113
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Advances in Therapy for Hormone Receptor (HR)-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer Patients Who Have Experienced Progression After Treatment with CDK4/6 Inhibitors

&
Pages 2929-2939 | Published online: 03 May 2021

References

  • Globocan. Breast cancer fact sheet; 2018. Available from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/20-Breast-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2020.
  • Institute NC. Cancer Stat facts: female breast cancer. 2019; Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html. Accessed November 16, 2020.
  • Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492
  • MacNeill F, Karakatsanis A Over surgery in breast cancer. Breast. 2017:284–289. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.10.023. Epub 2016 Nov 25. PMID: 27894703.
  • Harbeck N, Penault-Llorca F, Cortes J, et al. Breast cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):66. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0111-2 PMID: 31548545.
  • Badwe R, Hawaldar R, Nair N, et al. Locoregional treatment versus no treatment of the primary tumour in metastatic breast cancer: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1380–1388. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00135-7. Epub 2015 Sep 9. PMID: 26363985.
  • Soran A, Ozmen V, Ozbas S, et al. Randomized trial comparing resection of primary tumor with no surgery in stage iv breast cancer at presentation: protocol MF07-01. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(11):3141–3149. PMID: 29777404. doi:10.1245/s10434-018-6494-6
  • Serra F, Lapidari P, Quaquarini E, Tagliaferri B, Sottotetti F, Palumbo R. Palbociclib in metastatic breast cancer: current evidence and real-life data. Drugs Context. 2019;8:212579. doi:10.7573/.dic.212579
  • Blows FM, Driver KE, Schmidt MK, et al. Subtyping of breast cancer by immunohistochemistry to investigate a relationship between subtype and short and long term survival: a collaborative analysis of data for 10,159 cases from 12 studies. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000279. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000279
  • Morgan LR, Schein PS, Woolley PV, et al. Therapeutic use of tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer: correlation with biochemical parameters. Cancer Treat Rep. 1976;60:1437–1443.
  • Nagini S. Breast cancer: current molecular therapeutic targets and new players. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2017;17(2):152–163. doi:10.2174/1871520616666160502122724 PMID: 27137076.
  • Simpson ER, Davis SR. Minireview: aromatase and the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis–some new perspectives. Endocrinology. 2001;142:4589–4594. doi:10.1210/endo.142.11.8547
  • Nagaraj G, Ma C. Revisiting the estrogen receptor pathway and its role in endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;150:231–242. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3316-4
  • Mauri D, Pavlidis N, Polyzos NP, Ioannidis JP. Survival with aromatase inhibitors and inactivators versus standard hormonal therapy in advanced breast cancer: meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1285–1291. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj357
  • Li J, Wang Z, Shao Z. Fulvestrant in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2- negative advanced breast cancer: a review. Cancer Med. 2019;8:1943–1957. doi:10.1002/cam4.2095
  • Schiavon G, Smith IE. Endocrine therapy for advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2013;27(4):715–36, viii. PMID: 23915741. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2013.05.004
  • Dowsett M. Endocrine resistance in advanced breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 1996;35(Suppl 5):91–95. doi:10.3109/02841869609083979 PMID: 9142976.
  • Razavi P, Chang MT, Xu G, et al. The genomic landscape of endocrine-resistant advanced breast cancers. Cancer Cell. 2018;34(3):427–438.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.008. PMID: 30205045; PMCID: PMC6327853.
  • Hanker AB, Sudhan DR, Arteaga CL Overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2020;37(4):496–513. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.009. PMID: 32289273; PMCID: PMC7169993.
  • Cristofanilli M, Turner NC, Bondarenko I, et al. Fulvestrant plus palbociclib versus fulvestrant plus placebo for treatment of hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer that progressed on previous endocrine therapy (PALOMA-3): final analysis of the multicentre, double-blind, Phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(4):425–439. PMID: 26947331. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00613-0
  • Sledge GW Jr, Toi M, Neven P, et al. MONARCH 2: abemaciclib in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer who had progressed while receiving endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(25):2875–2884. PMID: 28580882. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.73.7585
  • Sledge GW Jr, Toi M, Neven P, et al. The effect of abemaciclib plus fulvestrant on overall survival in hormone receptor-positive, ERBB2-Negative breast cancer that progressed on endocrine therapy-MONARCH 2: a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;6(1):116–124. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4782. PMID: 31563959; PMCID: PMC6777264.
  • Slamon DJ, Neven P, Chia S, et al. Phase III randomized study of ribociclib and fulvestrant in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer: MONALEESA-3. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(24):2465–2472. PMID: 29860922. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.9909
  • Hortobagyi GN, Stemmer SM, Burris HA, et al. Updated results from MONALEESA-2, a phase III trial of first-line ribociclib plus letrozole versus placebo plus letrozole in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(7):1541–1547. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy155 PMID: 29718092.
  • Tripathy D, Im SA, Colleoni M, et al. Ribociclib plus endocrine therapy for premenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive, advanced breast cancer (MONALEESA-7): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(7):904–915. PMID: 29804902. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30292-4
  • Rossi V, Berchialla P, Giannarelli D, et al. Should all patients with HR-positive HER2-Negative metastatic breast cancer receive CDK 4/6 inhibitor as first-line based therapy? A network meta-analysis of data from the PALOMA 2, MONALEESA 2, MONALEESA 7, MONARCH 3, FALCON, SWOG and FACT Trials. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(11):1661. doi: 10.3390/cancers11111661. PMID: 31717791; PMCID: PMC6896062.
  • Hortobagyi GN, Stemmer SM, Burris HA, et al. Updated results from MONALEESA-2, a phase III trial of first-line ribociclib plus letrozole versus placebo plus letrozole in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(11):1842. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz215. PMID: 31407010; PMCID: PMC6927326.
  • O’Shaughnessy J, Petrakova K, Sonke GS, et al. Ribociclib plus letrozole versus letrozole alone in patients with de novo HR+, HER2- advanced breast cancer in the randomized MONALEESA-2 trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;168(1):127–134. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4518-8. PMID: 29164421. PMCID: PMC5847028.
  • Patterson-Lomba O, Dalal AA, Ayyagari R, et al. Systematic literature review of clinical trials of endocrine therapies for premenopausal women with metastatic HR+ HER2- breast cancer. Breast J. 2019;25(5):880–888. PMID: 31290203. doi:10.1111/tbj.13345
  • Goetz MP, Toi M, Campone M, et al. MONARCH 3: abemaciclib as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(32):3638–3646. PMID: 28968163. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.75.6155
  • Johnston S, Martin M, Di Leo A, et al. MONARCH 3 final PFS: a randomized study of abemaciclib as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019;5:5. doi:10.1038/s41523-018-0097-z. PMID: 30675515. PMCID: PMC6336880.
  • Finn RS, Crown JP, Lang I, et al. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised Phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;(1):25–35. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71159-3. PMID: 25524798.
  • Finn RS, Crown JP, Ettl J, et al. Efficacy and safety of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as first-line treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer: expanded analyses of subgroups from the randomized pivotal trial PALOMA-1/TRIO-18. Breast Cancer Res. 2016;18(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s13058-016-0721-5. PMID: 27349747; PMCID: PMC4924326.
  • Rugo HS, Finn RS, Diéras V, et al. Palbociclib plus letrozole as first-line therapy in estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer with extended follow-up. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;174(3):719–729. doi:10.1007/s10549-018-05125-4. PMID: 30632023. PMCID: PMC6438948.
  • Rugo HS, Finn RS, Gelmon K, et al. Progression-free survival outcome is independent of objective response in patients with estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer treated with palbociclib plus letrozole compared with letrozole: analysis from PALOMA-2. Clin Breast Cancer. 2020;20(2):e173–e180. PMID: 31836434. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2019.08.009
  • Pandey K, An HJ, Kim SK, et al. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer: a review. Int J Cancer. 2019;145(5):1179–1188. doi:10.1002/ijc.32020. PMID: 30478914. PMCID: PMC6767051.
  • McCartney A, Migliaccio I, Bonechi M, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors: potential implications and biomarkers for clinical practice. Front Oncol. 2019;9:666. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00666. PMID: 31396487; PMCID: PMC6664013.
  • Herrera-Abreu MT, Palafox M, Asghar U, et al. Early adaptation and acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2016;76(8):2301–2313. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-0728. PMID: 27020857. PMCID: PMC5426059.
  • Bardia A, Hurvitz SA, DeMichele A. Triplet therapy (continuous ribociclib, everolimus, exemestane) in HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer postprogression on a CDK4/6 inhibitor (TRINITI-1): efficacy, safety, and biomarker results. J Clin Oncol. 2019;(suppl; abstr 1016):37. doi:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.1016
  • Goel S, DeCristo MJ, Watt AC, et al. CDK4/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 2017;548(7668):471–475. doi:10.1038/nature23465. PMID: 28813415. PMCID: PMC5570667.
  • Erica Mayer E. Palbociclib after CDK and endocrine therapy (PACE). Available from: Palbociclib After CDK and Endocrine Therapy (PACE) - Full Text View. ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed November 16, 2020.
  • Miller TW, Balko JM, Arteaga CL. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(33):4452–4461. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.4879. PMID: 22010023. PMCID: PMC3221526.
  • Bosch A, Li Z, Bergamaschi A, et al. PI3K inhibition results in enhanced estrogen receptor function and dependence in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(283):283ra51. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa4442. PMID: 25877889; PMCID: PMC4433148.
  • Mayer IA, Abramson VG, Formisano L, et al. A Phase Ib study of alpelisib (BYL719), a pi3kα-specific inhibitor, with letrozole in ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(1):26–34. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0134. PMID: 27126994. PMCID: PMC5085926.
  • Sai J, Owens P, Novitskiy SV, et al. PI3K inhibition reduces mammary tumor growth and facilitates antitumor immunity and anti-PD1 responses. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(13):3371–3384. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2142. PMID: 28003307. PMCID: PMC5479746.
  • Loi S, Haibe-Kains B, Majjaj S, et al. PIK3CA mutations associated with gene signature of low mTORC1 signaling and better outcomes in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(22):10208–10213. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907011107. PMID: 20479250. PMCID: PMC2890442.
  • Miller TW, Hennessy BT, González-Angulo AM, et al. Hyperactivation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase promotes escape from hormone dependence in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:2406–2413. doi:10.1172/JCI41680. PMID: 20530877. PMCID: PMC2898598
  • Crowder RJ, Phommaly C, Tao Y, et al. PIK3CA and PIK3CB inhibition produce synthetic lethality when combined with estrogen deprivation in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(9):3955–3962. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4450. PMID: 19366795. PMCID: PMC2811393.
  • Miller TW, Balko JM, Fox EM. ERα-dependent E2F transcription can mediate resistance to estrogen deprivation in human breast cancer. Cancer Discov. 2011;1(4):338–351. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0101. PMID: 22049316. PMCID: PMC3204388.
  • Croessmann S, Sheehan JH, Lee KM, et al. PIK3CA C2 domain deletions hyperactivate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k), generate oncogene dependence, and are exquisitely sensitive to PI3Kα inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(6):1426–1435. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2141. PMID: 29284706. PMCID: PMC5856622.
  • André F, Ciruelos E, Rubovszky G, et al; SOLAR-1 Study Group. Alpelisib for PIK3CA-Mutated, hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(20):1929–1940. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1813904 PMID: 31091374.
  • Rugo HS, André F, Yamashita T, et al. Time course and management of key adverse events during the randomized phase III SOLAR-1 study of PI3K inhibitor alpelisib plus fulvestrant in patients with HR-positive advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(8):1001–1010. PMID: 32416251. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.001
  • Rugo HS, Lerebours F, Ciruelos E, et al. Alpelisib (ALP) + fulvestrant (FUL) in patients (pts) with PIK3CA-mutated (mut) hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC) previously treated with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDKi) + aromatase inhibitor (AI): bYLieve study results. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(suppl; abstr 1006). doi:10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.1006
  • Yardley DA, Noguchi S, Pritchard KI, Burris HA 3rd. Everolimus plus exemestane in postmenopausal patients with HR(+) breast cancer: BOLERO-2 final progression-free survival analysis. Adv Ther. 2013;30(10):870–884. doi:10.1007/s12325-013-0060-1. PMID: 24158787. PMCID: PMC3898123.
  • Piccart M, Hortobagyi GN, Campone M, et al. Everolimus plus exemestane for hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer: overall survival results from BOLERO-2†. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(12):2357–2362. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu456. PMID: 25231953. PMCID: PMC6267855.
  • Hortobagyi GN, Chen D, Piccart M, Rugo HS, Burris HA. Correlative analysis of genetic alterations and everolimus benefit in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer: results from BOLERO-2. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(5):419–426. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.60.1971. PMID: 26503204. PMCID: PMC5070556.
  • Cook MM, Rabadi LA, Kaempf AJ, Saraceni MM, Savin MA, Mitri ZI. Everolimus plus exemestane treatment in metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients previously treated with CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy. Oncologist. 2020;26:101–106. doi:10.1002/onco.13609 PMID: 33230905.
  • Robson M, Im SA, Senkus E, et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):523–533. PMID: 28578601. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1706450
  • Litton JK, Rugo HS, Ettl J, et al. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(8):753–763. PMID: 30110579. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1802905
  • Tung NM, Robson ME, Ventz S, et al. TBCRC 048: phase II study of olaparib for metastatic breast cancer and mutations in homologous recombination-related genes. J Clin Oncol. 2020:JCO2002151. PMID: 33119476. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.02151
  • Rugo HS, Ettl J, Hurvitz SA, et al. Outcomes in clinically relevant patient subgroups from the EMBRACA Study: talazoparib vs physician’s choice standard-of-care chemotherapy. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2019;4(1):pkz085. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkz085. PMID: 32337496; PMCID: PMC7050154.
  • Turk AA, Wisinski KB. PARP inhibitors in breast cancer: bringing synthetic lethality to the bedside. Cancer. 2018;124(12):2498–2506. doi:10.1002/cncr.31307. PMID: 29660759. PMCID: PMC5990439.
  • Ambrogi F, Fornili M, Boracchi P, et al. Trop-2 is a determinant of breast cancer survival. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096993.; PMID: 24824621; PMCID: PMC4019539.
  • Vidula N, Yau C, Rugo HS. Trop2 gene expression (Trop2e) in primary breast cancer (BC): correlations with clinical and tumor characteristics. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35([abstract]):1075. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1075
  • Kalinsky K, Diamond JR, Vahdat LT, et al. Sacituzumab govitecan in previously treated hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: final results from a phase I/II, single-arm, basket trial. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(12):1709–1718. PMID: 32946924. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.09.004
  • Rugo HS, Bardia A, Tolaney SM, et al. TROPiCS-02: a Phase III study investigating sacituzumab govitecan in the treatment of HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Future Oncol. 2020;16(12):705–715. PMID: 32223649. doi:10.2217/fon-2020-0163
  • McDermott MSJ, Sharko AC, Munie J, et al. CDK7 inhibition is effective in all the subtypes of breast cancer: determinants of response and synergy with EGFR inhibition. Cells. 2020;9(3):638. doi: 10.3390/cells9030638. PMID: 32155786; PMCID: PMC7140476.
  • Attia YM, Shouman SA, Salama SA, et al. Blockade of CDK7 reverses endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2974. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082974. PMID: 32340192; PMCID: PMC7215326.
  • Perillo B, Sasso A, Abbondanza C, Palumbo G. 17beta-estradiol inhibits apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, inducing bcl-2 expression via two estrogen-responsive elements present in the coding sequence. Mol Cell Biol. 2000;20:2890–2901. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.8.2890-2901.2000
  • Merino D, Lok SW, Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. Targeting BCL-2 to enhance vulnerability to therapy in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Oncogene. 2016;35:1877–1887. doi:10.1038/onc.2015.287
  • Oakes SR, Vaillant F, Lim E, et al. Sensitization of BCL-2-expressing breast tumors to chemotherapy by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:2766–2771. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104778108
  • Vaillant F, Merino D, Lee L, et al. Targeting BCL-2 with the BH3 mimetic ABT-199 in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2013;24:120–129.
  • Roberto M, Astone A, Botticelli A, et al. CDK4/6 inhibitor treatments in patients with hormone receptor positive, Her2 negative advanced breast cancer: potential molecular mechanisms, clinical implications and future perspectives. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(2):332. doi: 10.3390/cancers13020332. PMID: 33477469; PMCID: PMC7830463.
  • Yang C, Li Z, Bhatt T, et al. Acquired CDK6 amplification promotes breast cancer resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and loss of ER signaling and dependence. Oncogene. 2017;36(16):2255–2264. doi:10.1038/onc.2016.379. PMID: 27748766. PMCID: PMC5393973.
  • Liu Y, Zhong X, Wan S, et al. p16(INK4a) expression in retinoblastoma: a marker of differentiation grade. Diagn Pathol. 2014;9:180. doi:10.1186/s13000-014-0180-1
  • Dean JL, McClendon AK, Hickey TE, et al. Therapeutic response to CDK4/6 inhibition in breast cancer defined by ex vivo analyses of human tumors. Cell Cycle. 2012;11(14):2756–2761. doi:10.4161/.cc.21195
  • Guarducci C, Bonechi M, Benelli M, et al. Cyclin E1 and Rb modulation as common events at time of resistance to palbociclib in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2018;4:38. doi:10.1038/s41523-018-0092-4. PMID: 30511015. PMCID: PMC6261939.
  • Formisano L, Lu Y, Servetto A, et al. Aberrant FGFR signaling mediates resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in ER+ breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1373. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09068-2. PMID: 30914635; PMCID: PMC6435685.
  • Drago JZ, Formisano L, Juric D, et al. FGFR1 amplification mediates endocrine resistance but retains TORC sensitivity in metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(21):6443–6451. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0138. PMID: 31371343. PMCID: PMC6825550.
  • Gong X, Du J, Parsons SH, et al. Aurora A kinase inhibition is synthetic lethal with loss of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Discov. 2019;9(2):248–263. PMID: 30373917. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0469
  • Teh JLF, Cheng PF, Purwin TJ, et al. In Vivo E2F reporting reveals efficacious schedules of MEK1/2-CDK4/6 targeting and mTOR-S6 resistance mechanisms. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(5):568–581. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0699. PMID: 29496664. PMCID: PMC6858088.
  • Li Z, Razavi P, Li Q, et al. Loss of the FAT1 tumor suppressor promotes resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors via the hippo pathway. Cancer Cell. 2018;34(6):893–905.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.006. PMID: 30537512; PMCID: PMC6294301.
  • de Leeuw R, McNair C, Schiewer MJ, et al. MAPK reliance via acquired CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(17):4201–4214. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0410. PMID: 29739788. PMCID: PMC6125187.
  • Spoerke JM, Gendreau S, Walter K, et al. Heterogeneity and clinical significance of ESR1 mutations in ER-positive metastatic breast cancer patients receiving fulvestrant. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11579. doi:10.1038/ncomms11579. PMID: 27174596. PMCID: PMC4869259.
  • Dustin D, Gu G, Fuqua SAW. ESR1 mutations in breast cancer. Cancer. 2019;125(21):3714–3728. doi:10.1002/cncr.32345. PMID: 31318440. PMCID: PMC6788940.
  • D’Assoro AB, Liu T, Quatraro C, et al. The mitotic kinase Aurora–a promotes distant metastases by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ERα(+) breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 2014;33(5):599–610. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.628. PMID: 23334326. PMCID: PMC4058768.
  • Opyrchal M, Salisbury JL, Zhang S, et al. Aurora-A mitotic kinase induces endocrine resistance through down-regulation of ERα expression in initially ERα+ breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96995. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096995. PMID: 24816249; PMCID: PMC4016211.
  • Turner N, Pearson A, Sharpe R, et al. FGFR1 amplification drives endocrine therapy resistance and is a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70(5):2085–2094. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3746. PMID: 20179196. PMCID: PMC2832818.
  • Ogata R, Kishino E, Saitoh W, Koike Y, Kurebayashi J. Resistance to cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors confers cross-resistance to other CDK inhibitors but not to chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer. 2020. PMID: 32860163. doi:10.1007/s12282-020-01150-8.
  • Robert NJ, Vogel CL, Henderson IC, et al. The role of the liposomal anthracyclines and other systemic therapies in the management of advanced breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(6Suppl 13):106–146. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.09.018 PMID: 15717740.
  • Mauri D, Kamposioras K, Tsali L, et al. Overall survival benefit for weekly vs. three-weekly taxanes regimens in advanced breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36(1):69–74. PMID: 19945225. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.10.006
  • Petrelli F, Di Cosimo S, Lonati V, Barni S. Vinorelbine with capecitabine, an evergreen doublet for advanced breast cancer: a systematic literature review and pooled-analysis of Phase II-III studies. Clin Breast Cancer. 2016;16(5):327–334. PMID: 27282844. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2016.05.002
  • Kaufman PA, Awada A, Twelves C, et al. Phase III open-label randomized study of eribulin mesylate versus capecitabine in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(6):594–601. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.52.4892. PMID: 25605862. PMCID: PMC4463422.
  • Jerusalem G, De Boer RH, Hurvitz S, et al. Everolimus plus exemestane vs everolimus or capecitabine monotherapy for estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: the BOLERO-6 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(10):1367–1374. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2262. PMID: 29862411; PMCID: PMC6233772.
  • Zhao EY, Shen Y, Pleasance E, et al. Homologous recombination deficiency and platinum-based therapy outcomes in advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(24):7521–7530. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1941 PMID: 29246904.
  • Petrelli F, Barni S, Bregni G, de Braud F, Di Cosimo S. Platinum salts in advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;160(3):425–437. PMID: 27770282. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-4025-3
  • Garrone O, Miraglio E, Vandone AM, Vanella P, Lingua D, Merlano MC Eribulin in advanced breast cancer: safety, efficacy and new perspectives. Future Oncol. 2017;(30):2759–2769. doi: 10.2217/fon-2017-0283. PMID: 29219017.