Clinical Utility of CYP2C19 Genotype-Guided Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients at Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events: A Review of Emerging Evidence

References

• Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–e596.31992061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(10):1082–1115. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.51327036918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayoub EJ, Seigerman M, Tuteja S, et al. Trends in platelet adenosine diphosphate P2Y12 receptor inhibitor use and adherence among antiplatelet-naive patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, 20082016. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(7):943–950. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.078329799992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott SA, Sangkuhl K, Stein CM, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2013 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(3):317–323. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.10523698643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mega JL, Simon T, Collet JP, et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: A meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc. 2010;304(16):1821–1830. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Chen W, Xu Y, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and clopidogrel efficacy for acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Circulation. 2017;135(1):21–33. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.02491327806998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms and the response to prasugrel relationship to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical outcomes. Circulation. 2009;119(19):2553–2560. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.85194919414633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallentin L, James S, Storey RF, et al. Effect of CYP2C19 and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on outcomes of treatment with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes: A genetic substudy of the PLATO trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9749):1320–1328. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61274-320801498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein MD, Williams AK, Lee CR, Stouffer GA. Clinical utility of CYP2C19 genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy in patients with an acute coronary syndrome or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(4):647–652. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.31196330760018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein MD, Lee CR, Stouffer GA. Clinical outcomes of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy: existing evidence and future directions. Pharmacogenomics. 2018;19(13):1039–1046. doi:10.2217/pgs-2018-007230028231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Empey PE, Stevenson JM, Tuteja S, et al. Multisite investigation of strategies for the implementation of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018;104(4):664–674. doi:10.1002/cpt.100629280137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke V. Worldwide distribution of cytochrome P450 alleles: a meta-analysis of population-scale sequencing projects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102(4):688–700. doi:10.1002/cpt.69028378927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fricke-Galindo I, Céspedes-Garro C, Rodrigues-Soares F, et al. Interethnic variation of CYP2C19 alleles, “predicted” phenotypes and “measured” metabolic phenotypes across world populations. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016;16(2):113–123. doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.7026503820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PharmVar.org. Pharmacogene variation consortium; [updated 413, 2020; cited 45, 2020]. Available from: https://www.pharmvar.org/gene/CYP2C19. Accessed 45, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Caudle KE, Dunnenberger HM, Freimuth RR, et al. Standardizing terms for clinical pharmacogenetic test results: consensus terms from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC). Genet Med. 2017;19(2):215–223. doi:10.1038/gim.2016.8727441996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibbing D, Koch W, Gebhard D, et al. Cytochrome 2c19*17 allelic variant, platelet aggregation, bleeding events, and stent thrombosis in clopidogrel-treated patients with coronary stent placement. Circulation. 2010;121(4):512–518. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.88519420083681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Tang HL, Hu YF, Xie HG. The gain-of-function variant allele CYP2C19*17: A double-edged sword between thrombosis and bleeding in clopidogrel-treated patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(2):199–206. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04570.x22123356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiroch KA, Sibbing D, Koch W, et al. Protective effect of the CYP2C19*17 polymorphism with increased activation of clopidogrel on cardiovascular events. Am Heart J. 2010;160(3):506–512. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.06.03920826260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JP, Stephens SH, Horenstein RB, et al. The CYP2C19 *17 variant is not independently associated with clopidogrel response. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(9):1640–1646. doi:10.1111/jth.1234223809542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JP, Backman JD, Reny J-L. et al. Pharmacogenomic polygenic response score predicts ischemic events and cardiovascular mortality in clopidogrel-treated patients. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;6(4):203–210. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvz045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorich MJ, Vitry A, Ward MB, Horowitz JD, Mckinnon RA. Prasugrel vs. clopidogrel for cytochrome P450 2C19-genotyped subgroups: integration of the TRITON-TIMI 38 trial data. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(8):1678–1684. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03923.x20492467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varenhorst C, Eriksson N, Johansson Å, et al. Effect of genetic variations on ticagrelor plasma levels and clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(29):1901–1912a. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv11625935875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg MT, Tornio A, Paile-Hyvärinen M, et al. CYP3A4*22 impairs the elimination of ticagrelor, but has no significant effect on the bioactivation of clopidogrel or prasugrel. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019;105(2):448–457. doi:10.1002/cpt.117729998574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes DR, Dehmer GJ, Kaul S, Leifer D, O’Gara PT, Stein CM. ACCF/AHA clopidogrel clinical alert: approaches to the FDA “boxed warning”: A report of the American college of cardiology foundation task force on clinical expert consensus documents and the American heart association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(4):321–341. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.01320633831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Reduced effectiveness of plavix (clopidogrel) in patients who are poor metabolizers of the drug; safety announcement; 2010 3 Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/fda-drug-safety-communication-reduced-effectiveness-plavix-clopidogrel-patients-who-are-poor. Accessed 117, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Annotation of DPWG guideline for clopidogrel and CYP2C19. PharmGKB; [updated 210, 2020; cited 423, 2020]. Available from: https://www.pharmgkb.org/guidelineAnnotation/PA166104956. Accessed 117, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart association task force on practice guidelines and the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions. Circulation. 2011;124(23):574–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2018;53(1):34–78. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezx334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuuti J, Wijns W, Achenbach S, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407–477.31504439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibbing D, Aradi D, Alexopoulos D, et al. Updated expert consensus statement on platelet function and genetic testing for guiding P2Y12 Receptor inhibitor treatment in percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(16):1521–1537. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2019.03.03431202949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts JD, Wells GA, Le May MR, et al. Point-of-care genetic testing for personalisation of antiplatelet treatment (RAPID GENE): A prospective, randomised, proof-of-concept trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9827):1705–1711. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60161-522464343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So DYF, Wells GA, McPherson R, et al. A prospective randomized evaluation of a pharmacogenomic approach to antiplatelet therapy among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the RAPID STEMI study. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016;16(1):71–78. doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.1725850030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koltowski L, Tomaniak M, Aradi D, et al. Optimal antiplatelet pharmacotherapy guided by bedSIDE genetic or functional testing in elective PCI patients: A pilot study: ONSIDE TEST pilot. Cardiol J. 2017;24(3):284–292. doi:10.5603/CJ.a2017.002628281736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam CC, Kwok J, Wong A, et al. Genotyping-guided approach versus the conventional approach in selection of oral P2Y12 receptor blockers in Chinese patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2017;45(1):134–146. doi:10.1177/030006051667719028222641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuteja S, Glick H, Matthai W, et al. Prospective CYP2C19 genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Circ Genomic Precis Med. 2020;13(1):e002640. doi:10.1161/CIRCGEN.119.002640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallari LH, Lee CR, Beitelshees AL, et al. Multisite investigation of outcomes with implementation of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(2):181–191. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2017.07.02229102571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulot JS, Chevalier B, Belle L, et al. Routine CYP2C19 genotyping to adjust thienopyridine treatment after primary PCI for STEMI: results of the GIANT study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(5):621–630. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2020.01.21932139220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin J, Williams AK, Klein MD, et al. Frequency and clinical outcomes of CYP2C19 genotype-guided escalation and de-escalation of antiplatelet therapy in a real-world clinical setting. Genet Med. 2020;22(1):160–169. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0611-131316169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notarangelo FM, Maglietta G, Bevilacqua P, et al. Pharmacogenomic approach to selecting antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the PHARMCLO Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(17):1869–1877. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.02929540324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassens DMF, Vos GJA, Bergmeijer TO, et al. A genotype-guided strategy for oral P2Y12 inhibitors in primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(17):1621–1631. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa190709631479209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira NL, Rihal CS, So DYF, et al. Clopidogrel pharmacogenetics state-of-the-art review and the TAILOR-PCI study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:4. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.007811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen DL, Wang B, Bai J, et al. Clinical value of CYP2C19 genetic testing for guiding the antiplatelet therapy in a Chinese population. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2016;67(3):232–236. doi:10.1097/FJC.000000000000033726727381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Ramos J, Dávila-Fajardo CL, Toledo Frías P, et al. Results of genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy in patients who undergone percutaneous coronary intervention with stent. Int J Cardiol. 2016;225:289–295. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09.08827744205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deiman BALM, Tonino PAL, Kouhestani K, et al. Reduced number of cardiovascular events and increased cost-effectiveness by genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions in the Netherlands. Netherlands Hear J. 2016;24(10):589–599. doi:10.1007/s12471-016-0873-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CR, Sriramoju VB, Cervantes A, et al. Clinical outcomes and sustainability of using CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Genomic Precis Med. 2018;11(4):e002069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AK, Klein MD, Martin J, et al. CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy and 30-day outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Genomic Precis Med. 2019;12(2):e002441. doi:10.1161/CIRCGEN.119.002441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie X, Ma YT, Yang YN, et al. Personalized antiplatelet therapy according to CYP2C19 genotype after percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomized control trial. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(4):3736–3740. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.01423850318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, et al. Israrci ST-segment yükselmesi belirtileri göstermeyen hastalarda Akut KoronerSendromlarin (AKS) tedavi kilavuzlari. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2011;39(SUPP–3):73–128.
   Google Scholar
• Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119–177.28886621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibbing D, Aradi D, Jacobshagen C, et al. Guided de-escalation of antiplatelet treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (TROPICAL-ACS): a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10104):1747–1757. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32155-428855078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira NL. TAILOR PCI: tailored antiplatelet initiation to lessen outcomes due to decreased clopidogrel response after percutaneous coronary intervention. Proceedings of American College of Cardiology Virtual Annual Scientific Session Together With World Congress of Cardiology (ACC 2020/WCC), March 28, 2020. Available from: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/clinical-trials/2020/03/26/19/53/tailor-pci#references-for-article. Accessed April 7, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• TAILOR-PCI: genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy post PCI Misses Mark. American College of Cardiology. Available from: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/03/24/16/41/sat-9am-tailor-pci-clinical-implementation-clopidogrel-pharmacogenetics-acc-2020 . Accessed 47, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):e56e528.30700139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Pan Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (CHANCE) trial one-year outcomes. Circulation. 2015;132(1):40–46. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.01479125957224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(3):215–225. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa180041029766750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344e418. doi:10.1161/STR.000000000000021131662037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda A, Ando H, Asai T, et al. Differential impacts of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms on the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel and ticlopidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(2):229–233. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.26821178986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Albers GW, et al. Ticagrelor versus aspirin in acute stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(1):35–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa160306027160892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackam DG, Spence JD. Antiplatelet therapy in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2019;50(3):773–778. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.02395430626286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough CW, McClure LA, Mitchell BD, et al. CYP2C19 metabolizer status and clopidogrel efficacy in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(6):e001652. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.00165226019129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun W, Li Y, Li J, et al. Variant recurrent risk among stroke patients with different CYP2C19 phenotypes and treated with clopidogrel. Platelets. 2015;26(6):558–562. doi:10.3109/09537104.2014.95304425207801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(1):11–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa121534023803136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhao X, Lin J, et al. Association between CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele status and efficacy of clopidogrel for risk reduction among patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. J Am Med Assoc. 2016;316(1):70–78. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.8662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Zhou Y, Pan Y, et al. Impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism in prognosis of minor stroke or TIA patients with declined eGFR on dual antiplatelet therapy: CHANCE substudy. Pharmacogenomics J. 2018;18(6):713–720. doi:10.1038/s41397-018-0018-429520080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor AR, Ricco JB, de Borst GJ, et al. Editor’s choice management of atherosclerotic carotid and vertebral artery disease: 2017 clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018;55(1):3–81. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.06.02128851594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKevitt FM, Randall MS, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA, Tan KT, Venables GS. The benefits of combined anti-platelet treatment in carotid artery stenting. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29(5):522–527. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.01.01215966092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiz-Rodríguez M, Romero-Palacián D, Villalobos-Vilda C, et al. Influence of CYP2C19 phenotype on the effect of clopidogrel in patients undergoing a percutaneous neurointervention procedure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019;105(3):661–671. doi:10.1002/cpt.106729536505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duconge J, Hernandez-Suarez DF. Potential usefulness of clopidogrel pharmacogenetics in ce rebral endovascular procedures and carotid artery stenting. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(1):11. doi:10.2174/157488471266617022715465428245774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu WY, Zhao T, Xiong XY, et al. Association of CYP2C19 polymorphisms with the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel therapy in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting in Asia. Sci Rep. 2016;6.28442741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong HW, Seo JH, Kim ST, Jung CK, Suh S. Clinical practice guideline for the management of intracranial aneurysms. Neurointervention. 2014;9(2):63. doi:10.5469/neuroint.2014.9.2.6325426300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ge H, Lv X, Ren H, et al. Influence of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on clinical outcomes of intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017;9(10):958–962. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-01263527634953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2160–2236. doi:10.1161/STR.000000000000002424788967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed N, Audebert H, Turc G, et al. Consensus statements and recommendations from the ESO-Karolinska stroke update conference, Stockholm 11–13 November 2018. Eur Stroke J. 2019;4(4):307–317. doi:10.1177/239698731986360631903429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiolillo DJ, Rollini F, Storey RF, et al. International expert consensus on switching platelet P2Y12 receptor-inhibiting therapies. Circulation. 2017;136(20):1955–1975. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.03116429084738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallari LH, Lee CR. A case for genotype-guided de-escalation of antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Future Cardiol. 2019;15(4):251–254. doi:10.2217/fca-2019-001731385522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca L, D’Ascenzo F, Musumeci G, et al. Incidence and outcome of switching of oral platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the SCOPE registry. EuroIntervention. 2017;13(4):459–466. doi:10.4244/EIJ-D-17-0009228374678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuisset T, Deharo P, Quilici J, et al. Benefit of switching dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome: the TOPIC (timing of platelet inhibition after acute coronary syndrome) randomized study. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(41):3070–3078. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx17528510646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahhan AS, Vaduganathan M, Greene SJ, et al. Enrollment of older patients, women, and racial/ethnic minority groups in contemporary acute coronary syndrome clinical trials. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:714. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Kobayashi Y, Tanabe K, Ikari Y. Antithrombotic therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention from the Japanese perspective. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2020;35(1):19–29. doi:10.1007/s12928-019-00633-631845096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes RD, Heizer G, Aronson R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(16):1509–1524. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa181708330883055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiolillo DJ, Capodanno D, Danchin N, et al. Derivation, validation, and prognostic utility of a prediction rule for nonresponse to clopidogrel: the ABCD-GENE score. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(5):606–617. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2020.01.22632139218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar