Therapeutic Potential of Apatinib Against Colorectal Cancer by Inhibiting VEGFR2-Mediated Angiogenesis and β-Catenin Signaling

References

• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(3):145–164.32133645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum N, Giovannucci E. Global burden of colorectal cancer: emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(12):713–732. doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0189-831455888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly H, Goldberg RM. Systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: current options, current evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(20):4553–4560. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.17.74916002847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Qin S, Xu R, et al. Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(6):619–629. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70156-725981818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus L, Lemery S, Khasar S, et al. FDA approval summary: TAS-102. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(12):2924–2927. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-215728213365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirley M. Fruquintinib: first global approval. Drugs. 2018;78(16):1757–1761. doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0998-z30357594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Gundin J, Fernandez-Carballido AM, Martinez-Valdivieso L, Barreda-Hernandez D, Torres-Suarez AI. New trends in the therapeutic approach to metastatic colorectal cancer. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(7):659–665. doi:10.7150/ijms.2445329910669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekaii-Saab T, Kim R, Kim TW, et al. Third- or later-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: reviewing best practice. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2019;18(1):e117–e129. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2018.11.00230598357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asaoka Y, Ijichi H, Koike K. PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(20):1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overman MJ, Lonardi S, Wong KYM, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in DNA mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(8):773–779. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.990129355075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng R, Li J. Apatinib for the treatment of gastric cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(1):117–122. doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.98152625420417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AJ, Messersmith WA, Jimeno A. Apatinib: a promising oral antiangiogenic agent in the treatment of multiple solid tumors. Drugs of Today. 2015;51(4):223–229. doi:10.1358/dot.2015.51.4.232059926020064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H. Apatinib for molecular targeted therapy in tumor. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:6075–6081. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S97235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Qiu T, Zhu Y, et al. A single-arm, phase II study of apatinib in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2019;24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Wei B, Li L, et al. Apatinib enhanced anti-PD-1 therapy for colon cancer in mice via promoting PD-L1 expression. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;88:106858. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.10685832795895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y-N, LaMarche MJ, Chan HM, et al. Allosteric inhibition of SHP2 phosphatase inhibits cancers driven by receptor tyrosine kinases. Nature. 2016;535(7610):148–152. doi:10.1038/nature1862127362227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo WJ, Zhang YM, Zhang L, et al. Novel monofunctional platinum (II) complex Mono-Pt induces apoptosis-independent autophagic cell death in human ovarian carcinoma cells, distinct from cisplatin. Autophagy. 2013;9(7):996–1008. doi:10.4161/auto.2440723580233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo W, Sun Y, Liu W, et al. Small molecule-driven mitophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition is responsible for the prevention of colitis-associated cancer. Autophagy. 2014;10(6):972–985. doi:10.4161/auto.2837424879148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao Y, Smyth GK, Shi W. FeatureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(7):923–930. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt65624227677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian Y, Zhang L, Cai M, et al. The prostate cancer risk variant rs55958994 regulates multiple gene expression through extreme long-range chromatin interaction to control tumor progression. Sci Adv. 2019;5(7):eaaw6710. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw671031328168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji Q, Xu X, Kang L, et al. Hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein mediates cartilage degeneration during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):313. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08277-530659184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo W, Liu W, Chen Z, et al. Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via ANT1-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):2168. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02351-029255148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng J, Liu W, Gao J, et al. Andrographolide alleviates Parkinsonism in MPTP-PD mice via targeting mitochondrial fission mediated by dynamin-related protein 1. Br J Pharmacol. 2019;176(23):4574–4591. doi:10.1111/bph.1482331389613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng R-M, Zong Y-N, Cao S-M, Xu R-H. Current cancer situation in China: good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics? Cancer Commun. 2019;39(1):22. doi:10.1186/s40880-019-0368-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tampellini M, Di Maio M, Baratelli C, et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in a real-world scenario: probability of receiving second and further lines of therapy and description of clinical benefit. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16(4):372–376. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2017.03.01928465170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Qin S, Xu J, et al. Apatinib for chemotherapy-refractory advanced metastatic gastric cancer: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(26):3219–3225. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.48.858523918952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Feng H, Wu H, et al. Targeting autophagy enhances apatinib-induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress for human colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett. 2018;431:105–114. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.04629859300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin L, Wang J, Huang F-C, et al. [Inhibitory effect of apatinib on HCT-116 cells and its mechanism]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2017;37(3):367–372.28377354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu W, Ke H, Qianshan D, Zhen W, Guoan X, Honggang Y. Apatinib has anti-tumor effects and induces autophagy in colon cancer cells. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2017;20(9):990–995.29085592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 2012;487(7407):330–337. doi:10.1038/nature1125222810696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raji R, Sasikumar R, Jacob E. Multiple roles of adenomatous polyposis coli gene in Wnt signalling - a computational model. BioSystems. 2018;172:26–36. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.08.00130110600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankey W, McIlhatton M, Ebede K, et al. Mutational mechanisms that activate Wnt signaling and predict outcomes in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2018;78:617–630.29212857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen L, Melo FDSE, Heijden MVD, et al. Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;12(5):468–476. doi:10.1038/ncb2048
   Google Scholar
• Reya T, Clevers H. Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature. 2005;434(7035):843–850. doi:10.1038/nature0331915829953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin PJ. β-catenin signaling and cancer. BioEssays. 1999;21(12):1021–1030. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199912)22:1<1021::AID-BIES6>3.0.CO;2-P10580987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Xu X, Chen D, Zhao F, Wang W. Therapeutic potential of targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;110:473–481. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.08230530050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusse R, Clevers H. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, disease, and emerging therapeutic modalities. Cell. 2017;169(6):985–999. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.01628575679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Guo X, Li W, Zhang H. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling via GSK3 inhibitors direct differentiation of human adipose stem cells into functional hepatocytes. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40716. doi:10.1038/srep4071628094799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jope RS. Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24(9):441–443. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00206-212967765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beurel E, Grieco SF, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;148:114–131. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.01625435019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejeda-Muñoz N, Robles-Flores M. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 in Wnt signaling pathway and cancer. IUBMB Life. 2015;67(12):914–922.26600003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M, Huang B, Li G, Zeng S. Apatinib affect VEGF-mediated cell proliferation, migration, invasion via blocking VEGFR2/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in cholangiocarcinoma cell. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18(1):169. doi:10.1186/s12876-018-0870-330400838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu X, Fan H, Jiang X, et al. Apatinib induces apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in neuroblastoma. Oncol Lett. 2020;20(4):52.32788939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Ren T, Huang Y, et al. Apatinib promotes autophagy and apoptosis through VEGFR2/STAT3/BCL-2 signaling in osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(8):e3015. doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.42228837148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo M, Hou L, Li J, et al. VEGF/NRP-1 axis promotes progression of breast cancer via enhancement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of NF-κB and β-catenin. Cancer Lett. 2016;373(1):1–11. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.01026805761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes C, Goossens S, Bartunkova S, et al. Increased skeletal VEGF enhances β-catenin activity and results in excessively ossified bones. EMBO J. 2010;29(2):424–441. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.36120010698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Choy WC, Abid MR. Direct sensing of endothelial oxidants by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and c-Src. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002845422145046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Caldwell RB, Behzadian MA. Blockade of VEGF-induced GSK/β-catenin signaling, uPAR expression and increased permeability by dominant negative p38α. Exp Eye Res. 2012;100:101–108. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2012.03.01122564969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar