Antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1 infected pediatric patients: focus on efavirenz

References

• World Health Organization. UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_unaids_global_report_2012_with_annexes_en.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2233–2244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mofenson LM, Cotton MF. The challenges of success: adolescents with perinatal HIV infection. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely M, Kovacs A. Management of antiretroviral therapy in neonates, children, and adolescents. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2004;1(2):97–104.
   Google Scholar
• Tubiana R, Le Chenadec J, Rouzioux C, et al. Factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 despite a maternal viral load. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(4):585–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study. Predictive value of absolute CD4 cell count for disease progression in untreated HIV-1-infected children. AIDS. 2006;20(9):1289–1294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo PE, Raskino C, Fiscus S, et al. Predictive value of quantitative plasma HIV RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte count in HIV-infected infants and children. JAMA. 1998;279(10):756–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady MT, Oleske JM, Williams PL, et al. Declines in mortality rates and changes in causes of death in HIV-1-infected children during the HAART era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(1):86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapogiannis BG, Soe MM, Nesheim SR, et al. Mortality trends in the US Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (1986–2004). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(10):1024–1034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIDSinfo. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in Pediatric HIV infection. 2013. Available from: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Riordan A, Bugembe T. Update on antiretroviral therapy. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94(1):70–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim RJ, Rutstein RM. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on growth, body composition and metabolism in pediatric HIV patients. Paediatr Drugs. 2010;12(3):187–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agwu AL, Fairlie L. Antiretroviral treatment, management challenges and outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Mulder M, Yebra G, Martín L, et al. Drug resistance prevalence and HIV-1 variant characterization in the naive and pretreated HIV-1-infected paediatric population in Madrid, Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(10):2362–2371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher CV, Brundage RC, Fenton T, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of efavirenz and nelfinavir in HIV-infected children participating in an area-under-the-curve controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;83(2):300–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musoke PM, Mudiope P, Barlow-Mosha LN, et al. Growth, immune and viral responses in HIV infected African children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatrics. 2010;10:56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciaranello AL, Chang Y, Margulis AV, et al. Effectiveness of pediatric antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(12):1915–1927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin C, Joly V. Efavirenz for HIV-1 infection in adults: an overview. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;2(5):671–684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ntemgwa ML, d’Aquin Toni T, Brenner BG, Camacho RJ, Wainberg MA. Antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;53(9):3611–3619.
   Google Scholar
• Penazzato M, Giaquinto C. Role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treating HIV-infected children. Drugs. 2011;71(16):2131–2149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PENTA Steering Committee. PENTA 2009 guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in paediatric HIV-1 infection. HIV Med. 2009;10(10):591–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2013. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85321/1/9789241505727_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Arribas JR. Efavirenz: enhancing the gold standard. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14 Suppl 1:6–14.
   Google Scholar
• Vrouenraets SM, Wit FW, Tongeren JV, Lange JM. Efavirenz: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(6):851–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks ED, Perry CM. Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet regimen (Atripla®): a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs. 2010;70(17):2315–2338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzard B, Duvivier C, Zagler C, et al. Phase 2 double-blind, randomized trial of etravirine versus efavirenz in treatment-naive patients. AIDS. 2011;25(18):2249–2258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterholzer D. The role of etravirine in the management of treatment-experienced pediatric patients with HIV. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2013;5:67–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viani R, Dehority W. Profile of etravirine in the treatment of HIV in pediatrics. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2013;4:65–73.
   Google Scholar
• Best BM, Goicoechea M. Efavirenz – still first-line king? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4(7):965–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr SE, Fletcher CV, Spector SA, et al. Combination therapy with efavirenz, nelfinavir, and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 382 Team. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(25):1874–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Technical update on treatment optimization: Use of efavirenz during pregnancy: A public health perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503792_eng.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal ED, Ellenberg JH, Machine E, et al. Association between efavirenz-based compared with nevirapine-based antiretroviral regimens and virological failure in HIV-infected children. JAMA. 2013;309(17):1803–1809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamya MR, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kambugu A, et al. Predictors of long-term viral failure among ugandan children and adults treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(2):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem AH, Fletcher CV, Brundage RC. Pharmacometric characterization of efavirenz developmental pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in HIV-infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(1):136–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaquinto C, Anabwani G, Feiterna-Sperling C, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of nevirapine extended-release tablets in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents: an open-label, multiple dose, cross-over study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. December 30, 2013. [Epub ahead of print.]
   Google Scholar
• Mbuagbaw LC, Irlam JH, Spaulding A, Rutherford GW, Siegfried N. Efavirenz or nevirapine in three-drug combination therapy with two nucleoside-reverse transcriptase inhibitors for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;12:CD004246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leth F, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, et al. Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet. 2004;363(9417):1253–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans D, Menezes C, Mahomed K, et al. Treatment outcomes of HIV-infected adolescents attending public-sector HIV clinics across Gauteng and Mpumalanga, South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(6):892–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Médecins Sans Frontières. Untangling the web of antiretroviral price reductions. 14th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: Médecins Sans Frontières; 2011. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18716en/s18716en.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Squires K, Lazzarin A, Gatell JM, et al. Comparison of once-daily atazanavir with efavirenz, each in combination with fixed-dose zidovudine and lamivudine, as initial therapy for patients infected with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36(5):1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PENPACT-1 (PENTA 9/PACTG 390) Study Team; Babiker A, Castro nee Green H, et al. First-line antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor versus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and switch at higher versus low viral load in HIV-infected children: an open-label, randomised phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(4):273–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo P, Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, et al. Antiretroviral treatment for children with peripartum nevirapine exposure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(16):1510–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violari A, Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, et al. Nevirapine versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for HIV-infected children. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(25):2380–2389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey G, Bhumbra N, Ma JF, Rathore M, Alvarez A. Impact of protease inhibitor substitution with efavirenz in HIV-infected children: results of the first pediatric switch study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):e275–e281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul S, Ji P, Lu M, Nguyen KL, Shangguan T, Grasela D. Bioavailability in healthy adults of efavirenz capsule contents mixed with a small amount of food. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(3):217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintergerst U, Hoffmann F, Jansson A, et al. Antiviral efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in an unselected cohort of HIV-infected children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(6):1336–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirt D, Urien S, Olivier M, et al. Is the recommended dose of efavirenz optimal in young West African human immunodeficiency virus-infected children? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;53(10):4407–4413.
   Google Scholar
• Fillekes Q, Natukunda E, Balungi J, et al. Pediatric underdosing of efavirenz: a pharmacokinetic study in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58(4):392–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutwa PR, Fillekes Q, Malgaz M, et al. Mid-dosing interval efavirenz plasma concentrations in HIV-1-infected children in Rwanda: treatment efficacy, tolerability, adherence, and the influence of CYP2B6 polymorphisms. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(4):400–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr SE, Fletcher CV, Spector SA, et al. Efavirenz liquid formulation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(7):659–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naftalin CM, Chan K, Wong KH, Cheung SW, Chan R, Lee SS. CYP2B6-G516T genotype influences plasma efavirenz concentration in a Hong Kong population, allowing potential individualization of therapy. HIV Med. 2013;15(1):63–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh A, Fletcher CV, Brundage R, et al. Efavirenz pharmacokinetics in HIV-1-infected children are associated with CYP2B6-G516T polymorphism. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(3):280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ståhle L, Moberg L, Svensson J-O, Sönnerborg A. Efavirenz plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients: inter- and intraindividual variability and clinical effects. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26(3):267–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappelhoff BS, van Leth F, Robinson PA, et al. Are adverse events of nevirapine and efavirenz related to plasma concentrations? Antivir Ther. 2005;10(4):489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIlleron HM, Schomaker M, Ren Y, et al. Effects of rifampin-based antituberculosis therapy on plasma efavirenz concentrations in children vary by CYP2B6 genotype. AIDS. 2013;27(12):1933–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet M, Bhatt N, Baudin E, et al. ArticlesNevirapine versus efavirenz for patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(4):303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Molina JA. Safety and tolerance of efavirenz in different antiretroviral regimens: results from a national multicenter prospective study in 1,033 HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials. 2002;3(4):279–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Treisman GJ, Kaplin AI. Neurologic and psychiatric complications of antiretroviral agents. AIDS. 2002;16(9):1201–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenedi CA, Goforth HW. A systematic review of the psychiatric side-effects of efavirenz. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(8):1803–1818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzolini C, Telenti A, Decosterd LA, Greub G, Biollaz J, Buclin T. Efavirenz plasma levels can predict treatment failure and central nervous system side effects in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2001;15(1):71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumaz CR, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Moltó J, et al. Long-term neuropsychiatric disorders on efavirenz-based approaches: quality of life, psychologic issues, and adherence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 38(5):560–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee GM. Quality of life for children and adolescents: impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):273–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukei VJ, Asiimwe A, Maganda A, et al. Safety and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children and adolescents in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(3):274–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontorinis N, Dieterich DT. Toxicity of non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(2):173–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shubber Z, Calmy A, Andrieux-Meyer I, et al. Adverse events associated with nevirapine and efavirenz-based first-line antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2013;27(9):1403–1412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta U, Maartens G. Is it safe to switch between efavirenz and nevirapine in the event of toxicity? Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(11):733–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ramshorst MS, Kekana M, Struthers HE, McIntyre JA, Peters RP. Efavirenz-induced gynecomastia in a prepubertal girl with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case report. BMC Pediatrics. 2013;13(1):1–1.
   Google Scholar
• Jover F, Cuadrado JM, Roig P, Rodríguez M, Andreu L, Merino J. Efavirenz-associated gynecomastia: report of five cases and review of the literature. Breast J. 2004;10(3):244–246.
   Google Scholar
• Meerkotter D. Gynaecomastia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). J Radiol Case Rep. 2010;4(7):34–40.
   Google Scholar
• Bernasconi E, Boubaker K, Junghans C, et al. Abnormalities of body fat distribution in HIV-infected persons treated with antiretroviral drugs: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;31(1):50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caso JA, Prieto J, de M, Casas E, Sanz J. Gynecomastia without lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV-infected men treated with efavirenz. AIDS. 2001;15(11):1447–1448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale SL. From the Food and Drug Administration. JAMA. 1998;280(17):1472.
   Google Scholar
• Ford N, Calmy A. Efavirenz is not a known teratogen. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(9):999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford N, Mofenson L, Kranzer K, et al. Safety of efavirenz in first-trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes from observational cohorts. AIDS. 2010;24(10):1461–1470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouattara EN, Anglaret X, Wong AY, et al. Projecting the clinical benefits and risks of using efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy regimens in women of childbearing age. AIDS. 2012;26(5):625–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The South African Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines 2013. Available from: http://www.sahivsoc.org/upload/documents/Clinical_Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_HIV_AIDS_in_Adults_Adolescents_2010.pdf. 2013:1–14. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Botswana National HIV and AIDS Treatment Guidelines. Available from: wwwaidstar-onecom/sites/default/files/Botswana_2012_taggedpdf. Accessed March 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald F, Penazzato M, Gibb D. Development of antiretroviral resistance in children with HIV in low- and middle-income countries. J Infect Dis. 2013;207 Suppl 2:S85–S92.
   Google Scholar
• Sigaloff KC, Calis JC, Geelen SP, van Vugt M, de Wit TF. HIV-1-resistance-associated mutations after failure of first-line antiretroviral treatment among children in resource-poor regions: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(10):769–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockman S, Shapiro RL, Smeaton LM, et al. Response to antiretroviral therapy after a single, peripartum dose of nevirapine. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):135–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod IJ, Rowley CF, Thior I, et al. Minor resistant variants in nevirapine-exposed infants may predict virologic failure on nevirapine-containing ART. J Clin Virol. 2010;48(3):162–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musiime V, Ssali F, Kayiwa J, et al. Response to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based therapy in HIV-infected children with perinatal exposure to single-dose nevirapine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009;25(10):989–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorthy A, Kuhn L, Coovadia A, et al. Induction therapy with protease-inhibitors modifies the effect of nevirapine resistance on virologic response to nevirapine-based HAART in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(4):514–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford N, Lee J, Andrieux-Meyer I, Calmy A. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine: systematic review with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2011;3:35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vingerhoets J, Tambuyzer L, Azijn H, et al. Resistance profile of etravirine: combined analysis of baseline genotypic and phenotypic data from the randomized, controlled Phase III clinical studies. AIDS. 2010;24(4):503–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras GA, Bell CS, Del Bianco GP, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with resistance-associated mutations to etravirine in a cohort of perinatally HIV-infected children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(10):2344–2348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puthanakit T, Jourdain G, Hongsiriwon S, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in children after failure of first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2010;11(9):565–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teglas JP, Quartier P, Treluyer JM, Burgard M, Gregoire V, Blanche S. Tolerance of efavirenz in children. AIDS. 2001;15(2):241–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhorn C, Hoffmann F, Notheis G, et al. Effect of antiretroviral combination therapies including efavirenz in heavily pretreated HIV-infected children. Eur J Med Res. 2002;7(1):30–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraaij PL, Neubert J, Bergshoeff AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of a NRTI-sparing HAART regimen of efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. Antivir Ther. 2004;9(2):297–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk MB, Notheis G, Schuster T, et al. Effect of first line therapy including efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV-infected children. Eur J Med Res. 2005;10(12):503–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney RE, Rodman J, Hu C, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily regimen of emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz in HIV-infected, therapy-naive children and adolescents: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol P1021. Pediatrics. 2007;120(2):e416–e423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherpbier HJ, Bekker V, Pajkrt D, Jurriaans S, Lange JM, Kuijpers TW. Once-daily highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected children: safety and efficacy of an efavirenz-containing regimen. Pediatrics. 2007;119(3):e705–e715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro M, Some J, Foulongne V, et al. Short-term virological efficacy, immune reconstitution, tolerance, and adherence of once-daily dosing of didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz in HIV-1-infected African children: ANRS 12103 Burkiname. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57 Suppl 1:S44–S49.
   Google Scholar
• Hien H, Meda N, Diagbouga S, et al. 24-Month adherence, tolerance and efficacy of once-a-day antiretroviral therapy with didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz in African HIV-1 infected children: ANRS 12103/12167. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13(2):287–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Nuttall JJC, Egbers C, et al. High prevalence of subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of efavirenz in children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(2):133–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viljoen M, Gous H, Kruger HS, Riddick A, Meyers TM, Rheeders M. Efavirenz plasma concentrations at 1, 3, and 6 months post-antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV type 1-infected South African children. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;26(6):613–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cressey TR, Aurpibul L, Narkbunnam T, et al. Pharmacological assessment of efavirenz weight-band dosing recommendations in HIV-infected Thai children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(1):e27–e29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar