAP therapy for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care Med19991594 Pt 11108111410194153
  • EnglemanHMMartinSEDearyIJDouglasNJEffect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on daytime function in sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndromeLancet199434388975725757906330
  • McArdleNDouglasNJEffect of continuous positive airway pressure on sleep architecture in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a randomized controlled trialAm J Respir Crit Care Med20011648 Pt 11459146311704596
  • MontserratJMFerrerMHernandezLEffectiveness of CPAP treatment in daytime function in sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized controlled study with an optimized placeboAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164460861311520724
  • SinDDMayersIManGCGhaharyAPawlukLCan continuous positive airway pressure therapy improve the general health status of patients with obstructive sleep apnea? a clinical effectiveness studyChest200212251679168512426271
  • RedlineSAdamsNStraussMERoebuckTWintersMRosenbergCImprovement of mild sleep-disordered breathing with CPAP compared with conservative therapyAm J Respir Crit Care Med19981573 Pt 18588659517603
  • KushidaCALittnerMRHirshkowitzMPractice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adult patients with sleep-related breathing disordersSleep200629337538016553024
  • AyasNTPatelSRMalhotraAAuto-titrating versus standard continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: results of a meta-analysisSleep200427224925315124718
  • KasaiTUsuiYYoshiokaTEffect of flow-triggered adaptive servo-ventilation compared with continuous positive airway pressure in patients with chronic heart failure with coexisting obstructive sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes respirationCirc Heart Fail20103114014819933407
  • PhilippeCStoica-HermanMDrouotXCompliance with and effectiveness of adaptive servoventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of Cheyne-Stokes respiration in heart failure over a six month periodHeart200692333734215964943
  • PepinJLKriegerJRodensteinDEffective compliance during the first 3 months of continuous positive airway pressure. A European prospective study of 121 patientsAm J Respir Crit Care Med199916041124112910508797
  • KribbsNBPackAIKlineLRObjective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apneaAm Rev Respir Dis199314748878958466125
  • EnglemanHMWildMRImproving CPAP use by patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS)Sleep Med Rev200371819912586532
  • EnglemanHMAsgari-JirhandehNMcLeodALRamsayCFDearyIJDouglasNJSelf-reported use of CPAP and benefits of CPAP therapy: a patient surveyChest19961096147014768769496
  • KakkarRKBerryRBPositive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apneaChest200713231057107217873201
  • RyanCFLoveLLPeatDFleethamJALoweAAMandibular advancement oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea: effect on awake calibre of the velopharynxThorax1999541197297710525554
  • NgATGotsopoulosHQianJCistulliPAEffect of oral appliance therapy on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2003168223824112724125
  • FergusonKACartwrightRRogersRSchmidt-NowaraWOral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a reviewSleep200629224426216494093
  • FergusonKAOnoTLoweAAKeenanSPFleethamJAA randomized crossover study of an oral appliance vs nasal-continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apneaChest19961095126912758625679
  • FergusonKAOnoTLoweAAal-MajedSLoveLLFleethamJAA short-term controlled trial of an adjustable oral appliance for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoeaThorax19975243623689196520
  • TanYKL’EstrangePRLuoYMMandibular advancement splints and continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomized cross-over trialEur J Orthod200224323924912143088
  • FujitaSConwayWZorickFRothTSurgical correction of anatomic azbnormalities in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: uvulopalatopharyngoplastyOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg19818969239346801592
  • SherAESchechtmanKBPiccirilloJFThe efficacy of surgical modifications of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndromeSleep19961921561778855039
  • FergusonKAHeighwayKRubyRRA randomized trial of laserassisted uvulopalatoplasty in the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apneaAm J Respir Crit Care Med20031671151912502473
  • LarrosaFHernandezLMorelloABallesterEQuintoLMontserratJMLaser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring: does it meet the expectations?Eur Respir J2004241667015293606
  • WoodsonBTStewardDLWeaverEMJavaheriSA randomized trial of temperature-controlled radiofrequency, continuous positive airway pressure, and placebo for obstructive sleep apnea syndromeOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg2003128684886112825037
  • StuckBASauterAHormannKVerseTMaurerJTRadiofrequency surgery of the soft palate in the treatment of snoring. A placebo-controlled trialSleep200528784785016124664
  • CeylanKEmirHKizilkayaZFirst-choice treatment in mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea: single-stage, multilevel, temperature-controlled radiofrequency tissue volume reduction or nasal continuous positive airway pressureArch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2009135991591919770425
  • BackLJLiukkoTRantanenIRadiofrequency surgery of the soft palate in the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea is not effective as a single-stage procedure: a randomized single-blinded placebo-controlled trialLaryngoscope200911981621162719504550
  • LiHYWangPCLeeLAChenNHFangTJPrediction of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty outcome: anatomy-based staging system versus severity-based staging systemSleep200629121537154117252884
  • National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research. Wake up America: a national sleep alert. BethesdaMD19952
  • PunjabiNMThe epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apneaProc Am Thorac Soc20085213614318250205
  • YoungTEvansLFinnLPaltaMEstimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-aged men and womenSleep19972097057069406321