Therapeutic Advances in Obesity: How Real-World Evidence Impacts Affordability Beyond Standard of Care

References

• NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027–1050. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309(1):71–82. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.113905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju S, Wormser D, et al.; Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):776–786. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskaran K, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3·6 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(12):944–953. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30288-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgen CS, Haase CL, Oral TK, Schnecke V, Varbo A, Borlaug BA. Obesity, cardiorenal comorbidities, and risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023;98(10):1458–1468. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramezankhani A, Azizi F, Hasheminia M, Hadaegh F. The impact of general and central obesity for all-cause hospitalization among Iranian adults: a 20 year follow-up-results from the TLGS cohort. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):903. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15851-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han E, Truesdale KP, Taber DR, Cai J, Juhaeri J, Stevens J. Impact of overweight and obesity on hospitalization: race and gender differences. Int J Obes Lond. 2009;33(2):249–256. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliore E, Pagano E, Mirabelli D, et al. Hospitalization rates and cost in severe or complicated obesity: an Italian cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:544. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biener A, Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The high and rising costs of obesity to the US health care system. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(Suppl 1):6–8. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3968-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Long MW, Gortmaker SL. Association of body mass index with health care expenditures in the United States by age and sex. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0247307. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effertz T, Engel S, Verheyen F, Linder R. The costs and consequences of obesity in Germany: a new approach from a prevalence and life-cycle perspective. Eur J Health Econ. 2016;17(9):1141–1158. doi:10.1007/s10198-015-0751-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira EA, Mendonça CR, Delpino FM, et al. Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity and obesity in adults and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;50:63–73. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Rutten-Ramos S, VanWormer JJ. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(9):1447–1463. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess E, Hassmén P, Welvaert M, Pumpa KL. Behavioural treatment strategies improve adherence to lifestyle intervention programmes in adults with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Obes. 2017;7(2):105–114. doi:10.1111/cob.12180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(25):2392–2404. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado AM, Guimarães NS, Bocardi VB, et al. Understanding weight regain after a nutritional weight loss intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;49:138–153. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann-Boyce J, Theodoulou A, Oke JL, et al. Long-term effect of weight regain following behavioral weight management programs on cardiometabolic disease incidence and risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2023;16(4):e009348. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.122.009348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaz H, Khan MS, Siddiqi TJ, et al. Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(7):e183788. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Mol Metab. 2022;57:101351. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell JE, Drucker DJ. Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action. Cell Metab. 2013;17(6):819–837. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ussher JR, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: cardiovascular benefits and mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20(7):463–474. doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00849-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammoud R, Drucker DJ. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19(4):201–216. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00783-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):740–756. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsapas A, Avgerinos I, Karagiannis T, et al. Comparative effectiveness of glucose-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(4):278–286. doi:10.7326/M20-0864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116–2124. doi:10.1111/dom.14451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patoulias D, Popovic DS, Stoian AP, Janez A, Sahebkar A, Rizzo M. Effect of semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head, Phase 3, randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications. 2023;37(8):108529. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao H, Zhang A, Li D, et al. Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2024;384:e076410. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi Q, Nong K, Vandvik PO, et al. Benefits and harms of drug treatment for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2023;381:e074068. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074068
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin W, Yang J, Deng C, Ruan Q, Duan K. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight loss in overweight or obese adults without diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the 2-year STEP 5 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(3):911–923. doi:10.1111/dom.15386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith I, Hardy E, Mitchell S, Batson S. Semaglutide 2.4 Mg for the management of overweight and obesity: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:3961–3987. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S392952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alabduljabbar K, Alsaqaaby M, Neff KJ, Crotty M, le Roux CW. Weight loss response in patients with obesity treated with injectable semaglutide in a real-world setting. Endocrine. 2024;83(2):392–398. doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03534-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruseva A, Michalak W, Zhao Z, Fabricatore A, Hartaigh BÓ, Umashanker D. Semaglutide 2.4 mg clinical outcomes in patients with obesity or overweight in a real-world setting: a 6-month retrospective study in the United States (SCOPE). Obes Sci Pract. 2024;10(1):e737. doi:10.1002/osp4.737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzullo P, Daffara T, Mele C, et al. Real-world evaluation of weekly subcutaneous treatment with semaglutide in a cohort of Italian diabetic patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(8):1587–1598. doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01799-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thewjitcharoen Y, Yenseung N, Butadej S, et al. Real-world use of once-weekly semaglutide in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a private hospital setting. J ASEAN Fed EndocrSoc. 2023;38(1):21–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Loreto C, Minarelli V, Nasini G, Norgiolini R, Del Sindaco P. Effectiveness in real world of once weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes: glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist naïve or switchers from other glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists: results from a retrospective observational study in Umbria. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13(3):551–567. doi:10.1007/s13300-022-01218-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghusn W, Fansa S, Anazco D, et al. Weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk outcomes of semaglutide: a one-year multicentered study. Int J Obes Lond. 2024;48:662–667. doi:10.1038/s41366-023-01456-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg SK, Kaur G, Haider Z, Rodriquez E, Beatson C, Snell-Bergeon J. Efficacy of semaglutide in overweight and obese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2024;26(3):184–189. doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221–2232. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhu H, Xu W, Olivieri AV, Lübker C, Smith I, Antavalis V. Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg injection is cost-effective for weight management in the United Kingdom. Adv Ther. 2023;40(3):1282–1291. doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02423-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez Lumbreras A, Tan MS, Villa-Zapata L, Ilham S, Earl JC, Malone DC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of five anti-obesity medications from a US payer’s perspective. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;33(6):1268–1276. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim N, Wang J, Burudpakdee C, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of semaglutide 2.4 mg for the treatment of adult patients with overweight and obesity in the United States. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2022;28(7):740–752. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.7.740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Zheng SL, Ye XL, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of 4 GLP-1RAs in the treatment of obesity in a US setting. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(3):152. doi:10.21037/atm-22-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Lauren BN, Zhan T, et al. The cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity. Obes Sci Pract. 2019;6(2):162–170. doi:10.1002/osp4.390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudzune KA, Kushner RF. Medications for Obesity: a Review. JAMA. 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.10816
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, Aronne LJ, Caterson ID, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity: a post hoc analysis from SCALE randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(3):734–739. doi:10.1111/dom.13125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari HUH, Qazi SU, Sajid F, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on body weight and cardiometabolic parameters in individuals with obesity and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2024;30(2):160–171. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Q, Xue Y, Zou H, Ruan Z, Ung COL, Hu H. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide for obesity and people who are overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(12):1461–1469. doi:10.1080/17512433.2022.2130760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal J, Wu HX, Hu N, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on body weight in adults with obesity without diabetes mellitus-a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Obes Rev. 2022;23(6):e13435. doi:10.1111/obr.13435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad NN, Robinson S, Kennedy-Martin T, Poon JL, Kan H. Clinical outcomes associated with anti-obesity medications in real-world practice: a systematic literature review. Obes Rev. 2021;22(11):e13326. doi:10.1111/obr.13326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbie LJ, Coelho C, Mgaieth F, et al. Liraglutide 3.0 mg in the treatment of adults with obesity and prediabetes using real-world UK data: a clinical evaluation of a multi-ethnic population. Clin Obes. 2024;14. doi:10.1111/cob.12649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmington R, Ardavani A, Simenacz A, Green C, Idris I. Liraglutide 3.0 mg (Saxenda©) for weight loss and remission of pre-diabetes. real-world clinical evaluation of effectiveness among patients awaiting bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2024;34(1):286–289. doi:10.1007/s11695-023-06895-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal-Perek S, Shani M, Schonmann Y. Effectiveness and persistence of anti-obesity medications (liraglutide 3 mg, lorcaserin, and orlistat) in a real-world primary care setting. Fam Pract. 2023;40(5–6):629–637. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmac141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grannell A, Al-Najim W, le Roux C. Long-term weight outcomes in patients treated with liraglutide 3.0 mg in real-world clinical practice. Clin Obes. 2024;14(1):e12622. doi:10.1111/cob.12622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinciguerra F, Di Stefano C, Baratta R, et al. Efficacy of high-dose liraglutide 3.0 mg in patients with poor response to bariatric surgery: real-world experience and updated meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2024;34(2):303–309. doi:10.1007/s11695-023-07053-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azuri J, Hammerman A, Aboalhasan E, Sluckis B, Arbel R. Liraglutide versus semaglutide for weight reduction-a cost needed to treat analysis. Obesity. 2023;31(6):1510–1513. doi:10.1002/oby.23752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans M, Berry S, Malkin SJP, Hunt B, Sharma A. Evaluating the long-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly semaglutide 1 mg versus liraglutide 1.8 mg: a health economic analysis in the UK. Diabetes Ther. 2023;14(6):1005–1021. doi:10.1007/s13300-023-01408-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilke T, Mueller S, Fuchs A, Kaltoft MS, Kipper S, Cel M. Diabetes-related effectiveness and cost of liraglutide or insulin in German patients with type 2 diabetes: a 5-year retrospective claims analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(10):2357–2370. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00903-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen P, Chubb B, Hunt B, Malkin SJP, Sandberg A, Capehorn M. Evaluating the long-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the UK. Adv Ther. 2020;37(5):2427–2441. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01337-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain SC, Hansen BB, Malkin SJP, et al. Oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin, sitagliptin and liraglutide in the UK: long-term cost-effectiveness analyses based on the PIONEER clinical trial programme. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(1):259–277. doi:10.1007/s13300-019-00736-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gæde P, Johansen P, Tikkanen CK, Pollock RF, Hunt B, Malkin SJP. Management of patients with type 2 diabetes with once-weekly semaglutide versus dulaglutide, exenatide ER, liraglutide and lixisenatide: a cost-effectiveness analysis in the Danish setting. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(4):1297–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2022;65(12):1925–1966. doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05787-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagiannis T, Avgerinos I, Liakos A, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes with the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2022;65(8):1251–1261. doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05715-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–216. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan XH, Tan B, Chin YH, et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and other weight loss drugs in overweight and obesity: a network meta-analysis. Obesity. 2024;32(5):840–856. doi:10.1002/oby.24002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal M, Alhashemi M, Dsouza C, et al. Semaglutide and tirzepatide for the management of weight recurrence after sleeve gastrectomy: a retrospective cohort study. Obes Surg. 2024;34(4):1324–1332. doi:10.1007/s11695-024-07137-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez PJ, Goodwin Cartwright BM, Gratzl S, et al. Semaglutide vs tirzepatide for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2024. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2525
   Google Scholar
• Buckley A, Suliman S, Allum M, et al. Real world use of tirzepatide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in an Arab population. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(8):3381–3391. doi:10.1111/dom.15680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Sato T, Tanaka M, et al. Tirzepatide ameliorates eating behaviors regardless of prior exposure to glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 2024;38(7):108779. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patoulias D, Karakasis P, El-Tanani M, Rizzo M. Can tirzepatide untie the Gordian knot of eating disorders among individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity? J Diabetes Complications. 2024;38:108812. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuri J, Hammerman A, Aboalhasan E, Sluckis B, Arbel R. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide for weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a value for money analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(4):961–964. doi:10.1111/dom.14940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, McAdam Marx C. Short-term cost-effectiveness analysis of tirzepatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the United States. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2023;29(3):276–284. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knop FK, Aroda VR, Do Vale RD, et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10403):705–719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01185-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharton S, Blevins T, Connery L, et al. Daily oral GLP-1 receptor agonist orforglipron for adults with obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(10):877–888. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2302392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau DCW, Erichsen L, Francisco AM, et al. Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2160–2172. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01751-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Steen O, Lucas KJ, Startseva E, Unseld A, Hennige AM. Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12(3):162–173. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00356-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. Triple–hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity — a phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514–526. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Coleman LA, Miller R, et al. Effect of bimagrumab vs placebo on body fat mass among adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(1):e2033457. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson K, Sloan CE, Bessesen DH, Arterburn D. Effectiveness and safety of drugs for obesity. BMJ. 2024;384:e072686. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072686
   PubMedGoogle Scholar