Big Five Personality Traits and Gratitude: The Role of Emotional Intelligence

References

• Emmons RA. An introduction In: Emmons RA, McCullough ME, editors. The Psychology of Gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004:3‒16.
   Google Scholar
• Rusk RD, Vella-Brodrick AV, Waters L. Gratitude or gratefulness? A conceptual review and proposal of the system of appreciative functioning. J Happiness Stud. 2016;17(5):2191‒2212. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9675-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armenta CN, Fritz MM, Lyubomirsky S. Functions of positive emotions: gratitude as a motivator of self-improvement and positive change. Emot Rev. 2016;9(3):183‒190. doi:10.1177/1754073916669596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghababaei N, Błachnio A, Aminikhoo M. The relations of gratitude to religiosity, well-being, and personality. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2018;21(4):408‒417. doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1504904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons RA, McCullough ME. Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(2):377‒389. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon RC. Foreword In: Emmons RA, McCullough ME, editors. The Psychology of Gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004:v‒xii.
   Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty AWA. Gratitude and well-being: a review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(7):890‒905. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ME, Kilpatrick SD, Emmons RA, Larson DB. Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2):249‒266. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.2.249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrocchi N, Couyoumdjian A. The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety: the mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self Identity. 2016;15(2):191‒205. doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1095794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allemand M, Hill PL. Gratitude from early adulthood to old age. J Pers. 2014;84(1):21‒35. doi:10.1111/jopy.12134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Tsang JA. The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;82(1):12‒127. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster DE, Pedersen EJ, Smith A, McCullough ME, Lieberman D. Benefit valuation predicts gratitude. Evol Hum Behav. 2017;38(1):18‒26. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froh JJ, Bono G, Emmons R. Being grateful is beyond good manners: gratitude and motivation to contribute to society among early adolescents. Motiv Emot. 2010;34(2):144‒157. doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9163-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Maltby J, Gillett R, Linley PA, Joseph S. The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: two longitudinal studies. J Res Pers. 2008;42(4):854‒871. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins PC, Woodward K, Stone T, Kolts RL. Gratitude and happiness: development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Soc Behav Pers. 2003;31(5):431‒452. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons RA, Kneezel TT. Giving thanks: spiritual and religious correlates of gratitude. J Psychol Christ. 2005;24(2):140‒148.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins PC, Van Gelder M, Frias A. Furthering the science of gratitude In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2009:437‒445.
   Google Scholar
• Boyatzis RE. The behavioral level of emotional intelligence and its measurement. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1438. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.0143830150958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight JR, Bush HM, Mase WA, Riddell MC, Liu M, Holsinger JW. The impact of emotional intelligence on conditions of trust among leaders at the Kentucky department for public health. Front Public Health. 2015;3:33. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.0003325821778
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Fabio A, Kenny ME. Promoting well-being: the contribution of emotional intelligence. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1182. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.0118227582713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho VS, Guerrero E, Chambel MJ. Emotional intelligence and health students’ well-being: a two-wave study with students of medicine, physiotherapy and nursing. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;63(1):35‒44. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Du T. Associations of emotional intelligence and gratitude with empathy in medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):116. doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02041-432303212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson BL. Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds In: Emmons RA, McCullough ME, editors. The Psychology of Gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004:145‒166.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert NM, Fincham FD, Braithwaite SR, Graham SM, Beach SR. Can prayer increase gratitude? Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2009;1(3):139‒149. doi:10.1037/a0016731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse E, Chancellor J, Ruberton PM, Lyubomirsky S. An upward spiral between gratitude and humility. Soc Psychol Pers Sci. 2014;5(7):805‒814. doi:10.1177/1948550614534700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito T, Washizu N. Gratitude in life-span development: an overview of comparative studies between different age groups. J Behav Sci. 2019;14(2):80‒93.
   Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Joseph S, Maltby J. Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the big five facets. Pers Individ Differ. 2009;46(4):443‒447. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CC, Yeh YC. A higher-order gratitude uniquely predicts subjective well-being: incremental validity above the personality and a single gratitude. Soc Indic Res. 2014;119(2):909‒924. doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0518-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins PC. Gratitude and the Good Life. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Saucier G, Goldberg LR. What is beyond the big five? J Pers. 1998;66:495‒524. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Tsang JA. Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86(2):295‒309. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schueller SM. Personality fit and positive interventions: extraverted and introverted individuals benefit from different happiness increasing strategies. Psychol. 2012;3(12A):1166‒1173. doi:10.4236/psych.2012.312A172
   Google Scholar
• Brislin RW, Lo KD. Culture, personality, and people’s uses of time: key interrelationships In: Hersen M, Thomas JC, editors. Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology. New Jersey, NY: Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2006:44‒64.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson C, Seligman MEP. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Breen WE, Kashdan TB, Lenser ML, Fincham FD. Gratitude and forgiveness: convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings. Pers Individ Differ. 2010;49(8):932‒937. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts BW, Jackson JJ, Fayard JV, Edmonds G, Meints J. Conscientiousness In: Leary MR, Hoyle RH, editors. Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. New York, NY: The Guliford Press; 2009:369‒381.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg N, Duckworth AL, Spinrad TL, Valiente C. Conscientiousness: origins in childhood? Dev Psychol. 2014;50(5):1331‒1349. doi:10.1037/a0030977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett MY, DeSteno D. Gratitude and prosocial behavior. helping when it costs you. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(4):319‒325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neto F. Forgiveness, personality and gratitude. Pers Individ Differ. 2007;43(8):2313‒2323. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LH, Chen MY, Kee YH, Tsai YM. Validation of the gratitude questionnaire (GQ) in Taiwanese undergraduate students. J Happiness Stud. 2009;10(6):655‒664. doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9112-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause N. Religious involvement, gratitude, and change in depressive symptoms over time. Int J Psychol Relig. 2009;19(3):155‒172. doi:10.1080/10508610902880204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amini S, Namdari K, Kooshki HM. The effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on happiness and gratitude of female students. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 2016;2(3):163‒169.
   Google Scholar
• Bono G, Emmons RA, McCullough ME. Gratitude in practice and the practice of gratitude In: Linley PA, Joseph S, editors. Positive Psychology in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Waley & Sons; 2004:464‒481.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer JD, Salovey P. Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Appl Prev Psychol. 1995;4(3):197‒208. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80058-7
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor PJ, Hill A, Kaya M, Martin B. The measurement of emotional intelligence: a critical review of the literature and recommendations for researchers and practitioners. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1116. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0111631191383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhullar N, Schutte NS, Malouff JM. The nature of well-being: the roles of hedonic and eudaimonic processes and trait emotional intelligence. J Psychol. 2013;147(1):1‒16. doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.667016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Bucci O, Guazzini A, Burgassi C, Pesce E. Personality traits and positive resources of workers for sustainable development: is emotional intelligence a mediator for optimism and hope? Sustainability. 2018;10(10):3422. doi:10.3390/su10103422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedler K, Schott M, Meiser T. What mediation analysis can (not) do. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2011;47(6):1231‒1236. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedler K, Harris C, Schott M. Unwarranted inferences from statistical mediation tests – an analysis of articles published in 2015. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2018;75:95‒102. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueredo AJ, Garcia RA, Cabeza de Baca T, Gable JC, Weise D. Revisiting mediation in the social and behavioral sciences. J Methods Meas Soc Sci. 2013;4(1):1‒19. doi:10.2458/v4i1.17761
   Google Scholar
• Winer ES, Cervone D, Bryant J, McKinney C, Liu RT, Nadorff MR. Distinguishing mediational models and analyses in clinical psychology: atemporal associations do not imply causation. J Clin Psychol. 2016;72(9):947‒955. doi:10.1002/jclp.22298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae RR. Emotional intelligence from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality In: Bar-On R, Parker JDA, editors. The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass; 2000:263‒276.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes PN, Salovey P, Straus R. Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Pers Individ Differ. 2003;35(3):641‒658. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00242-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides KV, Pita R, Kokkinaki F. The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. Br J Psychol. 2007;98(2):273‒289. doi:10.1348/000712606X120618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiabi B, Besharat MA. An investigation of the relationship between personality dimensions and emotional intelligence. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:416‒420. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.082
   Google Scholar
• Saklofske DH, Austin EJ, Minski PS. Factor structure and validity of trait emotional intelligence measure. Pers Individ Differ. 2003;34(4):707‒712. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00056-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamorro-Premuzic T, Bennett E, Furnham A. The happy personality: mediational role of trait emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Differ. 2007;42(8):1633‒1639. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon PA, Willani VC, Schermer JA, Petrides KV. Phenotypic and genetic associations between the big five and trait emotional intelligence. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2008;11(5):524‒530. doi:10.1375/twin.11.5.524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tok S, Morali SL. Trait emotional intelligence, the big five personality dimensions and academic success in physical education teacher candidates. Soc Behav Pers Int J. 2009;37(7):921‒932. doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fabio A. Beyond fluid intelligence and personality traits in social support: the role of ability based emotional intelligence. Front Psychol. 2015;6:395. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.0039525904886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L. Beyond fluid intelligence and personality traits in scholastic success: trait emotional intelligence. Learn Individ Differ. 2015;40:121‒126. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusto Landa JM, Martos MP, Lopez-Zafra E. Emotional intelligence and personality traits as predictors of psychological well-being in Spanish undergraduates. Soc Behav Pers. 2010;38(6):783‒793. doi:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.6.783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegling AB, Furnham A, Petrides KV. Trait emotional intelligence and personality: gender-invariant linkages across different measures of the big five. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2014;33(1):57‒67. doi:10.1177/0734282914550385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ven der Zee K, Wabeke R. Is trait-emotional intelligence simply or more than just a trait? Eur J Pers. 2004;18(4):243‒263. doi:10.1002/per.517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Raad B. The trait-coverage of emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Differ. 2005;38(3):673‒687. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atta M, Ather M, Bano M. Emotional intelligence and personality traits among university teachers: relationship and gender differences. Int J Bus Soc Sci. 2013;4(17):253‒259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrides KV, Vernon PA, Schermer JA, Ligthart L, Boomsma DI, Veselka L. Relationships between trait emotional intelligence and the big five in the Netherlands. Pers Individ Differ. 2010;48(8):906‒910. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng Y. Gratitude mediates the effect of emotional intelligence on subjective well-being: a structural equation modeling analysis. J Health Psychol. 2016;23(10):1378‒1386. doi:10.1177/1359105316677295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey L, Extremera N. Positive psychological characteristics and interpersonal forgiveness: identifying the unique contribution of emotional intelligence abilities, big five traits, gratitude and optimism. Pers Individ Differ. 2014;68:199‒204. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilks DC, Neto F, Mavroveli S. Trait emotional intelligence, forgiveness, and gratitude in Cape Verdean and Portuguese students. S Afr J Psychol. 2014;45(1):93‒101. doi:10.1177/0081246314546347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludovino EM. Emotional Intelligence for IT Professionals. Birmingham, UK: Packt Publishing Ltd; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Bobik C, et al. Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. J Soc Psychol. 2001;141(4):523‒536. doi:10.1080/00224540109600569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham A, Petrides KV. Trait emotional intelligence and happiness. Soc Behav Pers. 2003;31(8):815‒824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Positive emotions and emotional intelligence In: Barrett LF, Salovey P, editors. Emotions and Social Behavior. The Wisdom in Feelings: Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:319‒340.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae RR, Costa PT. Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987;52(1):81‒90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadzki B, Strelau J, Szczepaniak P, Śliwińska M. Inwentarz osobowości NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae. Podręcznik do polskiej adaptacji. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Lahey BB. Public health significance of neuroticism. Am Psychol. 2009;64(4):241‒256. doi:10.1037/a0015309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas RE, Diener E, Grob A, Suth EM, Shao L. Cross-cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;79(3):452‒468. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.3.452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa PT, McCrae RR, Dye DA. Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: a revision of the NEO personality inventory. Pers Individ Differ. 1991;12(9):887‒898. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(19)90177-D
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaworowska A, Matczak A. Kwestionariusz Inteligencji Emocjonalnej INTE. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Differ. 1998;25(2):167‒177. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossakowska M, Kwiatek M. Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza do badania Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza do badania wdzięczności GQ-6. Przeglad Psychol. 2014;57:503–514.
   Google Scholar
• Bickel PJ, Freedman DA. Asymptotic normality and the bootstrap in stratified sampling. Ann Stat. 1984;470‒482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravetter F, Wallnau L. Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. California: Wadsworth; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New Jersey, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173‒1182. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegre A, Perez-Escoda N, Lopez-Cassa E. The relationship between trait emotional intelligence and personality. is trait el really anchored within the big five, big two and big one frameworks. Front Psychol. 2019;10(866):1‒9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00866/full
   Google Scholar
• Mathews MA, Green JD. Looking at me, appreciating you: self-focused attention distinguishes between gratitude and indebtedness. Cogn Emot. 2009;24(4):710‒718. doi:10.1080/02699930802650796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Joseph S, Linley PA. Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2007;26(9):1076‒1093. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dusen JP, Tiamiyu MF, Kashdan TB, Elhai JD. Gratitude, depression and PTSD: assessment of structural relationship. Psychiatry Res. 2015;230(3):867‒870. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogg T, Roberts BW. Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to morality. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(6):887‒919. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simão C, Seibt B. Gratitude depends on the relational model of communal sharing. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86158. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.008615824465933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee YH, Tsai YM, Chen LH. Relationships between being traditional and sense of gratitude among Taiwanese high school athletes. Psychol Rep. 2008;102(3):920‒926. doi:10.2466/PR0.102.3.920-926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams DP. The Art and Science of Personality Development. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Kline R, Bankert A, Kraft PM. Personality and prosocial behavior: a multilevel meta-analysis. Political Sci Res Methods. 2017;7(1):125‒142. doi:10.1017/PSRM.2017.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miklikowska M. Psychological underpinnings of democracy: empathy, authoritarianism, self-esteem, interpersonal trust, normative identity style, and openness to experience as predictors of support for democratics values. Pers Individ Differ. 2012;53(5):603‒608. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun P, Liu Z, Guo Q, Fan J. Shyness weakens the agreeableness-prosociality association via social self-efficacy: a moderated-mediation study of Chinese undergraduates. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1084. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0108431139123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant AM, Gino F. A little thanks goes a long way: explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;98(6):946‒955. doi:10.1037/a0017935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AM, Maltby J, Stewart N, Linley PA, Joseph S. A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion. 2008;8(2):281‒290. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-On R. EQ-I Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Callea A, De Rosa D, Ferri G, Lipari F, Costanzi M. Are more intelligent people happier? Emotional intelligence as mediator between need for relatedness, happiness and flourishing. Sustainability. 2019;11(4):1022. doi:10.3390/su11041022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goleman D. Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books; 1998.
   Google Scholar