Weight-Making Practices Among Jockeys: An Update and Review of the Emergent Scientific Literature

References

• Ryan KD, Brodine J, Pothast J, McGoldrick A. Medicine in the sport of horse racing. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2020;19(9):373–379. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner M, McCrory P, Halley W. Injuries in professional horse racing in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland during 1992–2000. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(6):403–409. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.6.403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiely M, Warrington GD, McGoldrick A, Pugh J, Cullen S. Physiological demands of professional flat and jump horse racing. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(8):2173–2177. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly J, Cheng Lun H, Poon Tsz-Chun E. New insights in professional horse racing; “in-race” heart rate data, elevated fracture risk, hydration, nutritional and lifestyle analysis of elite professional jockeys. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(5):441–448. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1171890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiely MA, Warrington GD, McGoldrick A, O’Loughlin G, Cullen S. Physiological demands of daily riding gaits in jockeys. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59(3):394–398. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08196-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimshaw B. Differences in head accelerations and physiological demand between live and simulated professional horse racing. In: Quintana C, Rockwood HE, Heebner NJ, Johnson AK, Ryan KD, Mattacola CG, editors Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen S, O’Loughlin G, McGoldrick A, Smyth B, May G, Warrington GD. Physiological demands of flat horse racing jockeys. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(11):3060–3066. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiely M, Warrington G, McGoldrick A, Cullen S. Physical preparation strategies of professional jockeys. J Strength Conditioning Res. 2020;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Fraser WD, Sharma A, et al. Markers of bone health, renal function, liver function, anthropometry and perception of mood: a comparison between Flat and National Hunt Jockeys. Int J Sports Med. 2013;34(5):453–459. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1321898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Drust B, Morton JP, Close GL. Weight-making strategies in professional jockeys: implications for physical and mental health and well-being. Sports Med. 2014;44(6):785–796. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0169-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington G, Dolan E, McGoldrick A, et al. Chronic weight control impacts on physiological function and bone health in elite jockeys. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(6):543–550. doi:10.1080/02640410802702863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Going S. Body Composition. Davis R, editor. Baltimore, MD: Lipincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Pritchard PP, Papageorgiou C, et al. Fasted Exercise and Increased Dietary Protein Reduces Body Fat and Improves Strength in Jockeys. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(12):1008–1014. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1549920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan E, Crabtree N, McGoldrick A, Ashley DT, McCaffrey N, Warrington GD. Weight regulation and bone mass: a comparison between professional jockeys, elite amateur boxers, and age, gender and BMI matched controls | springerLink. J Bone Miner Metab. 2012;20(2):164–170. doi:10.1007/s00774-011-0297-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon S, Cho K, Ok G, Lee S, Park H. Weight loss practice, nutritional status, bone health, and injury history: a profile of professional jockeys in Korea. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2018;22(3):27–34. doi:10.20463/jenb.2018.0021
   Google Scholar
• Jackson KA, Sanchez-Santos MT, MacKinnon AL, et al. Bone density and body composition in newly licenced professional jockeys. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(9):2675–2682. doi:10.1007/s00198-017-4086-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne A, Warrington G, McGoldrick A, et al. Estimation of Body Fat Percentage in Jockeys: implications for a Weight Category Sport. Int J Exerc Sci. 2020;13(4):511–525.
   Google Scholar
• Martin D. The horseracing industry’s perception of nutritional and weight-making practices of professional jockeys. In: Wilson G, Morton JP, Close GL, Murphy RC, editors. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise2017. 2014:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan E, O’Connor H, McGoldrick A, O’Loughlin G, Lyons D, Warrington G. Nutritional, lifestyle, and weight control practices of professional jockeys. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(8):791–799. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.560173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurel Park Condition Book. 2021. Available from: https://www.laurelpark.com/horsemen/condition-book. Accessed June 10, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics CNCfH. Men, Women, Kids All Heavier, Not Much Taller Than 20 Years Ago. CDC. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2016/201608_Height_Weight.htm. Accessed June 10, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Andy S, DrustBarry PM, Morton JP, Close GL. Assessment of energy expenditure in elite jockeys during simulated race riding and a working day: implications for making weight. Applied Physiol Nutrition Metab. 2013;38(4):415–420. doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon ET-C, O’Reilly J, Sheridan S, Cai MM, Heung-Sang Wong S. Markers of Bone Health, Bone-Specific Physical Activities, Nutritional Intake, and Quality of Life of Professional Jockeys in Hong Kong. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(4):440–446. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Loughlin G, Cullen SJ, McGoldrick A, et al. Using a wearable camera to increase the accuracy of dietary analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44(3):297–301. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Lucas D, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Morton JP, Close GL. Energy expenditure in professional flat jockeys using doubly labelled water during the racing season: implications for body weight management. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;18(2):235–242. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1406996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen S, Dolan E, Brien KO, McGoldrick A, Warrington G. Lack of effect of typical rapid-weight-loss practices on balance and anaerobic performance in apprentice jockeys. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(8):972–977. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen S, Dolan E, McGoldrick A, Kate OB, Carson BP, Warrington G. The impact of making-weight on cognitive performance in apprentice jockeys. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(15):1589–1595. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.1002104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen S, Donohoe A, McGoldrick A, et al. Musculoskeletal health, kidney and liver function in retired jockeys. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(12):968–973. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1548889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan E, McGoldrick A, Davenport C, et al. An altered hormonal profile and elevated rate of bone loss are associated with low bone mass in professional horse-racing jockeys. J Bone Miner Metab. 2012;30(5):534–542. doi:10.1007/s00774-012-0354-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Hawken MB, Poole I, et al. Rapid weight-loss impairs simulated riding performance and strength in jockeys: implications for making-weight. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(4):383–391. doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.825732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Chester N, Eubank M, et al. An alternative dietary strategy to make weight while improving mood, decreasing body fat, and not dehydrating: a case study of a professional jockey. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(3):225–231. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cian C, Barraud PA, Melin B, Raphel C. Effects of fluid ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exercise-induced dehydration. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001;42(3):243–251. doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00142-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen S, Donohoe A, McGoldrick A, et al. Physiological and health characteristics of ex-jockeys. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(4):283–287. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losty C, Warrington G, McGoldrick A, Murphy C, Burrows E, Cullen S. Mental health and wellbeing of jockeys. Sport Med Nutrition Health. 2019;14.
   Google Scholar
• Mackinnon AL, Jackson K, Kuznik K, et al. Increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders and mental health problems in retired professional jockeys: a cross-sectional study. Int J Sports Med. 2019. doi:10.1055/a-0902-8601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Martin D, Morton JP, Close GL. Male flat jockeys do not display deteriorations in bone density or resting metabolic rate in accordance with race riding experience: implications for RED-S. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(4):434–439. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen SJ, Warrington G, Dolan E, etal. An analysis of the impact forces of different modes of exercise as a causal factor to the low bone mineral density in jockeys. Int Conference Biomechanics. 2014:4–33.
   Google Scholar
• Silk L, Greene D, Baker M, Jander C. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone health of male Jockeys - Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(3):225–229. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Hill J, Martin D, Morton JP, Close GL. GB Apprentice Jockeys Do Not Have the Body Composition to Make Current Minimum Race Weights: is It Time to Change the Weights or Change the Jockeys? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2020;1–4. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legg K. The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockey. In: Cochrane D, Gee E, editors. Sustainability. 2020:7572.
   Google Scholar
• Legg K, Cochrane D, Gee E, Rogers C. Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding. Sustainability. 2020;12(18):7443. doi:10.3390/su12187443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson G, Sparks SA, Drust B, Morton JP, Close GL. Assessment of energy expenditure in elite jockeys during simulated race riding and a working day: implications for making weight. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(4):415–420. doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar