Impact of Using Drones in Emergency Medicine: What Does the Future Hold?

References

• Blom JD. Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Historical Perspective. Occasional Paper 37. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Prisacariu V. The history and the evolution of UAVs from the beginning till the 70s. J Defense Resour Manage. 2017;8(1):181–189.
   Google Scholar
• Cho R. How drones are advancing scientific research; 2017. Available from: https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2017/06/16/how-drones-are-advancing-scientific-research/. Accessed November 3, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Rebolo-Ifrán N, Grilli MG, Lambertucci SA. Drones as a threat to wildlife. Environ Conserv. 2019;46(3):205–210. doi:10.1017/S0376892919000080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosser JC, Vignesh V, Terwilliger BA, Parker BC. Surgical and medical applications of drones: a comprehensive review. JSLS. 2018;22(3):e2018.00018. doi:10.4293/JSLS.2018.00018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tkatek S, Belmzoukia A, Nafai S, Abouchabaka J, Ibnou-Ratib Y. Putting the world back to work: an expert system using big data and artificial intelligence in combating the spread of COVID-19 and similar contagious diseases. Work. 2020;67(3):557–572. doi:10.3233/WOR-203309
   Google Scholar
• McNabb H. Drones will patrol beaches in Australia to protect crowds from sharks – and Coronavirus; 2020. Available from: https://dronelife.com/2020/11/13/drones-patrol-beaches-in-australia/. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen JK. WakeMed health & hospitals joins forces with UPS, FAA for drone pilot; 2019. Available from: https://www.modernhealthcare.com/care-delivery/wakemed-health-hospitals-joins-forces-ups-faa-drone-pilot. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Peck AD. Hospitals in United States and Germany team up with matternet and UPS to make medical laboratory deliveries by drone the new normal; 2021. Available from: https://www.darkdaily.com/2021/08/11/hospitals-in-united-states-and-germany-team-up-with-matternet-and-ups-to-make-medical-laboratory-deliveries-by-drone-the-new-normal/. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Poljak M, Šterbenc A. Use of drones in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases: current status, challenges and barriers. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(4):425–430. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright J. Zipline begins US medical delivery with drone program honed in Africa; 2020. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/26/zipline-begins-us-medical-delivery-with-uav-program-honed-in-africa/. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Thiels CA, Aho JM, Zietlow SP, Jenkins DH. Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for medical product transport. Air Med J. 2015;34(2):104–108. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2014.10.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scalea JR, Restaino S, Scassero M, Bartlett ST, Wereley N. The final frontier? Exploring organ transportation by drone. Am J Transplant. 2019;19(3):962–964. doi:10.1111/ajt.15113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Sharma K, Singh H, Naugriya SG, Gill SS, Buyya R. A drone-based networked system and methods for combating coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. FGCS. 2021;115:1–19. doi:10.1016/j.future.2020.08.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood F. Assessing the impact of drones in the global COVID response; 2021. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/assessing-the-impact-of-drones-in-the-global-covid-response/. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Strategy for a national EMS culture of safety; 2013. Available from: https://www.ems.gov/pdf/Strategy-for-a-National-EMS-Culture-of-Safety-10-03-13.pdf. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Mell HK, Mumma SN, Hiestand B, Carr BG, Holland T, Stopyra J. Emergency medical services response times in rural, suburban, and urban areas. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(10):983–984. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.2230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley RA. A total emergency medical system for the State of Maryland. Md State Med J. 1975;24(7):37–45.
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt J, Beard D, Gray A, Busuttil A, Robertson C. The time of death after trauma. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 1995;310(6993):1502. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6993.1502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmsen AM, Giannakopoulos GF, Moerbeek PR, Jansma EP, Bonjer HJ, Bloemers FW. The influence of prehospital time on trauma patients outcome: a systematic review. Injury. 2015;46(4):602–609. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2015.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasser AAH, Nederpelt C, El Hechi M, et al. Every minute counts: the impact of pre-hospital response time and scene time on mortality of penetrating trauma patients. Am J Surg. 2020;220(1):240–244. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.11.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP. Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22(11):1652–1658. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81302-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG. Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(17):1206–1209. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010263431701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waalewijn RA, de Vos R, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Survival models for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic. Resuscitation. 2001;51(2):113–122. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(01)00407-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna M. Utility of unmanned aircraft systems in inner city emergent response during peak rush hour traffic. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1 MeetingAbstract):183.
   Google Scholar
• Hsia RY, Shen YC. Rising closures of hospital trauma centers disproportionately burden vulnerable populations. Health Aff (Project Hope). 2011;30(10):1912–1920. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, et al. Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(22):2871–2872. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uy-Evanado A, Chugh HS, Sargsyan A, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest response and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(1):6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(8):e254–e743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisfeldt ML, Everson-Stewart S, Sitlani C, et al. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest in public versus at home. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(4):313–321. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman ME, Brennan EE, Goldberger ZD, et al. Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S414–435. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW, et al. Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA. 2008;300(12):1423–1431. doi:10.1001/jama.300.12.1423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AM, Cunningham CJ, Zégre-Hemsey JK, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest bystander defibrillator search time and experience with and without directional assistance: a randomized simulation trial in a community setting. Simul Healthc. 2021. doi:10.1097/SIH.0000000000000582
   Google Scholar
• Zègre-Hemsey JK, Bogle B, Cunningham CJ, Snyder K, Rosamond W. Delivery of automated external defibrillators (AED) by drones: implications for emergency cardiac care. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2018;12. doi:10.1007/s12170-018-0589-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutilier JJ, Brooks SC, Janmohamed A, et al. Optimizing a drone network to deliver automated external defibrillators. Circulation. 2017;135(25):2454–2465. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulver A, Wei R, Locating MC. AED enabled medical drones to enhance cardiac arrest response times. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(3):378–389. doi:10.3109/10903127.2015.1115932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogle BM, Rosamond WD, Snyder KT, Zègre-Hemsey JK. The case for drone-assisted emergency response to cardiac arrest: an optimized statewide deployment approach. NC Med J. 2019;80(4):204–212.
   Google Scholar
• Mackle C, Bond R, Torney H, et al. A data-driven simulator for the strategic positioning of aerial ambulance drones reaching out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a genetic algorithmic approach. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2020;8:1900410. doi:10.1109/JTEHM.2020.2987008
   Google Scholar
• Claesson A, Backman A, Ringh M, et al. Time to delivery of an automated external defibrillator using a drone for simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests vs emergency medical services. JAMA. 2017;317(22):2332–2334. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheskes S, McLeod SL, Nolan M, et al. Improving access to automated external defibrillators in rural and remote settings: a drone delivery feasibility study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(14):e016687. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.016687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosamond WD, Johnson AM, Bogle BM, et al. Drone delivery of an automated external defibrillator. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(12):1186–1188. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1915956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schierbeck S, Hollenberg J, Nord A, et al. Automated external defibrillators delivered by drones to patients with suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J. 2021;42. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornblith LZ, Moore HB, Cohen MJ. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: the past, present, and future. J. Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(6):852–862. doi:10.1111/jth.14450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore CK, Chaykowsky M, THomas B; Rand Corporatoin. Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Blood Delivery: A UAV Fleet Design Tool and Case Study. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Shackelford SA, Del Junco DJ, Powell-Dunford N, et al. Association of prehospital blood product transfusion during medical evacuation of combat casualties in Afghanistan with acute and 30-day survival. JAMA. 2017;318(16):1581–1591. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.15097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amukele TK, Sokoll LJ, Pepper D, Howard DP, Street J. Can unmanned aerial systems (drones) be used for the routine transport of chemistry, hematology, and coagulation laboratory specimens? PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0134020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amukele T, Ness PM, Tobian AA, Boyd J, Street J. Drone transportation of blood products. Transfusion. 2017;57(3):582–588. doi:10.1111/trf.13900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zailani MAH, Sabudin R, Rahman RA, Saiboon IM, Ismail A, Mahdy ZA. Drone for medical products transportation in maternal healthcare: a systematic review and framework for future research. Medicine. 2020;99(36):e21967. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homier V, Brouard D, Nolan M, et al. Drone versus ground delivery of simulated blood products to an urban trauma center: the Montreal Medi-Drone pilot study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;90(3):515–521. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000002961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroir BP. The opioid epidemic and emerging public health policy priorities. American Medical Association National Advocacy Conference; February 13, 2019; Washington, DC; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ornato JP, You AX, McDiarmid G, et al. Feasibility of bystander-administered naloxone delivered by drone to opioid overdose victims. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(9):1787–1791. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck S, Bui TT, Davies A, et al. An evaluation of the drone delivery of adrenaline auto-injectors for anaphylaxis: pharmacists’ perceptions, acceptance, and concerns. Drones. 2020;4(4):1–22. doi:10.3390/drones4040066
   Google Scholar
• Mateen FJ, Leung KHB, Vogel AC, Cissé AF, Chan TCY. A drone delivery network for antiepileptic drugs: a framework and modelling case study in a low-income country. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020;114(4):308–314. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trz131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hii MSY, Courtney P, Royall PG. An evaluation of the delivery of medicines using drones. Drones. 2019;3(3):1–20. doi:10.3390/drones3030052
   Google Scholar
• McRae JN, Nielsen BM, Gay CJ, Hunt AP, Nigh AD. Utilizing drones to restore and maintain radio communication during search and rescue operations. Wilderness Environ Med. 2021;32(1):41–46. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2020.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Szirányi T. Real-time human detection and gesture recognition for on-board UAV rescue. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;21(6):2180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsiadło P, Bargiel B, Moskal W. Mountain rescue operations facilitated with drone usage. High Alt Med Biol. 2019;20(2):203. doi:10.1089/ham.2018.0149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tilburg C. First report of using portable unmanned aircraft systems (drones) for search and rescue. Wilderness Environ Med. 2017;28(2):116–118. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow Safe. Mountain rescue drones saving skiers lives from Avalanches; 2021. Available from: https://www.snowsafe.co.uk/mountain-rescue-drones/. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Karaca Y, Cicek M, Tatli O, et al. The potential use of unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in mountain search and rescue operations. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(4):583–588. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.09.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson A, Schierbeck S, Hollenberg J, et al. The use of drones and a machine-learning model for recognition of simulated drowning victims – a feasibility study. Resuscitation. 2020;156:196–201. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt K, Pourmand A, Sikka N. Targeted applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in telemedicine. Telemed J E Health. 2018;24(11):833–838. doi:10.1089/tmj.2017.0289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguin C, Blaquière G, Loundou A, Michelet P, Markarian T. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to prevent drowning. Resuscitation. 2018;127:63–67. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson A, Svensson L, Nordberg P, et al. Drones may be used to save lives in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning. Resuscitation. 2017;114:152–156. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.201\7.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood F, Nelson EL, Greenough PG, Ganguly AR. Flying into the hurricane: a case study of UAV use in damage assessment during the 2017 hurricanes in Texas and Florida. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0227808. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G. Armed with drones, aid workers seek faster response to earthquakes, floods; 2016. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-humanitarian-summit-nepal-drones/armed-with-drones-aid-workers-seek-faster-response-to-earthquakes-floods-idUSKCN0Y7003. Accessed September 30, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Chuang CC, Rau JY, Lai MK, Shih CL. Combining unmanned aerial vehicles, and internet protocol cameras to reconstruct 3-D disaster scenes during rescue operations. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(4):479–484. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1528323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volansi I. Drone supply delivery trials to Ocracoke Island underway; 2021. Available from: https://volansi.com/drone-supply-delivery-trials-to-ocracoke-island-underway/. Accessed September 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Clark DG, Ford JD, Tabish T, Cheungpasitporn W. What role can unmanned aerial vehicles play in emergency response in the Arctic: a case study from Canada. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0205299. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain T, Sibley A, Stryhn H, Hubloue I. Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle technology versus standard practice in identification of hazards at a mass casualty incident scenario by primary care paramedic students. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2018;12(5):631–634. doi:10.1017/dmp.2017.129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley AK, Jain TN, Butler M, et al. Remote scene size-up using an unmanned aerial vehicle in a simulated mass casualty incident. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(3):332–339. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1511765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart A, Chai PR, Griswold MK, Lai JT, Boyer EW, Broach J. Acceptability and perceived utility of drone technology among emergency medical service responders and incident commanders for mass casualty incident management. Am J Disaster Med. 2017;12(4):261–265. doi:10.5055/ajdm.2017.0279
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez-garcía C, Cámara-Anguita S, López-Hens JM, et al. Development of the aerial remote triage system using drones in mass casualty scenarios: a survey of international experts. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0242947. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfridsson J, Sparrevik J, Hollenberg J, et al. Drone delivery of an automated external defibrillator – a mixed method simulation study of bystander experience. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27(1):40. doi:10.1186/s13049-019-0622-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter H, Drury J, Rubin GJ, Williams R, Amlôt R. Applying crowd psychology to develop recommendations for the management of mass decontamination. Health Secur. 2015;13(1):45–53. doi:10.1089/hs.2014.0061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum MJ, Rosen J, King H, et al. Telesurgery via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with a field deployable surgical robot. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;125:313–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosser JC, Wood M, Payne JH, et al. Telementoring. A practical option in surgical training. Surg Endosc. 1997;11(8):852–855. doi:10.1007/s004649900471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasingam M. Drones in medicine-The rise of the machines. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71(9):e12989. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincenzi D, Ison D, Liu D. Public perception of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): a survey of public knowledge regarding roles, capabilities, and safety while operating within the National Airspace System (NAS); 2013. Available from: https://commons.erau.edu/publication/639/. Accessed November 3, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Clothier RA, Greer DA, Greer DG, Mehta AM. Risk perception and the public acceptance of drones. Risk Anal. 2015;35(6):1167–1183. doi:10.1111/risa.12330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JD, Miethe TD, Troshynski EI, Heen M. Aerial Drones, Domestic Surveillance and Public Opinion of Adults in the United States. Research in Brief. Las Vegas, NV: Center for Crime and Justice Policy; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Resnik DB, Elliott KC. Using drones to study human beings: ethical and regulatory issues. Sci Eng Ethics. 2019;25(3):707–718. doi:10.1007/s11948-018-0032-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miethe TD, Lieberman JD, Sakiyama M, Troshynski EI. Public Attitudes About Aerial Drone Activities: Results of a National Survey. State Data Brief. CCJP 2014-02. Las Vegas, NV: Center for Crime and Justice Policy; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Khan SZ, Mohsin M, Iqbal W. On GPS spoofing of aerial platforms: a review of threats, challenges, methodologies, and future research directions. PeerJ Comput Sci. 2021;7:e507. doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr B. 6 amazing passenger drone projects everyone should know about; 2018. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/03/26/6-amazing-passenger-drone-projects-everyone-should-know-about/?sh=97c19bb4ceb5. Accessed September 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Svach MR, Brown LH. Drone and other hobbyist aircraft injuries seen in U.S. emergency departments, 2010–2017. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(6):826–829. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton C. Inside the test flight of Facebook’s first internet drone; 2016. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/a/mark-zuckerberg-future-of-facebook/aquila-drone-internet. Accessed September 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Zègre-Hemsey JK, Grewe ME, Johnson AM, et al. Delivery of automated external defibrillators via drones in simulated cardiac arrest: users’ experiences and the human-drone interaction. Resuscitation. 2020;157:83–88. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engineers Australia. Passenger-carrying drones now a reality; 2016. Available from: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/News/passenger-carrying-drones-now-reality. Accessed September 24, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Karam N, Jost D, Jouven X, Marijon E. Automated external defibrillator delivery by drones: are we ready for prime time? Eur Heart J. 2021. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long AS, Hanlon AL, Pellegrin KL. Socioeconomic variables explain rural disparities in US mortality rates: implications for rural health research and policy. SSM Popul Health. 2018;6:72–74. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker K, Horowitz JM, Brown A, Fry R, D’Vera C, Igielnik R. Demographic and economic trends in urban, suburban and rural communities; 2018. Available from: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/05/22/demographic-and-economic-trends-in-urban-suburban-and-rural-communities/. Accessed July 27, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• van Nieuwenhuizen BP, Oving I, Kunst AE, et al. Socio-economic differences in incidence, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2019;141:44–62. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsia RY, Huang D, Mann NC, et al. A US national study of the association between income and ambulance response time in cardiac arrest. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e185202. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan PS, McNally B, Vellano K, Tang Y, Spertus JA. Association of neighborhood race and income with survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(4):e014178. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.014178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasson C, Magid DJ, Chan P, et al. Association of neighborhood characteristics with bystander-initiated CPR. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(17):1607–1615. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen LW, Holmberg MJ, Granfeldt A, et al. Neighborhood characteristics, bystander automated external defibrillator use, and patient outcomes in public out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2018;126:72–79. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantola A. Rural North Carolina residents will soon get their meds delivered by drone; 2020. Available from: https://www.engadget.com/rural-north-carolinians-will-soon-get-their-meds-delivered-by-drone-100030615.html?guccounter=1. Accessed September 25, 2021.
   Google Scholar