Patterns of injuries and predictors of inhospital mortality in trauma patients in Saudi Arabia

References

• Norton R, Kobusingye O. Injuries. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(18):1723–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruikar M. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. JOTR. 2013;6(1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, et al. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Inj Prev. 2016;22(1):3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldana K [webpage on the Internet]. New NHTSA Analysis Shows 2011 Traffic Fatalities Declined by Nearly Two Percent. National Highway Safety Administration. Available from: https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety. Accessed: July 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• CDC [webpage on the Internet]. Falls Are Leading Cause of Injury and Death in Older Americans. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0922-older-adult-falls.html. Accessed 8 November, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Mansuri F, Al-Zalabani A, Zalat M, Qabshawi R. Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. A systematic review of existing evidence. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(4):418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Jaber S, Mokdad AH, AlMazroa MA, Murray CJ, Al Rabeeah AA. Peer reviewed: burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1990–2010. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:E169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saher: an automated traffic control and management system. Ministry of Interior, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/sectors/publicsecurity/traffic/contents/!ut/p/z1/pVNNU8IwEL3zK7hwZHabFpoeI2CDMDIFCzQXp7SpVG34sAPirzfOMI6opDrkkGxm3nvZfbsBUavXazWY60MHX7eTCwgV7_KHuMxXKn6GOUSifY99x-GWQwZ-N2ghCwa9Ub9rE-whzE4ByOg1MmZPOXcDMhoQEAY-I0d-x2fccYeIdOi3sM94OPYC20Zm_42PZxbDKv4UBIhEletyCVG5jbMsTxr4GRRxrhr4Ei_l9gO4TvIUIi8hlGQUnaxt0VSmnvRkJtNW200oWRDy3ZSfrglzzjdVWUk0o-IU9gv3hsB1DoCTO5XpRrpUt3zpVow2-VyD6FabQs9T5N_uMgr1d0L1M3SIblA2tw-3X79q_LHzUYwPXorVcrXEubm-2VsXYRgW1D40g6cxf7u6bfqdBd3fZcWMvQMSpOm7/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/. Accessed July 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Alghnam S, Alkelya M, Alfraidy M, Al-Bedah K, Albabtain IT, Alshenqeetye O. Outcomes of road traffic injuries before and after the implementation of a camera ticketing system: a retrospective study from a large trauma center in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2017;37(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shammari N, Bendak S, Al-Gadhi S. In-depth analysis of pedestrian crashes in Riyadh. Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10(6):552–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas AK, Hefny AF, Abu-Zidan FM. Seatbelt compliance and mortality in the gulf cooperation council countries in comparison with other high-income countries. Ann Saudi Med. 2011;31(4):347–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata I, Abe T, Uchida M, Saitoh D, Tamiya N. Ten-year inhospital mortality trends for patients with trauma in Japan: a multicentre observational study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e018635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider AH, Chang DC, Haut ER, Cornwell EE, Efron DT. Mechanism of injury predicts patient mortality and impairment after blunt trauma. J Surg Res. 2009;153(1):138–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14(3):187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YJ. Injury severity scoring systems: a review of application to practice. Nurs Crit Care. 2012;17(3):138–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie EJ. Injury severity scales: overview and directions for future research. Am J Emerg Med. 1984;2(6):537–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salottolo K, Levy AS, Slone DS, Mains CW, Bar-Or D. The effect of age on Glasgow coma scale score in patients with traumatic brain injury. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(7):727–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME. A revision of the trauma score. J Trauma. 1989;29(5):623–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson B. Case Studies in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hwabejire JO, Kaafarani HM, Lee J, et al. Patterns of injury, outcomes, and predictors of in-hospital and 1-year mortality in nonagenarian and centenarian trauma patients. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(10):1054–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi H, Bolandparvaz S, Yadollahi M, Anvar M, Farahgol Z. Time distribution of injury-related in-hospital mortality in a trauma referral center in South of Iran (2010–2015). Medicine. 2017;96(21):1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson AF, Varela C, Cairns BA, Charles AG. Hospital mortality following trauma: an analysis of a hospital-based injury surveillance registry in sub-Saharan Africa. J Surg Educ. 2015;72(4):e66–e72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sieling BA, Beem K, Hoffman MT, Yuschak JV, Morris JB. Trauma in nonagenarians and centenarians: review of 137 consecutive patients. Am Surg. 2004;70(9):793–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansuri FA, Al-Zalabani AH, Zalat MM, Qabshawi RI. Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. A systematic review of existing evidence. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(4):418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutton RP, Stansbury LG, Leone S, Kramer E, Hess JR, Scalea TM. Trauma mortality in mature trauma systems: are we doing better? An analysis of trauma mortality patterns, 1997–2008. J Trauma. 2010;69(3):620–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papa L, Langland-Orban B, Kallenborn C, et al. Assessing effectiveness of a mature trauma system: association of trauma center presence with lower injury mortality rate. J Trauma. 2006;61(2):261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore L, Hanley JA, Turgeon AF, Lavoie A. Evaluation of the long-term trend in mortality from injury in a mature inclusive trauma system. World J Surg. 2010;34(9):2069–2075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansink KW, Leenen LP. Do designated trauma systems improve outcome? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(6):686–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizamo H, Meyrowitsch DW, Zacarias E, Konradsen F. Mortality due to injuries in Maputo city, Mozambique. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2006;13(1):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobs DG, Plaisier BR, Barie PS, et al; EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. Practice management guidelines for geriatric trauma: the EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. J Trauma. 2003;54(2):391–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calland JF, Ingraham AM, Martin N, et al; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Evaluation and management of geriatric trauma: an Eastern association for the surgery of trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma. 2012;73(5):S345–S350.
   Google Scholar
• Ansari S, Akhdar F, Mandoorah M, Moutaery K. Causes and effects of road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. Public Health. 2000;114:37–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrimah I, Midhet F, Sharaf F. Epidemiology of road traffic injuries in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: consistency of police and health data. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2012;6:31–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trajano AD, Pereira BM, Fraga GP. Epidemiology of in-hospital trauma deaths in a Brazilian university hospital. BMC Emerg Med. 2014;14(1):22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). 2009 Mid-Year Population Estimates. 2010. Available from: https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/population/mid-year-population-estimates. Accessed July 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics (ONS). Mortality Statistics Deaths Registered in 2009 Tables 1 and 5.19. 2010. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160108063955/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/mortality-statistics--deaths-registered-in-england-and-wales--series-dr-/2009/index.html. Accessed July 4, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Mock C, Quansah R, Krishnan R, Arreola-Risa C, Rivara F. Strengthening the prevention and care of injuries worldwide. Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2172–2179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobusingye OC, Guwatudde D, Owor G, Lett RR. Citywide trauma experience in Kampala, Uganda: a call for intervention. Inj Prev. 2002;8(2):133–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizamo H, Meyrowitsch DW, Zacarias E, Konradsen F. Mortality due to injuries in Maputo city, Mozambique. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2006;13(1):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization [webpage on the Internet]. Gender and Road Traffic Injuries. 2002. Available from: http://www.who.int/gender/other_health/en/gendertraffic.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• El-Menyar A, El-Hennawy H, Al-Thani H, et al. Traumatic injury among females: does gender matter? J Trauma Manag Outcomes. 2014;8(1):8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. D.o.I.a.V.P: Noncommunicable Disease and Mental Health Cluster, The Injury Chart Book. Fall-Related Injuries. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Attia AF, Sherif AA, Mandil AM, Massoud MN, Abou-Nazel MW, Arafa MA. Epidemiological and sociocultural study of burn patients in Alexandria, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 1997;3(3):452–461.
   Google Scholar
• Groohi B, Alaghehbandan R, Lari AR. Analysis of 1089 burn patients in province of Kurdistan, Iran. Burns. 2002;28(6):569–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estahbanati HK, Kashani PP, Ghanaatpisheh F. Frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes in burn wound infections and their resistance to antibiotics. Burns. 2002;28(4):340–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobusingye OC, Guwatudde D, Owor G, Lett RR. Citywide trauma experience in Kampala, Uganda: a call for intervention. Inj Prev. 2002;8(2):133–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson AF, Varela C, Cairns BA, Charles AG. Hospital mortality following trauma: an analysis of a hospital-based injury surveillance registry in sub-Saharan Africa. J Surg Educ. 2015;72(4):e66–e72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobusingye O, Guwatudde D, Lett R. Injury patterns in rural and urban Uganda. Inj Prev. 2001;7(1):46–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobusingye OC, Lett RR. Hospital-based trauma registries in Uganda. J Trauma. 2000;48(3):498–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli TA, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Alves WM. Mortality of patients with head injury and extracranial injury treated in trauma centers. J Trauma. 1989;29:1193–1202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swierzewski MJ, Feliciano DV, Lillis RP, Illig KA, States JD. Deaths from motor vehicle crashes: patterns of injury in restrained and unrestrained victims. J Trauma. 1994;37:404–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidler MG, Shultz BL, Schall L, Ford HR. Risk factors and predictors of mortality in children after ejection from motor vehicle crashes. J Trauma. 2000;49(5):864–868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tepas JJ 3rd, DiScala C, Ramenofsky ML, Barlow B. Mortality and head injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:92–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markogiannakis H, Sanidas E, Messaris E, et al. Predictors of in-hospital mortality of trauma patients injured in vehicle accidents. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2008;14(2):125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markogiannakis H, Sanidas E, Messaris E, Koutentakis D, Alpantaki K, Kafetzakis A, Tsiftsis D. Motor vehicle trauma: analysis of injury profiles by road-user category. Emerg Med J. 2006;23(1):27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [webpage on the Internet]. Gender and Road Traffic Injuries. 2002. Available from: http://www.who.int/gender/other_health/en/gendertraffic.pdf. Accessed November 4, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus JF, Peek-Asa C, McArthur D. The independent effect of gender on outcomes following traumatic brain injury: a preliminary investigation. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8(1):e5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ottochian M, Salim A, Berry C, Chan LS, Wilson MT, Margulies DR. Severe traumatic brain injury: is there a gender difference in mortality? Am J Surg. 2009;197:155–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farace E, Alves WM. Do women fare worse? A metaanalysis of gender differences in outcome after traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8(1):e6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demetriades D, Murray J, Charalambides K, et al. Trauma fatalities: time and location of hospital deaths. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;198(1):20–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar