Risky Decision-Making and Hazard Prediction are Negatively Related and Could Be Assessed Independently Using Driving Footage

References

• European Commision. 2019 Road safety statistics: what is behind the figures?; 2020. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_20_1004. Accessed April 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Horswill MS. Hazard perception in driving. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016;25(6):425–430. doi:10.1177/0963721416663186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Craen S. The X-Factor: A Longitudinal Study of Calibration in Young Novice Drivers. TU Delf University of Technology; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Engström I, Gregersen NP, Hernetkoski K, Keskinen E, Nyberg A Young novice drivers, driver education and training. Report no. 491A. Linköping, Sweden: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kuiken M, Twisk D. Safe Driving and Training Calibration: Literature Review. The Netherlands: SWOW Institute for Road Safety research; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Sayer JR, Devonshire JM, Flannagan CA The effects of secondary tasks on naturalistic driving performance. Report no. UMTRI‐2005‐29. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: The University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna FP, Horswill MS, Alexander JL. Does anticipation training affect drivers’ risk taking? J Exp Psychol Appl. 2006;12(1):1–10. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.12.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetton M, Hill A, Horswill M. The development and validation of a hazard perception test for use in driver licensing. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(5):1749–1770. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deery HA, Love AW. The effect of a moderate dose of alcohol on the traffic hazard perception profile of young drink-drivers. Addiction. 1996;91(6):815–827. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.9168158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull M, Christie R Hazard perception test: the Geelong trial and future development. 1992. In Proceedings of the National Road Safety Seminar, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Horswill MS, McKenna FP. Drivers’ hazard perception ability: situation awareness on the road. In: Banbury S, Tremblay S, editors. A Cognitive Approach to Situation Awareness: Theory and Application. London: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd; 2004:155–175.
   Google Scholar
• Castro C, Padilla JL, Roca J, et al. Development and validation of the Spanish hazard perception test. Traf Inj Prev. 2014;15(8):817–826. doi:10.1080/15389588.2013.879125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventsislavova P, Gugliotta A, Peña-Suarez E, et al. What happens when drivers face hazards on the road? Accid Anal Prev. 2016;91:43–54. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna FP, Crick JL. Experience and expertise in hazard perception. In: Grayson GB, Lester JF, editors. Behavioural Research in Road Safety. UK: PA2038/91.Transport and Road Research Laboratory; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Horswill MS, McKenna FP. The development, validation, and application of a video-based technique for measuring an everyday risk-taking behavior: drivers‘ speed choice. J Appl Psychol. 1999;84(6):977–985. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horswill MS, Hill A, Silapurem L. The development and validation of video-based measures of driver’s following distance and gap acceptance behaviors. Accid Anal Prev. 2020;146:105626. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendasy ME, Hergovich A, Sommer M, Bognar B. Dimensionality and construct validity of a clips-based, objective personality test for the assessment of willingness to take risks in road traffic. Psychol Rep. 2005;97(1):309–320. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.1.309-320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hergovich A, Arendasy M, Sommer M, Bognar B. The Vienna risk-taking test - traffic: a new measure of road traffic risk-taking. J Individ Diffe. 2007;28(4):198–204. doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.4.198
   Google Scholar
• Ba Y, Zhang W, Salvendy G, Cheng AS, Ventsislavova P. Assessments of risky driving: a Go/No-Go simulator driving task to evaluate RDM and associated behavioral patterns. Appl Ergon. 2016;52:265–274. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells P, Tong S, Sexton B, Grayson G, Jones E. Cohort II: A Study of Learner and New Drivers. London: Department of Transport (UK); 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Horswill MS, Hill A, Jackson T. Scores on a new hazard prediction test are associated with both driver experience and crash involvement. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2020;71:89–109. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2020.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botzer A, Musicant O, Mama Y. Relationship between hazard-perception-test scores and proportion of hard-braking events during on-road driving - an investigation using a range of thresholds for hard-braking. Accid Anal Prev. 2019;132:105267. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2019.105267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill A, Horswill MS, Whiting J, Watson O. Computer-based hazard perception test scores are associated with the frequency of heavy braking in everyday driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2019;122:207–214. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall D, Chapman P, Trawley S, et al. Some hazards are more attractive than others: drivers of varying experience respond differently to different types of hazard. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;45:600–609. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan AK, Crundall D. Hazard avoidance in young novice drivers: definitions and a Framework. (Chapter 6). In: Fisher DL, Caird JK, Horrey JKW, Trick L, editors. Handbook of Teen and Novice Drivers: Research, Practice, Policy, and Directions. FL: CRC Press; 2016:61-73. doi:10.1201/9781315374123.
   Google Scholar
• Endsley MR. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Hum Factors. 1995;37(1):32–64. 10.1518/001872095779049543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muela I, Chica A, Garcia-Fernandez P, Castro C. Visual attention in realistic driving situations: attentional capture and hazard prediction. Appl Ergon. 2021;2021(90):103235. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitkin SB, Pablo AL. Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Acad Manage Rev. 1992;17(1):137–153. doi:10.5465/AMR.1992.4279564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armsby P, Boyle AJ, Wright CC. Methods for assessing drivers‘ perception of specific hazards on the road. Accid Anal Prev. 1989;21(1):45–60. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(89)90048-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlen ER, White RP. The big five factors, sensation seeking, and driving anger in the prediction of unsafe driving. Pers Individ Dif. 2006;41(5):903–915. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulleberg P, Rundmo T. Personality, attitudes and risk perception as predictors of risky driving behaviour among young drivers. Saf Sci. 2003;41(5):427–443. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(01)00077-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machin M, Sankey K. Relationships between young drivers’ personality characteristics, risk perceptions, and driving behaviour. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40(2):541–547. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinou E, Panayiou G, Konstantinou N, Loutsiou-Ladd A, Kapardis A. Risky and aggressive driving in young adults: personality matters. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1323–1331. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Mikulincer M, Gillath O. The multidimensional driving style inventory-scale construct and validation. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(3):323–332. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00010-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla JL, Doncel P, Gugliotta A, Castro C. Which drivers are at risk? Factors that determine the profile of the reoffender driver. Accid Anal Prev. 2018;119:237–247. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern-Felsher B, Ramos M, Exley T, Aggarwal S. Development factors in risky driving (Chapter 9). In: Fisher DL, Caird JK, Horrey JKW, Trick L, editors. Handbook of Teen and Novice Drivers: Research, Practice, Policy, and Directions. FL: CRC Press; 2016:107-116. doi:10.1201/97815374123.
   Google Scholar
• Wetton MA, Horswill MS, Hatherly C, Wood JM, Pachana NA, Anstey KJ. The development and validation of two complementary measures of drivers’ hazard perception ability. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(4):1232–1239. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim PC, Sheppard E, Crundall D. A predictive hazard perception paradigm differentiates driving experience cross-culturally. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2014;26:210–217. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventsislavova P, Crundall D, Baguley T, et al. A comparison of hazard perception and hazard prediction tests across China, Spain and the UK. Accid Anal Prev. 2019;122:268–286. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haladyna T. Developing and Validating Multiple-Choice Items. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Castro C, Ventsislavova P, Peña-Suarez E, et al. Proactive listening to a training commentary improves hazard prediction. Saf Sci. 2016;82:144–154. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.09.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugliotta A, Peña-Suárez E, Ventsislavova P, et al. Are situation awareness and decision-making in driving totally conscious processes? Results of a hazard prediction task. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2017;44:168–179. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro C, Padilla JL, Doncel P, et al. How are distractibility and hazard prediction in driving related? Role of driving experience as moderating factor. Appl Ergon. 2019;81:102886. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro C, Muela I, Doncel P, Garcia-Fernandez P. Hazard perception and prediction test for walking, riding a bike and driving a car: “Understanding of the global traffic situation”. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0238605. doi:10.1371/journal.pone
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall D. Hazard prediction discriminates between novice and experienced drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;2016(86):47–58. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregersen NP. Young drivers’ overestimation of their own skill - an experiment on the relation between training strategy and skill. Accid Anal Prev. 1996;28(2):243–250. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(95)00066-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe R, Andrews E, Harris PR, Armitage CJ, McKenna FP, Norman P. Identifying beliefs underlying pre-drivers’ intentions to take risks: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;89:49–56. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.12.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katila A, Keskinen E, Hatakka M, Laapotti S. Does increased confidence among novice drivers imply a decrease in safety? The effects of skid training on slippery road accidents. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(4):543–550. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00060-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horswill MS, Hill A, Silapurem L, Watson MO. A thousand years of crash experience in three hours: an online hazard perception training course for drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2021;152:105969. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrey WJ, Lesch MF, Mitsopoulos-Rubens E, Lee JD. Calibration of skill and judgement in driving: development of a conceptual framework and the implications for road safety. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;76:25–33. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll V, Mackenzie AK, Goodge T, Hill R, Davies R, Crundall D. Creating a hazard-based training and assessment tool for emergency response drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2020;144:105607. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller R. Driver control theory: from task difficulty homeostasis to risk allostasis. (Chapter 2) In: Porter BE, editor. Handbook of Traffic Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2011:13–26. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-01975-8
   Google Scholar
• Patten CJ, Kircher A, Ostlund J, Nilsson L, Svenson O. Driver experience and cognitive workload in different traffic environments. Accid Anal Prev. 2006;38(5):887–894. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde GJS. The theory of risk homeostasis: implications for safety and health. Risk Analysis. 1982;1882(2):209‐258. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01384.x
   Google Scholar
• Wilde GJS. Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents: propositions, deductions and discussion of dissension in recent reactions. Ergonomics. 1988;31(4):441‐468. doi:10.1080/00140138808966691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horswill MS, Hill A, Rodwell D, Larue GS, Bates L, Watson B. A brief and unsupervised online intervention improves performance on a validated test of hazard perception skill used for driver licensing. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2021;78:1130–1136. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledesma RD, Fernando PJ, Trogolo MA, Poo FM, Tosi JD, Castro C. Exploratory factor analysis in transportation research: current practices and recommendations. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2021;78:340–352. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Test Commission (ITC). The ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. 2nd. International Test Commission.; 2017. Available from: www.InTestCom.org.
   Google Scholar
• Madigan R, Romano R. Does the use of a head mounted display increase the success of risk awareness and perception training (RAPT) for drivers? Appl Ergon. 2020;85:103076. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar