Ocular and Systemic Complications of COVID-19: Impact on Patients and Healthcare

References

• Leung EH, Flynn HW, Gayer S, et al. Clinical and perioperative management in ophthalmology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2020;60(3):141–158. doi:10.1097/IIO.0000000000000310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inomata T, Kitazawa K, Kuno T, et al. Clinical and prodromal ocular symptoms in Coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(10):29. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.10.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Available from: https://who.sprinklr.com/. Accessed April 15, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Krause PR, Fleming TR, Longini IM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(2):179–186. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr2105280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(23):2950–2973. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens J, van Haaps TF, Wessels PF, Schutgens REG, Middeldorp S. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and antithrombotic agents-lessons after 1 year. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(7):e524–e533. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00105-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flacco ME, Acuti Martellucci C, Bravi F, et al. Treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs and risk of severe/lethal COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Heart Br Card Soc. 2020;106(19):1519–1524. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. Available from: Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-risk-assesment-hcp.html. Accessed April 10, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kiappe OP, Santos da Cruz NF, Rosa PAC, Arrais L, Bueno de Moraes NS. Ocular assessments of a series of newborns gestationally exposed to maternal COVID-19 infection. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(7):777–780. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bwire GM, Njiro BJ, Mwakawanga DL, Sabas D, Sunguya BF. Possible vertical transmission and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infants born to mothers with COVID-19: a living systematic review. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1361–1369. doi:10.1002/jmv.26622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Castro R, Vasconcello-Castillo L, Alsina-Restoy X, et al. Respiratory function in patients post-infection by COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pulmonology. 2021;27(4):328–337. doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes GA, Azevedo E, Silva G, et al. Excess mortality by specific causes of deaths in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0252238. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai R, Novosad P, Tandel V, Asher S, Malani A. Representative estimates of COVID-19 infection fatality rates from four locations in India: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(10):e050920. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenblock C, Schwarz PEH, Ludwig B, et al. COVID-19 and metabolic disease: mechanisms and clinical management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:786–798. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00244-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnazzo F, Arquizan C, Derraz I, et al. Neurological manifestations of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2021;268(8):2656–2665. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10285-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raut A, Huy NT. Rising incidence of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19: another challenge for India amidst the second wave? Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(8):e77. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00265-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilek A, Ozaras R, Ozkaya S, Sunbul M, Sen EI, Leblebicioglu H. COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: case report and systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021;44:102148. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramlall V, Thangaraj PM, Meydan C, et al. Immune complement and coagulation dysfunction in adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2020;26(10):1609–1615. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1021-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuuminen R, Hecht I, Kanclerz P. Age‐related macular degeneration and mortality in SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected patients. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 2020. doi:10.1111/aos.14685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Díaz Martinez JP, et al. Antibody and cellular therapies for treatment of covid-19: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;374:n2231. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfizer.Pfizer’s Novel COVID-19 Oral Antiviral Treatment Candidate Reduced Risk of Hospitalization or Death by 89% in Interim Analysis of Phase 2/3 EPIC-HR Study. 5 Nov 2021. Available from: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizers-novel-covid-19-oral-antiviral-treatment-candidate. Accessed 19 Dec 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2980. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar-Hari M, Vale CL, Mateo GM, et al. Association between administration of IL-6 antagonists and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2021;326(6):499–518. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.11330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngamprasertchai T, Kajeekul R, Sivakorn C, et al. Efficacy and safety of immunomodulators in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Infect Dis Ther. 2021. doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00545-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh B, Ryan H, Kredo T, Chaplin M, Fletcher T. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2:CD013587. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013587.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, et al. Prophylaxis against covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;373:n949. doi:10.1136/bmj.n949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estcourt LJ, Turgeon AF, Turgeon AF, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma on organ support-free days in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326:1690–1702. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.18178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janiaud P, Axfors C, Schmitt AM, et al. Association of convalescent plasma treatment with clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2021;325(12):1185–1195. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.2747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATTACC Investigators, ACTIV-4a Investigators, REMAP-CAP Investigators. Therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin in noncritically ill patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):790–802. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2105911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTACC Investigators. Therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin in critically ill patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Sq. 2021;rs.3.rs–266574. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-266574/v1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers-Brown JS, Wanga V, Okoro C. Outcomes among patients referred to outpatient rehabilitation clinics after COVID-19 diagnosis — United States, January 2020–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7027a2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal K, Agarwal A, Jaiswal N, et al. Ocular surface manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241661. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Park J, Zhou Y, Armenti ST, Musch DC, Mian SI. Ocular manifestations of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a tertiary care academic medical center in the United States: a cross-sectional study. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2021;15:1551–1556. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S301040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV. The prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations in COVID-19 and the diagnostic value of ocular tissue/fluid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;1–2. doi:10.1007/s00417-020-04695-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 2020;98(8):e951–e959. doi:10.1111/aos.14472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Goel R, Kumar S, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in tears of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(4):494–503. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoli PE, Nioi M, d’Aloja E, Fossarello M. The ocular surface and the Coronavirus disease 2019: does a dual “ocular route” exist? J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):E1269. doi:10.3390/jcm9051269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoli PE, Mangoni L, Gentile P, Braghiroli M, Fossarello M. A panel of broad-spectrum antivirals in topical ophthalmic medications from the drug repurposing approach during and after the Coronavirus disease 2019 era. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):E2441. doi:10.3390/jcm9082441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoli PE, Nioi M, Fossarello M. The “quarantine dry eye”: the lockdown for Coronavirus disease 2019 and its implications for ocular surface health. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:1629–1636. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S277067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo-Silva CA, Marcos AAA, Marinho PM, et al. Presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in the human retina of patients with COVID-19. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139:1015. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo KY, Invernizzi A, Staurenghi G, Cheung CMG. COVID-19 related retinal micro-vasculopathy - a review of current evidence: COVID-19 related retinal micro-vasculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;S0002-9394(21)00476–1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.09.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata MÁ, Banderas García S, Sánchez-Moltalvá A, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities in patients after COVID-19 depending on disease severity. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;bjophthalmol-2020-317953. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa ÍF, Bonifácio LP, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F, et al. Ocular findings among patients surviving COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021;11:11085. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90482-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Salvo G, Meduri A, Vaz-Pereira S, Spencer D. An uncommon cold of the retina. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti RC, Zacharias LC, Cunha LP, Monteiro MLR. Acute macular neuroretinopathy as the presenting manifestation of COVID-19 infection. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2021;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000001050
   Google Scholar
• Ullah I, Sohail A, Shah MU, et al. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in patients with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review. Ann Med Surg. 2021;71:102898. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monferrer-Adsuara C, Castro-Navarro V, González-Girón N, et al. A case of bilateral unusual retinal hemorrhages in a COVID-19 patient. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;1120672120984381. doi:10.1177/1120672120984381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz-Seller A, Martínez costa L, Hernández-Pons A, Valls Pascual E, Solves Alemany A, Albert-Fort M. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(8):1285–1289. doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1817497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahalomi T, Pikkel J, Arnon R, Pessach Y. Central retinal vein occlusion in a young healthy COVID-19 patient: a case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;20:100992. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tisdale AK, Chwalisz BK. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease 19. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020;31(6):489–494. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold DM, Galetta SL. Neuro-ophthalmologic complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Neurosci Lett. 2021;742:135531. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaiodimou L, Stefanou M-I, Katsanos AH, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(10):3517–3529. doi:10.1111/ene.14860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma N, Li P, Wang X, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of children with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(10):1079–1086. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Chimal LG, Cuevas GG, Di-Luciano A, Chamartín P, Amadeo G, Martínez-Castellanos MA. Ophthalmic manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 in newborn infants: a preliminary report. J AAPOS. 2021;25(2):102–104. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1771–1778. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeid A, Gao X, Ali FS, et al. Loss to follow-up among patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who received intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(11):1251–1259. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.3578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenlee TE, Wang VY, Kang H, et al. Consequences of lapses in treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in routine clinical practice. Retina Phila Pa. 2021;41(3):581–587. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam -C-CF, Cheung K-S, Lam S, et al. Impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction care in Hong Kong, China. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(4). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel LG, Peck T, Starr MR, et al. Clinical presentation of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment during the COVID-19 pandemic: a historical cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(5):686–692. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham L, Hay G, Hamilton R, et al. The impact of COVID policies on acute ophthalmology services—experiences from Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Eye. 2020;34(7):1189–1192. doi:10.1038/s41433-020-0957-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bommakanti NK, Zhou Y, Ehrlich JR, et al. Application of the sight outcomes research collaborative ophthalmology data repository for triaging patients with glaucoma and clinic appointments during pandemics such as COVID-19. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(9):974–980. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.2974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yashiro S, Ueta T, Kutsuna S, Okamoto T, Nagahara M, Ohmagari N. Using flowchart for ophthalmic consultations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Glob Health Med. 2020;2(6):395–397. doi:10.35772/ghm.2020.01091
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone LG, Grinton ME, Talks JS, Cui J, Sun H, Lu X. Delayed follow-up of medical retina patients due to COVID-19: impact on disease activity and visual acuity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259:1–8. doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05174-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Patel SN, Jenkins TL, Obeid A, Ho AC, Yonekawa Y. Ocular trauma during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders: a comparative cohort study. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020;31(5):423–426. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavuoto KM, Vanner EA, Osigian CJ. Trends in pediatric ocular trauma presenting to an ophthalmology-specific emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic. J AAPOS. 2021;25(3):170–172. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halawa OA, Friedman DS, Roldan AM, Zebardast N. Changing trends in ocular trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;bjophthalmol-2021-319627. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzolin E, Casati S, Albertini O, et al. Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Ophthalmic Emergency Department in an Italian tertiary eye centre. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;1120672121998223. doi:10.1177/1120672121998223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christy JS, Mathews P, Rhagavan A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on infectious keratitis outcomes: a retrospective multicenter study in tertiary eye hospitals of South India. Cornea. 2021;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power B, Donnelly A, Murphy C, Fulcher T, Power W. Presentation of infectious keratitis to ED during COVID-19 lockdown. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021:5514055. doi:10.1155/2021/5514055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GC, Le Roux G, Guindolet D, et al. Pediatric eye injuries by hydroalcoholic gel in the context of the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(3):348–351. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.6346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendrababu S, Durai I, Mani I, Ramasamy KS, Shukla AG, Robin AL. Urgent and emergent glaucoma care during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(8):2215–2221. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_635_21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shams F, El-Abiary M, Goudie C, Yorston D. Effects of lockdown on retinal detachment incidence in Scotland. Eye Lond Engl. 2021;35(4):1279–1280. doi:10.1038/s41433-020-1029-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schranz M, Georgopoulos M, Sacu S, et al. Incidence and surgical care of retinal detachment during the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown period at a tertiary referral center in Austria. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon JY, Miller JB, Katz R, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ophthalmic care at an eye-specific emergency department in an outbreak hotspot. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:4155–4163. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S285223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad M, Poostchi A, Orr G, Kumudhan D, Zaman A, Wilde C. Delayed presentation and increased prevalence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments presenting during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Eye Lond Engl. 2021;35(4):1282–1283. doi:10.1038/s41433-020-1056-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenazy N, Goduni L, Smiddy WE. Short-term effects of COVID-19-related deferral of intravitreal injection visits. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2021;15:413–417. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S296345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush RB, Rush SW. Outcomes in patients resuming intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy following treatment delay during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retina Phila Pa. 2021;41:2456–2461. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevik MO, Aykut A, Özkan G, Dericioğlu V, Şahin Ö. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on neovascular AMD patients treated with treat-and-extend protocol. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41:2951–2961. doi:10.1007/s10792-021-01854-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfalah M, AlRyalat SA, Toro MD, et al. Delayed intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for patients during the COVID-19 lockdown: an ethical endeavor. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2021;15:661–669. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S289068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeter DY, Dursun D, Bozali E, Ozec AV, Erdogan H. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on neovascular age-related macular degeneration and response to delayed anti-VEGF treatment. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2021;44(3):299–306. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2021.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song W, Singh RP, Rachitskaya AV. The effect of delay in care among patients requiring intravitreal injections. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5:SS2468. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.12.020
   Google Scholar
• Borrelli E, Grosso D, Vella G, et al. Short-term outcomes of patients with neovascular exudative AMD: the effect of COVID-19 pandemic. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(12):2621–2628. doi:10.1007/s00417-020-04955-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naravane AV, Mundae R, Zhou Y, et al. Short term visual and structural outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment delay during the first COVID-19 wave: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0247161. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollan SP, Fu DJ, Chuo C-Y, et al. Predicting the immediate impact of national lockdown on neovascular age-related macular degeneration and associated visual morbidity: an INSIGHT Health Data Research Hub for Eye Health report. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;bjophthalmol-2021-319383. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SN, Tang PH, Storey PP, et al. The influence of universal face mask use on endophthalmitis risk after intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:1620–1626. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DC, Sun Y, Chen EM, Arnold BF, Acharya NR. The association between non-infectious uveitis and COVID-19 outcomes: an analysis of United States claims-based data. Ophthalmology. 2021;S0161-6420(21)00751-X. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd Elmohsen MN, Youssef MM, Mamdouh Esmat S, Teleb DA, Tolba DA. Consequences of COVID-19 on uveitis patients from their own perspective: a questionnaire-based study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;1–6. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1964029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlBloushi AF, Alfawaz AM, Abu El Asrar AM. Implications of COVID-19 infection on patients with uveitis under biologic treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;bjophthalmol-2020-318577. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal R, Testi I, Lee CS, et al. Evolving consensus for immunomodulatory therapy in non-infectious uveitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105(5):639–647. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra G, Williams AM, Commiskey PW, et al. Incorporating video visits into ophthalmology practice: a retrospective analysis and patient survey to assess initial experiences and patient acceptability at an academic eye center. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020;9(3):549–562. doi:10.1007/s40123-020-00269-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh L, Hong SC, Chalakkal RJ, Ogbuehi KC. A systematic review of current teleophthalmology services in New Zealand compared to the four comparable countries of the United Kingdom, Australia, United States of America (USA) and Canada. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2021;15:4015–4027. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S294428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer AC, Blumenthal EZ. Telemedicine in ophthalmology in view of the emerging COVID-19 outbreak. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;1–12. doi:10.1007/s00417-020-04879-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam M, Sansome S, Das R, et al. Smartphone-based remote monitoring of vision in macular disease enables early detection of worsening pathology and need for intravitreal therapy. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2021;28(1):e100310. doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khurana RN, Hoang C, Khanani AM, Steklov N, Singerman LJ. A smart mobile application to monitor visual function in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration: the CLEAR study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;227:222–230. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brill D, Papaliodis G. Uveitis specialists harnessing disruptive technology during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Semin Ophthalmol. 2021;36(4):296–303. doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1896753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MG, Stenehjem E, Grannis S, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines in ambulatory and inpatient care settings. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(15):1355–1371. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puranik A, Lenehan PJ, Silvert E, et al. Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence. medRxiv. 2021;2021.08.06.21261707. doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.21261707.
   Google Scholar
• Walter EB, Talaat KR, Sabharwal C, et al. Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in children 5 to 11 years of age. N Engl J Med. 2021;null. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):585–594. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2108891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M, et al. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey. Lancet Lond Engl. 2021;398(10296):213–222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01429-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021;397(10275):671–681. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cines DB, Bussel JB. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(23):2254–2256. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2106315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussel J, Connors J, Cines D, et al. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome - hematology.org. thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (also termed vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia). Available from: https://www.hematology.org:443/covid-19/vaccine-induced-immune-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia. Accessed August 21, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bayas A, Menacher M, Christ M, Behrens L, Rank A, Naumann M. Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischaemic stroke, and immune thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Lancet Lond Engl. 2021;397(10285):e11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00872-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panovska-Stavridis I, Pivkova-Veljanovska A, Trajkova S, Lazarevska M, Grozdanova A, Filipche V. A rare case of superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis and thrombocytopenia following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2021;13(1):e2021048. doi:10.4084/MJHID.2021.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonnell T, Jain S, Jain S, McGlynn S, McGlynn S. Left inferior ophthalmic vein thrombosis due to VITT (Vaccine Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia): a case report. QJM Mon J Assoc Physicians. 2021;hcab124. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab124
   Google Scholar
• Bøhler AD, Strøm ME, Sandvig KU, Moe MC, Jørstad ØK. Acute macular neuroretinopathy following COVID-19 vaccination. Eye Lond Engl. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01610-1
   Google Scholar
• Book BAJ, Schmidt B, Foerster AMH. Bilateral acute macular neuroretinopathy after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(7):e212471. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Capo DP, Stevens SM, Cavuoto KM. Acute abducens nerve palsy following COVID-19 vaccination. J AAPOS. 2021;25:SS1091–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal Coleege of Opthalmologists. Safety alert: retinal vein occlusions post COVID vaccination. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists; 2021. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/2021/05/retinal-vein-occlusions-post-covid-vaccination/. Accessed August 21, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Wasser LM, Roditi E, Zadok D, Berkowitz L, Weill Y. Keratoplasty rejection after the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine. Cornea. 2021;40(8):1070–1072. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElSheikh RH, Haseeb A, Eleiwa TK, Elhusseiny AM. Acute Uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;1–3. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1962917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Murthy SI, Annum S. Bilateral Multifocal Choroiditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;1–5. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1957123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovitch T, Ben-Arie-Weintrob Y, Hareuveni-Blum T, et al. Uveitis following the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection: a possible association. Retina Phila Pa. 2021;41:2462–2471. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Presa M, Govil A, Chamberlain WD, Holland EJ. Acute corneal epithelial rejection of LR-CLAL after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Cornea. 2021;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002914
   Google Scholar
• Yu S, Ritterband DC, Mehta I. Acute corneal transplant rejection after severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA-1273 vaccination. Cornea. 2021;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002886
   Google Scholar
• Shah AP, Dzhaber D, Kenyon KR, Riaz KM, Ouano DP, Koo EH. Acute corneal transplant rejection after COVID-19 vaccination. Cornea. 2021. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rallis KI, Ting DSJ, Said DG, Dua HS. Corneal graft rejection following COVID-19 vaccine. Eye Lond Engl. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01671-2
   Google Scholar
• Phylactou M, Li J-PO, Larkin DFP. Characteristics of endothelial corneal transplant rejection following immunisation with SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105(7):893–896. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou MT, Boyarsky BJ, Motter JD, et al. Safety and reactogenicity of 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2021;105(10):2170–2174. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000003780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt CS, Balletto E, Cornberg M, Mikulska M. Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2021;34(4):275–287. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA Commissioner. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes additional vaccine dose for certain immunocompromised individuals. FDA; 2021. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-additional-vaccine-dose-certain-immunocompromised. Accessed August 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Chen E, Parikh R. COVID-19 and ophthalmology: the pandemic’s impact on private practices. American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2020. Available from: https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/pandemic-impact-on-private-practices. Accessed August 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Napoli PE, Nioi M, d’Aloja E, Fossarello M. Safety recommendations and medical liability in ocular surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: an unsolved dilemma. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):E1403. doi:10.3390/jcm9051403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorkasky J, Davis M, Lee PP. Potential impact of COVID-19 disruptions on the next generation of vision scientists. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139:896. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt S, Abdullah Z, Barrett S, et al. A virtual COVID-19 ophthalmology rotation. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021;66(2):354–361. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar