699
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Sleep Quality Partially Mediate the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Older Chinese: A Longitudinal Study Across 10 Years

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 785-799 | Published online: 01 Apr 2022

References

  • Moreira PS, Santos N, Castanho T, et al. Longitudinal measurement invariance of memory performance and executive functioning in healthy aging. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0204012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204012
  • Beard JR, Officer A, De Carvalho IA, et al. The World report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing. Lancet. 2016;387(10033):2145–2154. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00516-4
  • Zhang W, Tang F, Chen Y, Silverstein M, Liu S, Dong XQ. Education, activity engagement, and cognitive function in US Chinese older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(S3):S525–S531. doi:10.1111/jgs.15560
  • Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(3):303–308. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
  • Roberts R, Knopman DS. Classification and epidemiology of MCI. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29(4):753–772. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.003
  • Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2016;22(2, Dementia):404–418. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000313
  • Petersen RC. Clinical practice. mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(23):2227–2234. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0910237
  • Xue J, Li J, Liang J, Chen S. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in China: a systematic review. Aging Dis. 2018;9(4):706–715. doi:10.14336/AD.2017.0928
  • Deary IJ, Weiss A, Batty GD. Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: how researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychol Sci Public Interes Suppl. 2010;11(2):53–79. doi:10.1177/1529100610387081
  • Emerson E, Einfeld S, Stancliffe RJ. The mental health of young children with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010;45(5):579–587. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0100-y
  • Chong SA, Subramaniam M, Lee IM, et al. Academic attainment: a predictor of psychiatric disorders? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44(11):999–1004. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0027-3
  • Jansson JA, Eklund M. How the inner world is reflected in relation to perceived ward atmosphere among patients with psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002;37(11):519–526. doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0584-1
  • Der G, Batty GD, Deary IJ. The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Intelligence. 2009;37(6):573–580. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.12.002
  • Koenen KC, Moffitt TE, Roberts AL, et al. Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders: a test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(1):50–57. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030343
  • Upmark M, Lundberg I, Sadigh J, Allebeck P, Bigert C. Psychosocial characteristics in young men as predictors of early disability pension with a psychiatric diagnosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999;34(10):533–540. doi:10.1007/s001270050172
  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM. Show me the child at seven II: Childhood intelligence and later outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2005;46(8):850–858. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01472.x
  • Kunik ME, Champagne L, Harper RG, Chacko RC. Cognitive functioning in elderly depressed patients with and without psychosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1994;9(11):871–874. doi:10.1002/gps.930091103
  • Andersson L, Allebeck P, Gustafsson JE, Gunnell D. Association of IQ scores and school achievement with suicide in a 40-year follow-up of a Swedish cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;118(2):99–105. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01171.x
  • Gunnell D, Harbord R, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Lewis G. Is low IQ associated with an increased risk of developing suicidal thoughts? A cohort study based on an 18-month follow-up of the national psychiatric morbidity survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44(1):34–38. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0404-3
  • Paterniti S, Verdier-Taillefer MH, Dufouil C, Alpérovitch A. Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in elderly people: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181(5):406–410. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.5.406
  • Yaffe K, Blackwell T, Gore R, Sands L, Reus V, Browner WS. Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in nondemented elderly women: a Prospective Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(5):425–430. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.425
  • Riddle M, Potter GG, McQuoid DR, Steffens DC, Beyer JL, Taylor WD. Longitudinal cognitive outcomes of clinical phenotypes of late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25(10):1123–1134. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.03.016
  • Beaujean AA, Parker S, Qiu X. The relationship between cognitive ability and depression: a longitudinal data analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(12):1983–1992. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0668-0
  • David AS, Zammit S, Lewis G, Dalman C, Allebeck P. Impairments in cognition across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders: evidence from a Swedish conscript cohort. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(6):1035–1041. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn028
  • Hammar Å, Årdal G. Cognitive functioning in major depression - A summary. Front Hum Neurosci. 2009;3(SEP). doi:10.3389/neuro.09.026.2009
  • Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, et al. A longitudinal study of Premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(4):354–360. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.354
  • Petkus A, Filoteo J, Schiehser D, Gomez M, Petzinger G. Worse cognitive performance predicts increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a bidirectional analysis. Neuropsychology. 2019;33(1):35–46. doi:10.1037/neu0000498
  • Dufouil C, Fuhrer R, Dartigues JF, Alpérovitch A. Longitudinal analysis of the association between depressive symptomatology and cognitive deterioration. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144(7):634–641. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008974
  • Pålsson K, Jaenson TGT. Plant products used as mosquito repellents in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. Acta Trop. 1999;72(1):39–52. doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00083-7
  • Ballesio A, Lombardo C. Commentary: the relationship between sleep complaints, depression, and executive functions on older adults. Front Psychol. 2016;7(NOV). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01870
  • Rayward A, Duncan M, Brown W, Plotnikoff R, Burton N. A cross-sectional cluster analysis of the combined association of physical activity and sleep with sociodemographic and health characteristics in mid-aged and older adults. Maturitas. 2017;102:56–61. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.05.013
  • Tempesta D, Socci V, De Gennaro L, Ferrara M. Sleep and emotional processing. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;40:183–195. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005
  • Zhi TF, Sun XM, Li SJ, et al. Associations of sleep duration and sleep quality with life satisfaction in elderly Chinese: the mediating role of depression. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;65:211–217. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.03.023
  • Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Heal. 2015;1(1):40–43. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
  • Becker NB, Jesus SND, Viseu JN, Stobäus CD, Guerreiro M, Domingues RB. Depression and quality of life in older adults: mediation effect of sleep quality. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2018;18(1):8. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.10.002
  • Devore EE, Grodstein F, Duffy JF, Stampfer MJ, Czeisler CA, Schernhammer ES. Sleep duration in midlife and later life in relation to cognition. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(6):1073–1081. doi:10.1111/jgs.12790
  • Saint Martin M, Sforza E, Barthélémy JC, Thomas-Anterion C, Roche F. Does subjective sleep affect cognitive function in healthy elderly subjects? The Proof cohort. Sleep Med. 2012;13(9):1146–1152. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.021
  • Bastien CH, Fortier-Brochu É, Rioux I, Ḿelanie L, Daley M, Morin CM. Cognitive performance and sleep quality in the elderly suffering from chronic insomnia: relationship between objective and subjective measures. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54(1):39–49. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00544-5
  • Kronholm E, Sallinen M, Suutama T, Sulkava R, Era P, Partonen T. Self-reported sleep duration and cognitive functioning in the general population. J Sleep Res. 2009;18(4):436–446. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00765.x
  • Lucey BP. It’s complicated: the relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;144:105031. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105031
  • Spira AP, Gamaldo AA, An Y, et al. Self-reported sleep and β-Amyloid deposition in community-dwelling older adults. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(12):1537–1543. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4258
  • Carvalho DZ, St Louis EK, Knopman DS, et al. Association of excessive daytime sleepiness with longitudinal β-Amyloid accumulation in elderly persons without dementia. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(6):672–680. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0049
  • Branger P, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Tomadesso C, et al. Relationships between sleep quality and brain volume, metabolism, and amyloid deposition in late adulthood. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;41:107–114. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.009
  • Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Villemagne VL, et al. The relationship between sleep quality and brain amyloid burden. Sleep. 2016;39(5):1063–1068. doi:10.5665/sleep.5756
  • Sprecher KE, Koscik RL, Carlsson CM, et al. Poor sleep is associated with CSF biomarkers of amyloid pathology in cognitively normal adults. Neurology. 2017;89(5):445–453. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004171
  • Sprecher KE, Bendlin BB, Racine AM, et al. Amyloid burden is associated with self-reported sleep in nondemented late middle-aged adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36(9):2568–2576. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.004
  • Vaou OE, Lin SH, Branson C, Auerbach S. Sleep and dementia. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2018;4(2):134–142. doi:10.1007/s40675-018-0112-9
  • Lim ASP, Kowgier M, Yu L, Buchman AS, Bennett DA. Sleep fragmentation and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline in older persons. Sleep. 2013;36(7):1027–1032. doi:10.5665/sleep.2802
  • Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science (80-). 2013;342(6156):373–377. doi:10.1126/science.1241224
  • Ju YES, Zangrilli MA, Finn MB, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment, slow wave activity, and amyloid-β. Ann Neurol. 2019;85(2):291–295. doi:10.1002/ana.25408
  • Winer JR, Mander BA, Helfrich RF, et al. Sleep as a potential biomarker of tau and -amyloid burden in the human brain. J Neurosci. 2019;39(32):6315–6324. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0503-19.2019
  • Guan Q, Hu X, Ma N, et al. Sleep quality, depression, and cognitive function in non-demented older adults. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2020;76(4):1637–1650. doi:10.3233/JAD-190990
  • Koffel E, Watson D. The two-factor structure of sleep complaints and its relation to depression and anxiety. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118(1):183–194. doi:10.1037/a0013945
  • Komada Y, Nomura T, Kusumi M, et al. Correlations among insomnia symptoms, sleep medication use and depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;65(1):20–29. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02154.x
  • Li Y, Hao Y, Fan F, Zhang B. The role of microbiome in insomnia, circadian disturbance and depression. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:669. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00669
  • Kahn RS, Keefe RSE. Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in focus. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1107–1112. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.155
  • Vargas I, Vgontzas AN, Abelson JL, Faghih RT, Morales KH, Perlis ML. Altered ultradian cortisol rhythmicity as a potential neurobiologic substrate for chronic insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;41:234–243. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.003
  • Holsboer F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;23(5):477–501. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7
  • Qin D, Li Z, Li Z, et al. Chronic glucocorticoid exposure induces depression-like phenotype in rhesus macaque (Macaca Mulatta). Front Neurosci. 2019;13:188. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00188
  • Ellis JG, Perlis ML, Bastien CH, Gardani M, Espie CA. The natural history of insomnia: acute insomnia and first-onset depression. Sleep. 2014;37(1):97–106. doi:10.5665/sleep.3316
  • Perlis ML, Smith LJ, Lyness JM, et al. Insomnia as a risk factor for onset of depression in the elderly. Behav Sleep Med. 2010;4(2):104–113. doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0402_3
  • Riemann D, Krone LB, Wulff K, Nissen C. Sleep, insomnia, and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(1):74–89. doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0411-y
  • Poole L, Jackowska M. The epidemiology of depressive symptoms and poor sleep: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Int J Behav Med. 2017;25(2):151–161.
  • Valdés-Tovar M, Estrada-Reyes R, Solís-Chagoyán H, et al. Circadian modulation of neuroplasticity by melatonin: a target in the treatment of depression. Br J Pharmacol. 2018;175(16):3200–3208. doi:10.1111/bph.14197
  • Willett J, Singer J, Martin N. The design and analysis of longitudinal studies of development and psychopathology in context: statistical models and methodological recommendations. Dev Psychopathol. 1998;10(2):395–426. doi:10.1017/S0954579498001667
  • Murnane RJ, Willett JB. Methods Matter: Improving Causal Inference in Educational and Social Science Research. Oxford University Press; 2011.
  • Mougias A, Christidi F, Synetou M, Kotrotsou I, Valkimadi P, Politis A. Differential effect of demographics, processing speed, and depression on cognitive function in 755 non-demented community-dwelling elderly individuals. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2019;32(4):236–246. doi:10.1097/WNN.0000000000000211
  • Lee S, Kawachi I, Berkman LF, Grodstein F. Education, other socioeconomic indicators, and cognitive function. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(8):712–720. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg042
  • Elwood PC, Gallacher JE, Hopkinson CA, et al. Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 1999;53(1):9–14. doi:10.1136/jech.53.1.9
  • Hendrickx H, McEwen BS, Ouderaa FVD. Metabolism, mood and cognition in aging: the importance of lifestyle and dietary intervention. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26(1):1–5. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.005
  • Evans IEM, Llewellyn DJ, Matthews FE, Woods RT, Brayne C, Clare L. Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in older people with depression and anxiety. Aging Ment Heal. 2019;23(12):1691–1700. doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1506742
  • Stogmann E, Moser D, Klug S, et al. Activities of daily living and depressive symptoms in patients with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2016;49(4):1043–1050. doi:10.3233/JAD-150785
  • Zeng Y. Toward deeper research and better policy for healthy aging - using the unique data of Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey. China Econ J. 2012;5(2–3):131–149. doi:10.1080/17538963.2013.764677
  • Zeng Y. Healthy longevity in China: demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological dimensions. Springer Science+ Business Media BV; 2008:435.
  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
  • Lagona F, Zhang Z. A missing composite covariate in survival analysis: a case study of the chinese longitudinal health and longevity survey. Stat Med. 2010;29(2):248–261. doi:10.1002/sim.3773
  • Zeng Y, Vaupel JW. Association of late childbearing with healthy longevity among the oldest-old in China. Popul Stud (NY). 2004;58(1):37–53. doi:10.1080/0032472032000175437
  • Zeng Y, Chen H, Shi X, et al. Health consequences of familial longevity influence among the Chinese elderly. J Gerontol - Ser a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(4):473–482. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls203
  • Feng Q, Son J, Zeng Y. Prevalence and correlates of successful ageing: a comparative study between China and South Korea. Eur J Ageing. 2014;12(2):83–94.
  • Shen K, Zhang B, Feng Q. Association between tea consumption and depressive symptom among Chinese older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1259-z
  • Nunnally J. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill; 1967.
  • Dereli M, Kahraman T. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of single-item Sleep Quality Scale in healthy adults. Sleep Med. 2021;88:197–203. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.032
  • Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG, McDermott AM, Sadosky AB, Petrie CD, Martin S. Psychometric properties of a single-item scale to assess sleep quality among individuals with fibromyalgia. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-54
  • Snyder E, Cai B, DeMuro C, Morrison MF, Ball W. A new single-item sleep quality scale: results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(11):1849–1857.
  • Atroszko P, Bagińska P, Mokosińska M, Atroszko B. Validity and reliability of single-item self-report measures of general quality of life, general health and sleep quality; 2015.
  • Santini ZI, Jose PE, York Cornwell E, et al. Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5(1):e62–e70. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0
  • Mund M, Nestler S. Beyond the cross-lagged panel model: next-generation statistical tools for analyzing interdependencies across the life course. Adv Life Course Res. 2019;41:100249. doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2018.10.002
  • Hamaker EL, Kuiper RM, Grasman RPPP. A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Methods. 2015;20(1):102–116. doi:10.1037/a0038889
  • Coffman D, MacCallum R. Using parcels to convert path analysis models into latent variable models. Multivariate Behav Res. 2005;40(2):235–259. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4002_4
  • Luo J, Wang MC, Ge Y, Chen W, Xu S. Longitudinal invariance analysis of the short grit scale in Chinese young adults. Front Psychol. 2020;11(2):263–270. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00466
  • Satorra A, Bentler PM. A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika. 2001;66(4):507–514. doi:10.1007/BF02296192
  • Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. Psychol Aging. 2010;25(2):453–463. doi:10.1037/a0017216
  • Muthñn LK, Muthñn BO. Mplus User’s Guide. Seventh. Muthén L, Muthén B, editors. Muthén & Muthén; 2012.
  • Wang J, Wang X. Structural Equation Modeling: Applications Using Mplus. John Wiley; 2019.
  • Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Newsom JT. Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press; 2015.
  • Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9(2):233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Little TD. Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press; 2013.
  • Jorm AF. Is depression a risk factor for dementia or cognitive decline? Gerontology. 2000;46(4):219–227. doi:10.1159/000022163
  • Wang S, Blazer DG. Depression and cognition in the elderly. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:331–360. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112828
  • Plassman BL, Williams JW, Burke JR, Holsinger T, Benjamin S. Systematic review: factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:182–193. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258
  • Sözeri-Varma G. Depression in the elderly: clinical features and risk factors. Aging Dis. 2012;3(6):465.
  • Cano-López I, Aliño M, Duque A, et al. Educational level as a protective factor against the influence of depressive symptoms on cognition in older adults: implications for functional Independence during a 10-year follow-up. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2021;33(8):813–825. doi:10.1017/S1041610221000272
  • Gotlib IH, Joormann J. Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:285–312. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy121208131305
  • Lamis DA, Hirsch JK, Pugh KC, et al. Perceived cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: perceived stress and sleep quality as mediators. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:150–155. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.019
  • Demeyer I, De lissnyder E, Koster EHW, De Raedt R. Rumination mediates the relationship between impaired cognitive control for emotional information and depressive symptoms: a prospective study in remitted depressed adults. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50(5):292–297. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.012
  • Sheline YI, Barch DM, Garcia K, et al. Cognitive function in late life depression: relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60(1):58–65. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.019
  • Landry GJ, Best JR, Liu-Ambrose T. Measuring sleep quality in older adults: a comparison using subjective and objective methods. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7(SEP):166. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00166