Review of Adjuvant Therapies in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Evidence to Date

References

• CRUK. Kidney cancer statistics. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/kidney-cancer#heading-Zero. Accessed 3, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.30207593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dizman N, Adashek JJ, Hsu J, Bergerot PG, Bergerot CD, Pal SK. Adjuvant treatment in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2018;16(8):555–563.30148828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowitz T, Welsh SJ, Zaki K, Mulders P, Eisen T. Adjuvant therapy in renal cell carcinoma-past, present, and future. Semin Oncol. 2013;40(4):482–491. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2013.05.00423972712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, et al. Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1803–1813. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa151066526406148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9637):449–456. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61039-918653228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Cella D, et al. Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(8):722–731. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa130398923964934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(22):3584–3590. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.129319487381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended follow-up of efficacy and safety results from a randomised, controlled, Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(10):1370–1385. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30413-931427204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Michaelson MD, Motzer RJ, et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: subanalyses by prior therapy from a randomised phase III trial. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(12):2821–2828. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.24424823696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Porta C, Bono P, et al. Randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial assessing treatment preference for pazopanib versus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: PISCES Study. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(14):1412–1418. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.50.826724687826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massari F, Di Nunno V, Ciccarese C, et al. Adjuvant therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;60:152–157. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.09.00428992528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posadas EM, Limvorasak S, Figlin RA. Targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(8):496–511. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.8228691713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blick C, Ritchie AWS, Eisen T, Stewart GD. Improving outcomes in high-risk, nonmetastatic renal cancer: new data and ongoing trials. Nat Rev Urol. 2017;14(12):753–759. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.12328762388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(12):1116–1127. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa181671430779529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Atkins MB, McDermott DF. Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2020;17(3):137–150. doi:10.1038/s41585-020-0282-332020040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 8th ed ed. John Wiley &Sons, Inc.; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer. 2003;97(7):1663–1671. doi:10.1002/cncr.1123412655523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Wieder J, et al. Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(23):4559–4566. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.05.11112454113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Porta C, Schmidinger M, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(5):706–720. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz05630788497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(3):688–696. doi:10.1200/JCO.1995.13.3.6887884429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Murphy BA, Russo P, Mazumdar M. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(1):289–296. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.20.1.28911773181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark JI, Atkins MB, Urba WJ, et al. Adjuvant high-dose bolus interleukin-2 for patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a cytokine working group randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(16):3133–3140. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.02.01412810695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing EM, Manola J, Wilding G, et al. Phase III study of interferon alfa-NL as adjuvant treatment for resectable renal cell carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(7):1214–1222. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.02.00512663707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Colavita M, et al. Interferon adjuvant to radical nephrectomy in Robson stages II and III renal cell carcinoma: a multicentric randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(2):425–431. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.42511208835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passalacqua R, Caminiti C, Buti S, et al. Adjuvant low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in operable renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a Phase III, randomized, multicentre trial of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (GOIRC). J Immunother. 2014;37(9):440–447. doi:10.1097/CJI.000000000000005525304727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzpodien J, Schmitt E, Gertenbach U, et al. Adjuvant treatment with interleukin-2- and interferon-alpha2a-based chemoimmunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma post tumour nephrectomy: results of a prospectively randomised trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN). Br J Cancer. 2005;92(5):843–846.15756254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitchison M, Bray CA, Van Poppel H, et al. Adjuvant 5-flurouracil, alpha-interferon and interleukin-2 versus observation in patients at high risk of recurrence after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: results of a phase III randomised European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (Genito-Urinary Cancers Group)/National Cancer Research Institute trial. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(1):70–77.24074763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler A, Gillon G, Lurie H, et al. Active specific immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma patients: a prospective randomized study of hormono-immuno-versus hormonotherapy. Preliminary report of immunological and clinical aspects. J Biol Response Mod. 1987;6(6):610–624.3330126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galligioni E, Quaia M, Merlo A, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin - five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer. 1996;77(12):2560–2566. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2560::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-P8640706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jocham D, Richter A, Hoffmann L, et al. Adjuvant autologous renal tumour cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9409):594–599. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15590-614987883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood C, Srivastava P, Bukowski R, et al. An adjuvant autologous therapeutic vaccine (HSPPC-96; vitespen) versus observation alone for patients at high risk of recurrence after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9633):145–154. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60697-218602688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamie K, Donin NM, Klopfer P, et al. Adjuvant weekly girentuximab following nephrectomy for high-risk renal cell carcinoma: the ARISER randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(7):913–920. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.441927787547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massari F, Bria E, Maines F, et al. Adjuvant treatment for resected renal cell carcinoma: are all strategies equally negative? Potential implications for trial design with targeted agents. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2013;11(4):471–476. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2013.04.01823816527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas NB, Manola J, Uzzo RG, et al. Adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib for high-risk, non-metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (ECOG-ACRIN E2805): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10032):2008–2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00559-626969090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaud A, Motzer RJ, Pandha HS, et al. Adjuvant sunitinib in high-risk renal-cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(23):2246–2254. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa161140627718781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Ravaud A, Patard -J-J, et al. Adjuvant sunitinib for high-risk renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: subgroup analyses and updated overall survival results. Eur Urol. 2018;73(1):62–68. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.09.00828967554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyawali B, Ando Y. Adjuvant sunitinib for high-risk-resected renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of ASSURE and S-TRAC trials. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(4):898–899. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw66727993814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Haas NB, Donskov F, et al. Randomized phase III trial of adjuvant pazopanib versus placebo after nephrectomy in patients with localized or locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(35):3916–3923. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.73.532428902533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross-Goupil M, Kwon TG, Eto M, et al. Axitinib versus placebo as an adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma: results from the phase III, randomized ATLAS trial. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(12):2371–2378. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy45430346481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Escudier B, Tomczak P, et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9807):1931–1939. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61613-922056247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen TQG, Frangou E, Smith B, et al. Primary efficacy analysis results from the SORCE trial (RE05): adjuvant sorafenib for renal cell carcinoma at intermediate or high risk of relapse: an international, randomised double-blind phase III trial led by the MRC CTU at UCL. Ann Oncol. 2019;30:891–+. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz394.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synold TW, Plets M, Tangen CM, et al. Everolimus exposure as a predictor of toxicity in renal cell cancer patients in the adjuvant setting: results of a pharmacokinetic analysis for SWOG S0931 (EVEREST), a Phase III Study (NCT1120249). Kidney Cancer. 2019;3(2):111–118. doi:10.3233/KCA-18004931763512
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. S0931, Everolimus in treating patients with kidney cancer who have undergone surgery. 2010 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT1120249. Accessed 5, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Massari F, Di Nunno V, Mollica V, Graham J, Gatto L, Heng D. Adjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitors in treatment of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of available clinical trials. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019;17(2):e339–e344. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2018.12.01130704796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairfax BP, Pratap S, Roberts IS, et al. Fatal case of sorafenib-associated idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in the adjuvant treatment of a patient with renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:590. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-59023231599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spraggs CF, Budde LR, Briley LP, et al. HLA-DQA1*02:01 is a major risk factor for lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity in women with advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(6):667–673. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.31.319721245432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu CF, Reck BH, Goodman VL, et al. Association of the hemochromatosis gene with pazopanib-induced transaminase elevation in renal cell carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2011;54(6):1237–1243. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.09.02821145803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinman PL, Davis ID, Martin A, et al. Patients’ preferences for adjuvant sorafenib after resection of renal cell carcinoma in the SORCE trial: what makes it worthwhile? Ann Oncol. 2018;29(2):370–376. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx71529177440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence NJ, Martin A, Davis ID, et al. What survival benefits are needed to make adjuvant sorafenib worthwhile after resection of intermediate- or high-risk renal cell carcinoma? Clinical investigators’ preferences in the SORCE trial. Kidney Cancer. 2018;2(2):123–131. doi:10.3233/KCA-18003830740581
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson RH, Gillett MD, Cheville JC, et al. Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(49):17174–17179. doi:10.1073/pnas.040635110115569934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RH, Kuntz SM, Leibovich BC, et al. Tumor B7-H1 is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma patients with long-term follow-up. Cancer Res. 2006;66(7):3381–3385. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-430316585157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggermont AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob JJ, et al. Prolonged survival in stage III melanoma with ipilimumab adjuvant therapy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1845–1855. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa161129927717298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggermont AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob JJ, et al. Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(5):522–530. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70122-125840693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggermont AMM, Blank CU, Mandala M, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1789–1801. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa180235729658430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Nivolumab in treating patients with localized kidney cancer undergoing nephrectomy. 2017 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT3055013. Accessed 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of atezolizumab as adjuvant therapy in participants with Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) at high risk of developing metastasis following nephrectomy (IMmotion010). 2017 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT3024996. . Accessed 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy study of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as monotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma post nephrectomy (MK-3475-564/KEYNOTE-564). 2017 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT3142334. Accessed 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. A study comparing nivolumab, nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab and placebo in participants with localized kidney cancer who underwent surgery to remove part of a kidney (CheckMate 914). 2017 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT3138512. Accessed 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Renal adjuvant multiple arm randomised trial (RAMPART). 2017 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT3288532. Accessed 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Puzanov I, Diab A, Abdallah K, et al. Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) toxicity management working group. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):95. doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0300-z29162153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonia SJ, López-Martin JA, Bendell J, et al. Nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, Phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):883–895. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30098-527269741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Overall survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1345–1356. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa170968428889792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):122–133. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa130236923724867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bex A, Albiges L, Ljungberg B, et al. Updated European Association of urology guidelines regarding adjuvant therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2017;71(5):719–722. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.03427986369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg B, Albiges L, Abu-Ghanem Y, et al. European Association of urology guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2019 update. Eur Urol. 2019;75(5):799–810. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2019.02.01130803729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff I, May M, Hoschke B, et al. Do we need new high-risk criteria for surgically treated renal cancer patients to improve the outcome of future clinical trials in the adjuvant setting? Results of a comprehensive analysis based on the multicenter CORONA database. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(5):744–750. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2016.01.00926899942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini B, Goddard A, Knezevic D, et al. A 16-gene assay to predict recurrence after surgery in localised renal cell carcinoma: development and validation studies. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(6):676–685. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70167-125979595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1627–1639. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa150764326412456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi L, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(22):2078–2092. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa180100529658856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz-Ares L, Luft A, Vicente D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for squamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(21):2040–2051. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa181086530280635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):320–330. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa141208225399552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott DF, Huseni MA, Atkins MB, et al. Clinical activity and molecular correlates of response to atezolizumab alone or in combination with bevacizumab versus sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Med. 2018;24(6):749–757. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0053-329867230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Huseni M, Atkins MB, et al. Molecular correlates differentiate response to atezolizumab (atezo) + bevacizumab (bev) vs sunitinib (sun): results from a phase III study (IMmotion151) in untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Ann Oncol. 2018;29:viii724–viii725. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy424.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T, et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, Phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1909–1920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00561-426952546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, et al. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science. 2015;348(6230):124–128. doi:10.1126/science.aaa134825765070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone DP, Reck M, Paz-Ares L, et al. First-line nivolumab in stage IV or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(25):2415–2426. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa161349328636851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao D, Margolis CA, Gao W, et al. Genomic correlates of response to immune checkpoint therapies in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Science. 2018;359(6377):801–806. doi:10.1126/science.aan595129301960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan D, Kobayashi A, Jiang P, et al. A major chromatin regulator determines resistance of tumor cells to T cell-mediated killing. Science. 2018;359(6377):770–775. doi:10.1126/science.aao171029301958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nargund AM, Pham CG, Dong Y, et al. The SWI/SNF protein PBRM1 restrains VHL-loss-driven clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Rep. 2017;18(12):2893–2906. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.07428329682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss MH, Kuo F, Chen D, et al. Integrated biomarker analysis for 412 renal cell cancer (RCC) patients (pts) treated on the phase 3 COMPARZ trial: correlating common mutation events in PBRM1 and BAP1 with angiogenesis expression signatures and outcomes on tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15_suppl):4523.
   Google Scholar
• George DJ, Martini JF, Staehler M, et al. Immune biomarkers predictive for disease-free survival with adjuvant sunitinib in high-risk locoregional renal cell carcinoma: from randomized phase III S-TRAC Study. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(7):1554–1561. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-282229374054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Albiges L, Haanen JBAG, et al. Biomarker analyses from JAVELIN renal 101: avelumab + axitinib (A+Ax) versus sunitinib (S) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_suppl):101. doi:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, et al. IFN-gamma-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(8):2930–2940. doi:10.1172/JCI9119028650338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell PH, Grivas P, Balar AV, et al. Biomarker findings and mature clinical results from KEYNOTE-052: first-line pembrolizumab (pembro) in cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer (UC). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15_suppl):4502. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.4502
   Google Scholar
• Kjaer M, Iversen P, Hvidt V, et al. A randomized trial of postoperative radiotherapy versus observation in stage II and III renal adenocarcinoma. A study by the copenhagen renal cancer Study Group. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1987;21(4):285–289. doi:10.3109/003655987091807843445125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Di Fronzo G, et al. Adjuvant medroxyprogesterone acetate to radical nephrectomy in renal cancer: 5-year results of a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 1987;138(6):1379–1381. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)43647-02824861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito S, Kumazawa J, Omoto T, et al. Postoperative UFT adjuvant and the risk factors for recurrence in renal cell carcinoma: a long-term follow-up study. Kyushu University Urological Oncology Group. Int J Urol. 1997;4(1):8–12. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00130.x9179659
   PubMedGoogle Scholar