Providing a Safe and Effective Intravitreal Treatment Service: Strategies for Service Delivery

References

• Amoaku W, Blakeney S, Freeman M, et al. Action on AMD. Optimising patient management: act now to ensure current and continual delivery of best possible patient care. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(Suppl 1):S2–S21. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). The Way Forward. Options to Help Meet Demand for the Current and Future Care of Patients with Eye Disease —age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy. London: RCOphth; 2017. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/RCOphth-The-Way-Forward-AMD-300117.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Foot B, MacEwen C. Surveillance of sight loss due to delay in ophthalmic treatment or review: frequency, cause and outcome. Eye (Lond). 2017;31(5):771–775. doi:10.1038/eye.2017.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Ranibizumab and Pegaptanib for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance TA155. London: NICE; 2008. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta155/resources/ranibizumab-and-pegaptanib-for-the-treatment-of-agerelated-macular-degeneration-pdf-82598316423109. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC). Ranibizumab 10mg/Ml Solution for Intravitreal Injection (Lucentis^®). SMC No. (381/07). Glasgow: SMC; 2007. Available from: www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/media/2217/ranibizumab_10mgmlsolution_intravitrealinjection_lucentis_38107.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Aflibercept Solution for Injection for Treating Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance TA294. London: NICE; 2013. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta294/resources/aflibercept-solution-for-injection-for-treating-wet-agerelated-macular-degeneration-pdf-82600733390533. Accessed March 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Aflibercept 40mg/mL solution for injection (Elyea®). SMC No. (1074/15). Glasgow: SMC; 2005. Available from: https://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/media/1215/aflibercept__eylea__final_august_2015amend020915_for_website.pdf2005. Accessed March 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ghazala F, Hovan M, Mahmood S. Improving treatment provision of Wet AMD with intravitreal ranibizumab. BMJ Qual Improv Rep. 2013;2(1):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). Maximising Capacity in AMD Services. London: RCOphth; 2013. Available from: www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2013-sci-302-maximising-capacity-in-amd-services-july-2013.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). The Common Clinical Competency Framework for Non-Medical Ophthalmic Healthcare Professionals in Secondary Care — Setting Out Guidance and Benefits. London: RCOphth; 2016. Available from: www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CCCF-HCPs.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). The Common Clinical Competency Framework for Non-Medical Ophthalmic Healthcare Professionals in Secondary Care — Medical Retina. London: RCOphth; 2016. Available from: www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/cccf-medical-retina.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Hatz K, Prunte C. Treat and extend versus pro re nata regimens of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comparative 12 Month study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(1):e67–e72. doi:10.1111/aos.13031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale RPG. What is the best neovascular age-related macular degeneration treatment regime for 2016? European Ophthalmic Review. 2015;9(2):157–158.
   Google Scholar
• Wykoff CC, Croft DE, Brown DM, et al. Prospective trial of treat-and-extend versus monthly dosing for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: TREX-AMD 1-year results. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(12):2514–2522. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wykoff CC, Ou WC, Croft DE, et al. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration management in the third year: final results from the TREX-AMD randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(4):460–464. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Pedersen TR, Sandvik L, Bragadottir R. Comparison of ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration according to LUCAS treat-and-extend protocol. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(1):146–152. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva R, Berta A, Larsen M, et al. Treat-and-Extend versus monthly regimen in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results with ranibizumab from the TREND study. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(1):57–65. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertes PJ, Galic IJ, Greve M, et al. Canadian treat-and-extend analysis trial with ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular disease: one-year results of the randomized Canadian treat-and-extend analysis trial with ranibizumab study. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(6):841–848. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DM, Michels M, Kaiser PK, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of the ANCHOR study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(1):57–65.e55. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(14):1419–1431. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heier JS, Brown DM, Chong V, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(12):2537–2548. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regillo CD, Brown DM, Abraham P, et al. Randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled trial of ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: PIER Study year 1. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(2):239–248. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies MC, Campain A, Barthelmes D, et al. Long-term outcomes of treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: data from an observational study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(9):1837–1845. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardarinos A, Gupta N, Janjua R, Iron A, Empeslidis T, Tsaousis KT. 24-month clinical outcomes of a treat-and-extend regimen with ranibizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration in a real life setting. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17(1):58. doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0451-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim LN, Mehta H, Barthelmes D, Nguyen V, Gillies MC. Metaanalysis of real-world outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2016;36(8):1418–1431. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoaku W, Balaskas K, Cudrnak Tet al,. Initiation and maintenance of a Treat-and-Extend regimen for ranibizumab therapy in wet age-related macular degeneration: Recommendations from the UK Retinal Outcomes Group. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:1731–1740. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S174560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta OP, Shienbaum G, Patel AH, Fecarotta C, Kaiser RS, Regillo CD. A treat and extend regimen using ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration clinical and economic impact. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(11):2134–2140. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelbert M, Zweifel SA, Freund KB. “Treat and extend” dosing of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for type 3 neovascularization/retinal angiomatous proliferation. Retina. 2009;29(10):1424–1431. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181bfbd46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). Ophthalmic Services Guidance — Standards for Virtual Clinics in Glaucoma Care in the NHS Hospital Eye Service. London: RCOphth. Available from: www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/virtual-glaucoma-clinics.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JX, Manjunath V, Talks SJ. Expanding the role of medical retina virtual clinics using multimodal ultra-widefield and optical coherence tomography imaging. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:2337–2345. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S181108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaskas K, Gray J, Blows P, et al. Management of choroidal naevomelanocytic lesions: feasibility and safety of a virtual clinic model. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(5):665–670. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke J, Puertas R, Kotecha A, Foster PJ, Barton K. Virtual clinics in glaucoma care: face-to-face versus remote decision-making. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(7):892–895. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaousis KT, Empeslidis T, Konidaris VE, et al. The concept of virtual clinics in monitoring patients with age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(5):e353–e355. doi:10.1111/aos.12832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly SP, Wallwork I, Haider D, Qureshi K. Teleophthalmology with optical coherence tomography imaging in community optometry. Evaluation of a quality improvement for macular patients. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1673–1678. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S26753
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• England PH. Diabetic eye screening: retinal image grading criteria. 2017; Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/582710/Grading_definitions_for_referrable_disease_2017_new_110117.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Manjunath V, Papastavrou V, Steel DH, et al. Wide-field imaging and OCT vs clinical evaluation of patients referred from diabetic retinopathy screening. Eye (Lond). 2015;29(3):416–423. doi:10.1038/eye.2014.320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Age-Related Macular Degeneration. NICE Guideline NG82. London: NICE; 2018. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng82/resources/agerelated-macular-degeneration-pdf-1837691334853. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Serious Eye Disorders. Quality Standard QS180. London: NICE; 2019. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs180/resources/serious-eye-disorders-pdf-75545714656213. Accessed March 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Ophthalmic IMAGING - OPHTHALMIC SERVICES GUIDANCE: 2016. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Ophthalmic-Imaging-November-2016.pdf. Accessed March 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez FJ, Staurenghi G, Gale R. Vision Academy Steering C. The role of OCT-A in retinal disease management. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256(11):2019–2026. doi:10.1007/s00417-018-4109-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Update on retinal imaging: OCT angiography: 2016. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/College-News-Focus-July-2016-FINAL.pdf. Accessed March 2019..
   Google Scholar
• National Health Service (NHS) England. National Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures (Natssips). London: NHS England; 2015. Available from: www.improvement.nhs.uk/documents/923/natssips-safety-standards.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• National Health Service (NHS) England. Surgical Never Events Taskforce Report. London: NHS England; 2014. Available from: www.improvement.nhs.uk/documents/922/sur-nev-ev-tf.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). Intravitreal Injection Therapy. London: RCOphth; 2018. Available from: www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/intravitreal-injection-therapy-august-2018-2.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner J, Swarbrook S, Stuart J. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastro TD, Farley TA, Elliott JA, et al. An outbreak of surgical-wound infections due to group A streptococcus carried on the scalp. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(14):968–972. doi:10.1056/NEJM199010043231406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg B, Friberg S, Ostensson R, Burman LG. Surgical area contamination–comparable bacterial counts using disposable head and mask and helmet aspirator system, but dramatic increase upon omission of head-gear: an experimental study in horizontal laminar air-flow. J Hosp Infect. 2001;47(2):110–115. doi:10.1053/jhin.2000.0909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilli S, Kotsolis A, Spaide RF, et al. Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy injections in an office setting. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(5):879–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly SP, Barua A. A review of safety incidents in England and Wales for vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor medications. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(6):710–716. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB). The Safe and Secure Handling of Medicines: A Team Approach. London: RPSGB; 2018. Available from: www.rpharms.com/portals/0/rps%20document%20library/open%20access/publications/safe%20and%20secure%20handling%20of%20medicines%202005.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lucentis® 10 mg/mL solution for injection summary of product characteristics. 2018. Available from: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/307/smpc. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Toma HS. Antimicrobial resistance and ophthalmic antibiotics: 1-year results of a longitudinal controlled study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(9):1180–1188. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheung CS, Wong AW, Lui A, Kertes PJ, Devenyi RG, Lam WC. Incidence of endophthalmitis and use of antibiotic prophylaxis after intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1609–1614. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SS, Stepien KE, Joshi K. Prophylactic antibiotic use after intravitreal injection: effect on endophthalmitis rate. Retina. 2011;31(10):2032–2036. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31820f4b4f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey P, Dollin M, Pitcher J, et al. The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(1):283–289. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minims® Povidone Iodine 5% w/v eye drops, solution summary of product characteristics. 2017. Available from: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3018/smpc. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Ophthalmic Service Guidance. Intravitreal injection therapy London: rCOphth: 2018. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Intravitreal-Injection-Therapy-August-2018-2.pdf. Accessed May 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NHS. Consent to treatment 2019. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/consent-to-treatment/. Accessed April 8, 2020., 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NHS. Mental Capacity Act. 2005. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/social-care-and-support-guide/making-decisions-for-someone-else/mental-capacity-act/. Accessed April 8, 2020., 2019.
   Google Scholar
• National Health Service (NHS) Digital. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) guidance: NHS Digital 2018. Available from: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/looking-after-information/data-security-and-information-governance/information-governance-alliance-iga/general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr-guidance.Accessed May 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Electronic medical records - Standards for UK ophthalmology services: 2018. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Electronic-Medical-Records-Standards-for-UK-Ophthalmology-Services.pdf. Accessed March 2019..
   Google Scholar
• Elliott AF, Davidson A, Lum F, et al. Use of electronic health records and administrative data for public health surveillance of eye health and vision-related conditions in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(6 Suppl):S63–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SB, Shahid H. Distribution and extent of electronic medical record utilisation in eye units across the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional study of the current landscape. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e012682. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Writing Committee for the UKA-RMDEMRUG. The neovascular age-related macular degeneration database: multicenter study of 92 976 ranibizumab injections: report 1: visual acuity. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):1092–1101. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AY, Lee CS, Egan CA, et al. UK AMD/DR EMR REPORT IX: comparative effectiveness of predominantly as needed (PRN) ranibizumab versus continuous aflibercept in UK clinical practice. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(12):1683–1688. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AY, Lee CS, Butt T, et al. UK AMD EMR USERS GROUP REPORT V: benefits of initiating ranibizumab therapy for neovascular AMD in eyes with vision better than 6/12. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(8):1045–1050. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Age-related macular degeneration: guidelines for management: 2013. Available from: http://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2013-SCI-318-RCOphth-AMD-Guidelines-Sept-2013-FINAL-2.pdf. Accessed March 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Fintak DR, Shah GK, Blinder KJ, et al. Incidence of endophthalmitis related to intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and ranibizumab. Retina. 2008;28(10):1395–1399. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181884fd2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcante LL, Cavalcante ML, Murray TG, et al. Intravitreal injection analysis at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute: evaluation of clinical indications for the treatment and incidence rates of endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4(519–524).
   Google Scholar
• Klein KS, Walsh MK, Hassan TS, et al. Endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF injections. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(6):1225 e1221. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.02.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TS, Bressler NM, Fine JT, et al. Improved vision-related function after ranibizumab treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(11):1460–1469. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.11.1460
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyer DS, Heier JS, Brown DM, Francom SF, Ianchulev T, Rubio RG. A Phase IIIb study to evaluate the safety of ranibizumab in subjects with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(9):1731–1739. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavsar AR, Stockdale CR, Ferris FL 3rd, et al. Update on risk of endophthalmitis after intravitreal drug injections and potential impact of elimination of topical antibiotics. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(6):809–810. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey PP, Tauqeer Z, Yonekawa Y, et al. The impact of prefilled syringes on endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;199:200–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICHOM. The standard set for macular degeneration. Available from: https://www.ichom.org/portfolio/macular-degeneration/. Accessed April 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Eye Research Australia. Patient-reported outcome questionnaires. Available from: https://www.cera.org.au/pro-questionnaires/. 2018. Accessed April 2019..
   Google Scholar
• Johnston RL, Lee AY, Buckle M, et al. UK age-related macular degeneration electronic medical record system (AMD EMR) users group Report IV: incidence of blindness and sight impairment in ranibizumab-treated patients. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2386–2392. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Medical Council (GMC). Delegation and Referral. London: GMC; 2013. Available from: www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/delegation-and-referral_pdf-58834134.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth). Clinical Audit and Clinical Effectiveness in ophthalmology. London: RCOphth; 2018. Available from: www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/clinical-audit-and-clinical-effectiveness-in-ophthalmology.pdf. Accessed January 2019.
   Google Scholar
• (HEE) HEE. Multi-Professional Framework for Advanced Clinical Practice in England. London: HEE; 2017. Available from: www.hee.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/documents/multi-professionalframework foradvanced clinical practice in England.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Centre BM. Checklist for intravitreal injections Bradford: bradford Macular Service 2014. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/BradfordTeaching-Hospitals-NHS-Trust-Macula-Service-Theatre-Checklist-October-2014.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Varma D, Lunt D, Johnson P, Stanley S. A novel approach to expanding the role of nurses to deliver intravitreal injections for patients with age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmic Prac. 2013;6(1):68–72.
   Google Scholar
• Nago J. Intravitreal injections for nurse practitioners: a guide to good practice. Int J Ophthalmic Prac. 2015;6(2):1–7. doi:10.12968/ijop.2015.6.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Austeng D, Morken TS, Bolme S, Follestad T, Halsteinli V. Nurse-administered intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF: study protocol for noninferiority randomized controlled trial of safety, cost and patient satisfaction. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;16(1):169. doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0348-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaCosta J, Hamilton R, Nago J, et al. Implementation of a nurse-delivered intravitreal injection service. Eye (Lond). 2014;28(6):734–740. doi:10.1038/eye.2014.69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelotti MM, Abugreen S, Kelly SP, et al. Transformational change: nurses substituting for ophthalmologists for intravitreal injections – a quality-improvement report. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:755–761.
   Google Scholar