References
- Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–281.
- Bourne RRA, Jonas JB, Bron AM; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, et al. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in high-income countries and in Eastern and Central Europe in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(5):575–585.
- Li JQ, Welchowski T, Schmid M, et al. Prevalence, incidence and future projection of diabetic eye disease in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(1):11–23.
- Kocur I, Resnikoff S. Visual impairment and blindness in Europe and their prevention. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(7):716–722. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.7.716
- Cunha-Vaz J, Coscas G. Diagnosis of macular edema. Ophthalmologica. 2010;224(Suppl 1):2–7.
- Daruich A, Matet A, Moulin A, et al. Mechanisms of macular edema: beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;63:20–68.
- Romero-Aroca P, Baget-Bernaldiz M, Pareja-Rios A, Lopez-Galvez M, Navarro-Gil R, Verges R. Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:2156273.
- Usui Y. Elucidation of pathophysiology and novel treatment for diabetic macular edema derived from the concept of neurovascular unit. JMA J. 2020;3(3):201–207.
- Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F, et al. Guidelines for the management of diabetic macular edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(4):185–222.
- Chua J, Sim R, Tan B, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1723.
- Markan A, Agarwal A, Arora A, Bazgain K, Rana V, Gupta V. Novel imaging biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2020;12:2515841420950513.
- Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK, Sadda SR, Staurenghi G. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;64:1–55.
- Matsunaga DR, Yi JJ, De Koo LO, Ameri H, Puliafito CA, Kashani AH. Optical coherence tomography angiography of diabetic retinopathy in human subjects. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2015;46(8):796–805.
- Shi Y, Vanhoutte PM. Macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2017;9(5):434–449.
- Elnahry AG, Abdel-Kader AA, Raafat KA, Elrakhawy K. Evaluation of changes in macular perfusion detected by optical coherence tomography angiography following 3 intravitreal monthly bevacizumab injections for diabetic macular edema in the IMPACT study. J Ophthalmol. 2020;2020:5814165. doi:10.1155/2020/5814165
- Sorour OA, Elsheikh M, Chen S, et al. Mean macular intercapillary area in eyes with diabetic macular oedema after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and its association with treatment response. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;49(7):714–723.
- Elnahry AG, Elnahry GA. Optical coherence tomography angiography of macular perfusion changes after anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic macular edema: a systematic review. J Diabetes Res. 2021;2021:6634637. doi:10.1155/2021/6634637
- Toto L, D’Aloisio R, Di Nicola M, et al. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of vascular changes in diabetic macular edema after dexamethasone implant using optical coherence tomography angiography. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(6):1181.
- Minnella AM, Federici M, Pagliei V, et al. Short-term assessment of intravitreal dexamethasone implant using enhanced-depth image optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with retinal vascular diseases. Adv Ther. 2019;36(2):416–425.
- Bonnin S, Mané V, Couturier A, et al. New insight into the macular deep vascular plexus imaged by optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2015;35(11):2347–2352.
- Lang KM, Little TD. Principled missing data treatments. Prev Sci. 2018;19:284–294.
- Mastropasqua R, Di Antonio L, Di Staso S, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal vascular diseases and choroidal neovascularization. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:343515.
- You Q, Freeman WR, Weinreb RN, et al. Reproducibility of vessel density measurement with optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with and without retinopathy. Retina. 2017;37(8):1475–1482.
- Yu L, Jiao Q, Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Lin Z, Shen X. Evaluation of retinal and choroidal variations in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):421.
- Semeraro F, Russo A, Rizzoni D, Danzi P, Morescalchi F, Costagliola C. Diameters and wall-to-lumen ratio of retinal arterioles in patients with retinal vein occlusion before and after treatment with dexamethasone intravitreal implants. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014;30(7):573–579.
- Wickremasinghe SS, Rogers SL, Gillies MC, Zhu MD, Wong TY. Retinal vascular caliber changes after intravitreal triamcinolone treatment for diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(11):4707–4711.
- Nguyen TT, Wang JJ, Sharrett AR, et al. Relationship of retinal vascular caliber with diabetes and retinopathy: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Mesa). Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):544–549.
- Al-Sheikh M, Akil H, Pfau M, Sadda SR. Swept-source OCT angiography imaging of the foveal avascular zone and macular capillary network density in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(8):3907–3913.
- Agemy SA, Scripsema NK, Shah CM, et al. Retinal vascular perfusion density mapping using optical coherence tomography angiography in normals and diabetic retinopathy patients. Retina. 2015;35(11):2353–2363.
- Pournaras CJ, Rungger-Brändle E, Riva CE, Hardarson SH, Stefansson E. Regulation of retinal blood flow in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27(3):284–330.
- Kashani AH, Green KM, Kwon J, AL ET. Suspended scattering particles in motion: a novel feature of OCT angiography in exudative maculopathies. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018;2(7):694–702.
- Maltsev DS, Kulikov AN, Kazak AA, Freund KB. suspended scattering particles in motion may influence optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density metrics in eyes with diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2021;41(6):1259–1264.
- Mané V, Dupas B, Gaudric A, et al. Correlation between cystoid spaces in chronic diabetic macular edema and capillary nonperfusion detected by optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2016;36(Suppl 1):S102–S110.
- Spaide RF. Vascular cystoid macular edema: review and new theory. Retina. 2016;36(10):1823–1842.
- Wang K, Wang Y, Gao L, Li X, Li M, Guo J. Dexamethasone inhibits leukocyte accumulation and vascular permeability in retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via reducing vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(8):1541–1546.
- Tamura H, Miyamoto K, Kiryu J, et al. Intravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(4):1440–1444.
- Lei J, Durbin MK, Shi Y, et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of superficial macular retinal vessel density measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography enFace images. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(10):1092–1098.
- Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Jr BR; Ozurdex MEAD Study Group, et al. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1904–1914.
- Guigou S, Pommier S, Meyer F, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmologica. 2015;233(3–4):169–175.
- Malclès A, Dot C, Voirin N, et al. Real-life study in diabetic macular edema treated with dexamethasone implant: the Reldex Study. Retina. 2017;37(4):753–760.
- Iglicki M, Busch C, Zur D, et al. Dexamethasone implant for diabetic macular edema in naive compared with refractory eyes: the International Retina Group Real-Life 24-month multicenter study. The IRGREL-DEX Study. Retina. 2019;39(1):44–51.
- Castro-Navarro V, Cervera-Taulet E, Navarro-Palop C, Monferrer-Adsuara C, Hernández-Bel L, Montero-Hernández J. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant Ozurdex® in naïve and refractory patients with different subtypes of diabetic macular edema. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19(1):15.
- Iovino C, Peiretti E, Giannaccare G, Scorcia V, Carnevali A. Evolving treatment paradigm in the management of diabetic macular edema in the era of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:670468. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.670468
- Carnevali A, Giannaccare G, Gatti V, Scuteri G, Randazzo G, Scorcia V. Intravitreal injections during COVID-19 outbreak: real-world experience from an Italian tertiary referral center. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(1):10–12.
- Scorcia V, Giannaccare G, Gatti V, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients who did not complete Anti-VEGF loading dose during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective observational study. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021;10(4):1015–1024.
- Zhang M, Hwang TS, Dongye C, Wilson DJ, Huang D, Jia Y. Automated quantification of nonperfusion in three retinal plexuses using projection- resolved optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(13):5101–5106.
- Kim KM, Lee MW, Lim HB, Koo HM, Shin YI, Kim JY. Repeatability of measuring the vessel density in patients with retinal vein occlusion: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234933.