Osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: what do we know, and what we can do?

References

• RodbardHWBlondeLBraithwaiteSSAmerican Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitusEndocr Pract20071316817613449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RoglicGUnwinNBennettPHThe burden of mortality attributable to diabetesDiabetes Care20052892130213516123478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HadjidakisDMylonakisASfakianakisMRaptisARaptisSDiabetes and premature menopause: is their co-existence detrimental to the skeleton?Eur J Endocrinol2005152343744215757861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReyesBMorenoOPrevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal womenAten Primaria2005357342347 Spanish15871793
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CooperCMeltonL3rdEpidemiology of osteoporosisTrends Endocrinol Metab19923622422918407104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NewSBone health: the role of micronutrientsBr Med Bull199955361963310746351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeinemannDOsteoporosis. An overview of the National Osteoporosis Foundation clinical practice guideGeriatrics2000555313610826263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalkeldGCameronICummingRQuality of life related to fear of falling and hip fracture in older women: a time trade off studyBMJ2000320723134134610657327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BabbarRHandaALoCBone health of immigrant Chinese women living in New York CityJ Community Health200631172316482763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PollitzerWSAndersonJJEthnic and genetic differences in bone mass: a review with a hereditary vs environmental perspectiveAm J Clin Nutr1989506124412592688394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SilvermanSLMadisonREDecreased incidence of hip fracture in Hispanics, Asians, and blacks: California Hospital Discharge DataAm J Public Health19887811148214833177728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossPDNorimatsuHDavisJWA comparison of hip fracture incidence among native Japanese, Japanese Americans, and American CaucasiansAm J Epidemiol199113388018092021147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SirisESChenYTAbbottTABone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fracturesArch Intern Med2004164101108111215159268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SirisEMillerPBarrett-ConnorEAbbottTSherwoodLBergerMDesign of NORA, the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Program: a longitudinal US registry of postmenopausal womenOsteoporos Int19988S62699682801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SirisESMillerPDBarrett-ConnorEIdentification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal womenJAMA2001286222815282211735756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LettgenBHauffaBMöhlmannCJekenCReinersCBone mineral density in children and adolescents with juvenile diabetes: selective measurement of bone mineral density of trabecular and cortical bone using peripheral quantitative computed tomographyHorm Res19954351731757782045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GunczlerPLanesRPaz-MartinezVDecreased lumbar spine bone mass and low bone turnover in children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus followed longitudinallyJ Pediatr Endocrinol Metab199811341341911517957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ErsoyBGökenDDarcanSMaviEÖztürkCEvaluation of bone mineral density in children with diabetes mellitusIndian J Pediatr199966337537910798085
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HoughFAlterations of bone and mineral metabolism in diabetes mellitus. II: Clinical studies in 206 patients with type I diabetes mellitusSAMJ S Afr Med J1987722120126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeonMLarroderaLLledoGHawkinsFStudy of bone loss in diabetes mellitus type 1Diabetes Res Clin Pract1989632372422785908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WiskePWentworthSNortonJJrEpsteinSJohnstonCJrEvaluation of bone mass and growth in young diabeticsMetabolism19823188488546980356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AuwerxJDequekerJBouillonRGeusensPNijsJMineral metabolism and bone mass at peripheral and axial skeleton in diabetes mellitusDiabetes19883718123335279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForstTBeyerJPfütznerAPeripheral osteopenia in adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusDiabet Med199512108748798846677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NevittMJohnellOBlackDEnsrudKGenantHCummingsSBone mineral density predicts non-spine fractures in very elderly womenOsteoporos Int1994463253317696827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeltonL3rdAtkinsonEO’FallonWWahnerHRiggsBLong-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sitesJ Bone Miner Res1993810122712338256660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FelsonDTZhangYHannanMTAndersonJJEffects of weight and body mass index on bone mineral density in men and women: the Framingham studyJ Bone Miner Res1993855675738511983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThomasTBurgueraBMeltonLJRole of serum leptin, insulin, and estrogen levels as potential mediators of the relationship between fat mass and bone mineral density in men versus womenBone200129211412011502471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WakasugiMWakaoRTawataMGanNKoizumiKOnayaTBone mineral density measured by dual energy X–ray absorptiometry in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusBone199314129338442999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReidIEvansMCooperGAmesRWStapletonJCirculating insulin levels are related to bone density in normal postmenopausal womenAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab19932654E655659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PaulRBaileyAGlycation of collagen: the basis of its central role in the late complications of ageing and diabetesInt J Biochem Cell Biol19962812129713109022289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YamagishiSNakamuraKInoueHPossible participation of advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in diabetic patientsMed Hypotheses20056561013101516146671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlikhaniMAlikhaniZBoydCAdvanced glycation end products stimulate osteoblast apoptosis via the MAP kinase and cytosolic apoptotic pathwaysBone200740234535317064973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GregorioFCristalliniSSanteusanioFFilipponiPFumelliPOsteopenia associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: what are the causes?Diabetes Res Clin Pract199423143548013262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaskinPStevensonMRMBarillaDEPakCYCThe hypercalciuria of diabetes mellitus: its amelioration with insulinClin Endocrinol (Oxf)197894329335214258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IshidaHSeinoYMatsukuraSDiabetic osteopenia and circulating levels of vitamin D metabolites in type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetesMetabolism19853497978014033421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PittasAGLauJHuFBDawson-HughesBThe role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20079262017202917389701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WientroubSEisenbergDTardimanRWeissmanSSalamaRIs diabetic osteoporosis due to microangiopathy?Lancet1980282019836107626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VogtMTCauleyJAKullerLHNevittMCBone mineral density and blood flow to the lower extremities: the study of osteoporotic fracturesJ Bone Miner Res19971222832899041062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PiepkornBKannPForstTAndreasJPfutznerABeyerJBone mineral density and bone metabolism in diabetes mellitusHorm Metab Res199729115845919479561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidig-BrucknerGZieglerRDiabetes mellitus: a risk for osteoporosis?Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes2001109493514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzADiabetes mellitus: does it affect bone?Calcif Tissue Int200373651551914517715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThrailkillKLumpkinCJrBunnRKempSFowlkesJIs insulin an anabolic agent in bone? Dissecting the diabetic bone for cluesAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab20052895E73574516215165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LevinMBoisseauVAvioliLEffects of diabetes mellitus on bone mass in juvenile and adult-onset diabetesN Engl J Med197629452412451244549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuzukiKSugimotoCTakizawaMCorrelations between bone mineral density and circulating bone metabolic markers in diabetic patientsDiabetes Res Clin Pract200048318519110802157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbrightFReifensteinEBone development in diabetic children: a roentgen studyAm J Med Sci1948174313319
   Google Scholar
• KaoWHKammererCSchneiderJBauerRMitchellBType 2 diabetes is associated with increased bone mineral density in Mexican-American womenArch Med Res200334539940614602507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KayathMDibSVieiraJPrevalence and magnitude of osteopenia associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusJ Diabetes Complicat199482971048061353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChristensenJSvendsenOBone mineral in pre and postmenopausal women with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusOsteoporos Int199910430731110692980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsPBraddonJOsteoporosis – diagnosis, treatment and managementAust Fam Physician200433311112015054973
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZylstraRPorterLShapiroJPraterCPrevalence of osteoporosis in community-dwelling individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilitiesJ Am Med Dir Assoc20089210911318261703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BonjourJChevalleyTRizzoliRFerrariSGene-environment interactions in the skeletal response to nutrition and exercise during growthMed Sport Sci200751(R)648017505120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HenryYFatayerjiDEastellRAttainment of peak bone mass at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and radius in men and women: relative contributions of bone size and volumetric bone mineral densityOsteoporos Int200415426327314985946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeaverCThe role of nutrition on optimizing peak bone massAsia Pac J Clin Nutr200817Suppl 113513718296321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GenantHKCooperCPoorGInterim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for OsteoporosisOsteoporos Int199910425926410692972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CummingsSBatesDBlackDClinical use of bone densitometry: scientific reviewJAMA2002288151889189712377088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossPDDavisJWEpsteinRSWasnichRDPre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in womenAnn Intern Med1991114119199232024857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackDMArdenNKPalermoLPearsonJCummingsSRPrevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fracturesJ Bone Miner Res199914582182810320531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KlotzbuecherCMRossPDLandsmanPBAbbottTA3rdBergerMPatients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesisJ Bone Miner Res200015472173910780864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurgerHDe LaetCWeelAHofmanAPolsHAdded value of bone mineral density in hip fracture risk scoresBone199925336937410495142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FowkesFAetiology of peripheral atherosclerosisBMJ198929866714052495042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SlemendaCWHuiSLLongcopeCJohnstonCCJrCigarette smoking, obesity, and bone massJ Bone Miner Res1989457377412816518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortego-CentenoNMunoz-TorresMHernandez-QueroJJurado-DuceAde la Higuera Torres-PucholJBone mineral density, sex steroids, and mineral metabolism in premenopausal smokersCalcif Tissue Int19945564034077895176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NutiRMartiniGMeasurements of bone mineral density by DXA total body absorptiometry in different skeletal sites in postmenopausal osteoporosisBone19921321731781576014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StaaTPLeufkensHCooperCThe epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysisOsteoporos Int2002131077778712378366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CummingsSRNevittMCBrownerWSRisk factors for hip fracture in white womenN Engl J Med1995332127677747862179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dargent-MolinaPSchottAHansDSeparate and combined value of bone mass and gait speed measurements in screening for hip fracture risk: results from the EPIDOS studyOsteoporos Int19999218819210367048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GarneroPHausherrEChapuyMCMarkers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Prospective StudyJ Bone Miner Res19961110153115388889854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CummingsSRBrownerWSBauerDEndogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older womenN Engl J Med1998339117337389731089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicholsGAGlauberHSBrownJBType 2 diabetes: incremental medical care costs during the 8 years preceding diagnosisDiabetes Care200023111654165911092288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArredondoAZúnigaAEconomic consequences of epidemiological changes in diabetes in middle-income countriesDiabetes Care200427110410914693974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeinoYIshidaHDiabetic osteopenia: pathophysiology and clinical aspectsDiabetes Metab Rev199511121357600905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNairPBone mineral metabolism in human type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitusDan Med Bull19883521091213282809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeinstockRGolandRShaneEClemensTLindsayRBilezikianJBone mineral density in women with type II diabetes mellitusJ Bone Miner Res198941971012718784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IsaiaGBodratoLCarlevattoVMussettaMSalamanoGMolinattiGOsteoporosis in type II diabetesActa Diabetol1987244305310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-ConnorEHolbrookTSex differences in osteoporosis in older adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusJAMA199226823333333371453525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IshidaHSeinoYMatsukuraSIkedaMDiabetic osteopenia and circulating levels of vitamin D metabolites in type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetesMetabolism19853497978014033421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De LeeuwIAbsRBone mass and bone density in maturity-type diabetics measured by the 125I photon-absorption techniqueDiabetes1977261211301135590637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeemaHMeemaSThe relationship of diabetes mellitus and body weight to osteoporosis in elderly femalesCan Med Assoc J19679631321396017698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnstonCJrHuiSLongcopeCBone mass and sex steroid concentrations in postmenopausal Caucasian diabeticsMetabolism19853465445503999976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BauerDBrownerWCauleyJFactors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research GroupAnn Intern Med199311896576658460853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IsaiaGArdissonePDi StefanoMBone metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitusActa Diabetol1999361353810436250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiaccaAFassinaACaviezelFCattaneoACaldirolaGPozzaGBone mineral density in diabetes mellitusBone19889129363259888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuominenJImpivaaraOPuukkaPRönnemaaTBone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care19992271196120010388989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SosaMDominguezMNavarroMBone mineral metabolism is normal in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusJ Diabetes Complicat19961042012058835919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AL-ElqASadat-AliMDiabetes mellitus and male osteoporosis. Is there a relationship?Saudi Med J200627111729173317106551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IzaolaaMEscuderoeEHerreroseVEffects of dietary intake and life style on bone density in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2Ann Nutr Metab20044814114515133318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeutschmannHWegerMWegerWKotankoPDeutschmannMSkrabalFSearch for occult secondary osteoporosis: impact of identified possible risk factors on bone mineral densityJ Intern Med2002252538939712528756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LenchikLRegisterTHsuFAdiponectin as a novel determinant of bone mineral density and visceral fatBone200333464665114555270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van DaelePStolkRBurgerHBone density in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Rotterdam StudyAnn Intern Med199512264094147856988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForsenLMeyerHMidthjellKEdnaTDiabetes mellitus and the incidence of hip fracture: results from the Nord-Trøndelag Health SurveyDiabetologia199942892092510491750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KwonDKimJChungKLeeJKimSLeeHBone mineral density of the spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusJ Obstet Gynaecol Res19962221571628697346
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HeathH3rdMeltonL3rdChuCDiabetes mellitus and risk of skeletal fractureN Engl J Med1980303105675707402221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzASellmeyerDEnsrudKOlder women with diabetes have an increased risk of fracture: a prospective studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2001861323811231974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OttenbacherKOstirGPeekMGoodwinJMarkidesKDiabetes mellitus as a risk factor for hip fracture in Mexican American older adultsJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci20025710M64865312242318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IversRCummingRMitchellPPedutoADiabetes and risk of fractureDiabetes Care20012471198120311423502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicodemusKFolsomAType 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal womenDiabetes Care20012471192119711423501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HampsonGEvansCPetittRBone mineral density, collagen type 1 alpha 1 genotypes and bone turnover in premenopausal women with diabetes mellitusDiabetologia19984111131413209833939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeemanEOsteoporosis in men: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment possibilitiesAm J Med1993955S2228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CenterJNguyenTSchneiderDSambrookPEismanJMortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational studyLancet1999353915687888210093980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacksonSTenenhouseARobertsonLVertebral fracture definition from population-based data: preliminary results from the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (CaMos)Osteoporos Int200011868068711095171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurgerHVan DaelePGrashuisKVertebral deformities and functional impairment in men and womenJ Bone Miner Res19971211521579240738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakizawaMSuzukiKMatsubayashiTIncreased bone resorption may play a crucial role in the occurrence of osteopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: possible involvement of accelerated polyol pathway in its pathogenesisDiabetes Res Clin Pract200882111912618774197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XuLChengMLiuXShanPGaoHBone mineral density and its related factors in elderly male Chinese patients with type 2 diabetesArch Med Res200738225926417227738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BridgesMMoochhalaSBarbourJKellyCInfluence of diabetes on peripheral bone mineral density in men: a controlled studyActa Diabetol2005422828615944841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NoedinBECNeedAGChattertonBEHorowitzMMorrisHAThe relative contributions of age and years since menopause to postmenopausal bone lossJ Clin Endocrinol Metab199070183882294140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HadjidakisDJKokkinakisEPSfakianakisMERaptisSABone density patterns after normal and premature menopauseMaturitas200344427928612697368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiggsBLKhoslaSMeltonLJSex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeletonEndocr Rev200223327930212050121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoghimiNRahimiEDerakhshanSFarhadifarFOsteoporosis in postmenopausal diabetic women; prevalence and related factorsIran J Nucl Med20081622833
   Google Scholar
• Al-MaatouqMAEl-DesoukiMIOthmanSAMattarEHBabayZAAddarMPrevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal females with diabetes mellitusSaudi Med J200425101423142715494815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnaforogluINar-DemirerABascil-TutuncuNErtorerMPrevalence of osteoporosis and factors affecting bone mineral density among postmenopausal Turkish women with type 2 diabetesJ Diabetes Complicat2009231121718413190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrakauerJMcKennaMBudererNRaoDWhitehouseFParfittABone loss and bone turnover in diabetesDiabetes19954477757827789645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OkazakiRTotsukaYHamanoKMetabolic improvement of poorly controlled noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus decreases bone turnoverJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1997829291529209284719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaffnerSBauerRThe association of obesity and glucose and insulin concentrations with bone density in premenopausal and postmenopausal womenMetabolism19934267357388510518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReidIEvansMCooperGAmesRStapletonJCirculating insulin levels are related to bone density in normal postmenopausal womenAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab19932654E655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StolkRVan DaelePPolsHHyperinsulinemia and bone mineral density in an elderly population: the Rotterdam StudyBone19961865455498805995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-ConnorEKritz-SilversteinDDoes hyperinsulinemia preserve bone?Diabetes Care19961912138813928941469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MajimaTKomatsuYYamadaTDecreased bone mineral density at the distal radius, but not at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck, in Japanese type 2 diabetic patientsOsteoporos Int200516890791315558237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AkanumaYNon-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in JapanDiabet Med1996139 Suppl 6S11128894473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YoshinagaHKosakaKHeterogeneous relationship of early insulin response and fasting insulin level with development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in non-diabetic Japanese subjects with or without obesityDiabetes Res Clin Pract199944212913610414932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OzSGuvenGKilicarslanACalikNBeyazitYSozenTEvaluation of bone metabolism and bone mass in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitusJ Natl Med Assoc200698101598160417052049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HawkerGJamalSRidoutRChaseCA clinical prediction rule to identify premenopausal women with low bone massOsteoporos Int200213540040612086351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoAKungADeterminants of peak bone mineral density and bone area in young womenJ Bone Miner Metab200523647047516261454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EspallarguesMSampietro-ColomLEstradaMIdentifying bone-mass-related risk factors for fracture to guide bone densitometry measurements: a systematic review of the literatureOsteoporos Int2001121081182211716183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VestergaardPDiscrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes – a meta-analysisOsteoporos Int200718442744417068657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangMBachrachLVan LoanMHudesMFlegalKCrawfordPThe relative contributions of lean tissue mass and fat mass to bone density in young womenBone200537447448116040285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarreraGBunoutDGattásVde la MazaMLeivaLHirschSA high body mass index protects against femoral neck osteoporosis in healthy elderly subjectsNutrition200420976977115325685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LauderdaleDRathouzPBody mass index in a US national sample of Asian Americans: effects of nativity, years since immigration and socioeconomic statusInt J Obes200024911881194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TorrénsJSkurnickJDavidowAEthnic differences in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in premenopausal or early perimenopausal women without diabetesDiabetes Care200427235436114747213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FordESWilliamsonDFLiuSWeight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adultsAm J Epidemiol199714632142229247005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AsomaningKBertone-JohnsonERNascaPCHoovenFPekowPSThe association between body mass index and osteoporosis in patients referred for a bone mineral density examinationJ Womens Health (Larchmt)20061591028103417125421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HedleyAAOgdenCLJohnsonCLCarrollMDCurtinLRFlegalKMPrevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002JAMA2004291232847285015199035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OkosunISChoiSMatamorosTDeverGObesity is associated with reduced self-rated general health status: evidence from a representative sample of white, black, and Hispanic AmericansPrev Med200132542943611330993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FlegalKMCarrollMDOgdenCLJohnsonCLPrevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000JAMA2002288141723172712365955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaltrusPTLynchJWEverson-RoseSRaghunathanTEKaplanGARace/ethnicity, life-course socioeconomic position, and body weight trajectories over 34 years: the Alameda County StudyAm J Public Health20059591595160116051936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeXZBakerDWBody mass index, physical activity, and the risk of decline in overall health and physical functioning in late middle ageAm J Public Health20049491567157315333316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahnHSWilliamsonDFIs race associated with weight change in US adults after adjustment for income, education, and marital factors?Am J Clin Nutr19915361566S1570S2031489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PaeratakulSLovejoyJRyanDBrayGThe relation of gender, race and socioeconomic status to obesity and obesity comorbidities in a sample of US adultsInt J Obes200226912051210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeoDCTorabiMRRacial/ethnic differences in body mass index, morbidity and attitudes toward obesity among US adultsJ Natl Med Assoc20069881300130816916128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuczmarskiRJFlegalKMCampbellSMJohnsonCLIncreasing prevalence of overweight among US adultsJAMA199427232052118022039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoGChanJWooJSimple anthropometric indexes and cardiovascular risk factors in ChineseInt J Obes199721119951001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillarWJStephensTThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in Britain, Canada, and United StatesAm J Public Health198777138413789235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReederBAAngelALedouxMRabkinSWYoungTKSweetLObesity and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research GroupCMAJ199214611200920191596850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeanMHanTMorrisonCWaist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight managementBMJ199531169981581617613427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HsuYChenCFengFMajor determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) at multiple skeletal sites in ChineseJ Bone Miner Res200419S421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeurenbergPYapMvan StaverenWABody mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groupsInt J Obes1998221211641171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NovotnyRDavisJRossPWasnichRAdiposity and blood pressure in a multiethnic population of women in HawaiiEthn Health1998331671739798115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RosenCJBouxseinMLMechanisms of disease: is osteoporosis the obesity of bone?Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol200621354316932650
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WehrliFWHopkinsJAHwangSNSongHKSnyderPJHaddadJGCross-sectional study of osteopenia with quantitative MR imaging and bone densitometryRadiology2000217252753811058656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RishaugUBirkelandKFalchJVaalerSBone mass in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusScand J Clin Lab Investig19955532572627638560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El MiedanyYEl GaafarySEl BaddiniMOsteoporosis in older adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: is it sex related?Clin Exp Rheumatol199917556156710544839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SahinGBağisSCimenOBOzişikSGülerHErdoğanCLumbar and femoral bone mineral density in type 2 Turkish diabetic patientsActa Medica (Hradec Kralove)200144414114311836850
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SertMTetikerTKirimSSoyupakSCanataroğluAKoçakMType 2 diabetes mellitus and osteopenia: is there an association?Acta Diabetol200340210510812861410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StrotmeyerESCauleyJASchwartzAVDiabetes is associated independently of body composition with BMD and bone volume in older white and black men and women: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition StudyJ Bone Miner Res20041971084109115176990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-CastrillónJDe LuisDMartín-EscuderoJAsensioTdel AmoRIzaolaONon-insulin-dependent diabetes, bone mineral density, and cardiovascular risk factorsJ Diabetes Complicat200418631732115531180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DennisonESyddallHAihie SayerACraigheadSPhillipsDCooperCType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased axial bone density in men and women from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study: evidence for an indirect effect of insulin resistance?Diabetologia200447111963196815565368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossein-NezhadALarijaniBPajouhiMAdibiHType 2 diabetes mellitus and the effects of lifestyle on bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal womenIran J Diabetes Lipid Dis2004311321
   Google Scholar
• De LiefdeIVan der KliftMde LaetCvan DaelePHofmanAPolsHBone mineral density and fracture risk in type-2 diabetes mellitus: the Rotterdam StudyOsteoporos Int200516121713172015940395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GerdhemPIsakssonAÅkessonKObrantKJIncreased bone density and decreased bone turnover, but no evident alteration of fracture susceptibility in elderly women with diabetes mellitusOsteoporos Int200516121506151215824889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SharifiFMoghaddamNAMousavi-NasabNThe effects of type ii diabetes on bone density in menopause womenIran J Diabetes Lipid Dis200552135142 Persian
   Google Scholar
• MaghbooliZHossein-nezhadAKhoshniatMAdibiHMohammadzadehNLarijaniBA study of bone mineral density in diabetes mellitus patientsIran J Public Health20073744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BroussardDMagnusJInfluence of cardiovascular disease risk factors on the relationship between low bone mineral density and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a multiethnic US population of women and men: a cross-sectional studyGend Med20085322923818727989
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-ZaabiKBadrHEMahussainSMohammadMAl-NafisiNBadrHESBone mass density in diabetic women: is there a detrimental effect?Middle East J Age Aging2008521217
   Google Scholar
• HadzibegovicIMiskicBCosicVPrvulovicDBistrovicDIncreased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitusAnn Saudi Med200828210210418398285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HosodaHFukuiMNakayamaIBone mass and bone resorption in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitusMetabolism200857794094518555835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuptaRMohammedAMMojiminiyiOAAleniziEKAbdullaNABone mineral density in premenopausal Arab women with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Clin Densitom2009121545719004653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShanPWuXZhangHBone mineral density and its relationship with body mass index in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mainland ChinaJ Bone Miner Metab200927219019719169767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhouYLiYZhangDWangJYangHPrevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Res Clin Pract201090326126920950884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar