Resilience and Prosocial Behavior Among Chinese University Students During COVID-19 Mitigation: Testing Mediation and Moderation Models of Social Support

References

• Abbott A. COVID’s mental-health toll: how scientists are tracking a surge in depression. Nature. 2021;590:194–195. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00175-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckins JF, DaSilva AW, Wang W, et al. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. J Med Internet Re. 2020;22:e20185. doi:10.2196/20185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanbehzadeh S, Tavahomi M, Zanjari N, Ebrahimi-Takamjani I, Amiri-Arimi S. Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: scoping review. J Psychosom Res. 2021;147:110525. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang W, Hu T, Hu B, et al. Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. J Affect Disorders. 2020;274:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89:242–250. doi:10.1159/000507639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong B, Huang Y, Liu Q. Mental health toll from the coronavirus: social media usage reveals Wuhan residents’ depression and secondary trauma in the COVID-19 outbreak. Comput Human Behav. 2021;114:106524. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Lin D, Goldberg S, et al. A mindfulness-based mobile health (mHealth) intervention among psychologically distressed university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled trial. J Couns Psychol. 2022;69:157–171. doi:10.1037/cou0000568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng T. The impact of culture on Chinese young people’s perceptions of family responsibility in Hong Kong, China. Intellect Discourse. 2019;27:131–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhao J, Xi J, et al. The prevalence and determinant of PTSD symptoms among home-quarantined Chinese university students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare. 2021;9:1383. doi:10.3390/healthcare9101383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen FF, Zhu JL, Ye HX, et al. Associations between insecurity and stress among Chinese university students: the mediating effects of hope and self-efficacy. J Affect Disorders. 2021;281:447–453. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noman M, Kaur A, Nafees N. Covid-19 fallout: interplay between stressors and support on academic functioning of Malaysian university students. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021;125:106001. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Wang L, Yang R, et al. Sleep problems among Chinese adolescents and young adults during the coronavirus-2019 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2020;74:39–47. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla J, Singh RM. Psychological health amidst COVID-19: a review of existing literature in the Indian Context. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021;11:100736. doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saputri RAM, Yumarni T, Yumarni T. Social media addiction and mental health among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;1–15. doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00582-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, et al. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:e901–e908. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker PG, Whittaker C, Watson OJ, et al. The impact of COVID-19 and strategies for mitigation and suppression in low-and middle-income countries. Science. 2020;369:413–422. doi:10.1126/science.abc0035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollhardt JR. Altruism born of suffering and prosocial behavior following adverse life events: a review and conceptualization. Soc Justice Res. 2009;22:53–97. doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0088-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner LA, Dovidio JF, Piliavin JA, Schroeder DA. Prosocial behavior: multilevel perspectives. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:365–392. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayment HA. It could have been me: vicarious victims and disaster-focused distress. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004;30:515–528. doi:10.1177/0146167203261892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu A, Wang W, Wu X. Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth mediate the relations between social support, prosocial behavior, and antisocial behavior among adolescents after the Ya’ an earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2021;12(1):1864949. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1864949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, He W, Zhou K. The mind, the heart, and the leader in times of crisis: how and when COVID-19-triggered mortality salience relates to state anxiety, job engagement, and prosocial behavior. J Appl Psychol. 2020;105:1218–1233. doi:10.1037/apl0000620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma MM, Chen D, Lin X, Aknin LB, Hu X. Prosocial behavior promotes positive emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotion. 2022. doi:10.1037/emo0001077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Yao M, Liu H. From social support to adolescents’ subjective well-being: the mediating role of emotion regulation and prosocial behavior and gender difference. Child Indic Res. 2021;14(1):77–93. doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09755-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block J, Kremen AM. IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70:349–361. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım M, Arslan G. Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Curr Psychol. 2020. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Bonanno GA. Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: a resilience perspective. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12:S51–S44. doi:10.1037/tra0000685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Ye B, Yildirim M, Yang Q. Perceived stress and life satisfaction during COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating role of social adaptation and the moderating role of emotional resilience. Psychol Health Med. 2022;1–7. doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2038385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub E, Vollhardt J. Altruism born of suffering: the roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2008;78:267–280. doi:10.1037/a0014223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher D, Sarkar M. Psychological resilience: a review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. Eur Psychol. 2013;18:12–23. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroz EE, Murray LK, Bolton P, Betancourt T, Bass JK. Adolescent resilience in Northern Uganda: the role of social support and prosocial behavior in reducing mental health problems. J Res Adolesc. 2013;23:138–148. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carelli E, Lizzori A, Zanetti MA. Resilience and prosocial behavior in Italian schools. Resilience Sch. 2020;2020:127–140.
   Google Scholar
• You S, Lee J, Lee Y. Relationships between gratitude, social support, and prosocial and problem behaviors. Curr Psychol. 2020;1–8. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00775-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S. Social relationships and health. Am Psychol. 2004;59:676–684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauer VA, Littleton H, Lim S, Sall KE, Siller L, Edwards KM. Fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and social support among college students. J Am Coll Health. 2022;1–8. doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2053689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan G. Social exclusion, social support and psychological wellbeing at school: a study of mediation and moderation effect. Child Indic Res. 2017;11:897–918. doi:10.1007/s12187-017-9451-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll SE, Freedy J, Lane C, Geller P. Conservation of social resources: social support resource theory. J Soc Pers Relat. 1990;7:465–478. doi:10.1177/0265407590074004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer R, Melville F, Steel Z, Lacherez P. Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40:179–187. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01766.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristofferson K, White K, Peloza J. The nature of slacktivism: how the social observability of an initial act of token support affects subsequent prosocial action. J Consum Res. 2014;40:1149–1166. doi:10.1086/674137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, et al. Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and post deployment social support. J Affect Disorders. 2010;120:188–192. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sippel LM, Pietrzak RH, Charney DS, Mayes LC, Southwick SM. How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual? Ecol Soc. 2015;20:10. doi:10.5751/ES-07832-200410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Z, Yang X, Zeng C, et al. Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID-19-related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12:1074–1094. doi:10.1111/aphw.12211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98:310–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktar R, Sugiura Y, Hiraishi K. Associations between acceptance-rejection and adolescents’ prosocial behavior in Japan: the mediating role of sense of authenticity. Child Adolesc Social Work J. 2021. doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00779-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffey AE, Bergeman CS, Clark LA, Wirth MM. Aging and the HPA axis: stress and resilience in older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;68:928–945. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F, Luo S, Mu W, et al. Effects of sources of social support and resilience on the mental health of different age groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:1–14. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03012-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portnoy GA, Relyea MR, Decker S, et al. Understanding gender differences in resilience among veterans: trauma history and social ecology. J Trauma Stress. 2018;31(6):845–855. doi:10.1002/jts.22341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyer KL, Hathaway ED, Doyle K. Gender differences in stress, resilience, and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Health. 2022;1–8. doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2052075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs K, Mota NP, Tsai J, et al. Psychological resilience in US military veterans: a 2-year, nationally representative prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2017;84:301–309. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Graaff J, Carlo G, Crocetti E, Koot HM, Branje S. Prosocial behavior in adolescence: gender differences in development and links with empathy. J Youth Adolesc. 2018;47(5):1086–1099. doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao SX, Hashi EC, Korous KM, Eisenberg N. Gender differences across multiple types of prosocial behavior in adolescence: a meta-analysis of the prosocial tendency measure-revised (PTM-R). J Adolesc. 2019;77:41–58. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry CT, Lui JH, Anderson AC. Adolescent narcissism, aggression, and prosocial behavior: the relevance of socially desirable responding. J Pers Assess. 2017;99(1):46–55. doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1193812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly A. The his and hers of prosocial behavior: an examination of the social psychology of gender. Am Psychol. 2009;64(8):644–658. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.64.8.644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreras M, Vera S, Visconti G. Who does the caring? Gender disparities in COVID-19 attitudes and behaviors. Politics Gend. 2022;1–29. doi:10.1017/S1743923X21000386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Huang P, Li B, Xu W, Li W, Zhou B. The influence of interpersonal relationships on school adaptation among Chinese university students during COVID-19 control period: multiple mediating roles of social support and resilience. J Affect Disord. 2021;285:97–104. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149–1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18:76–82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlo G, Randall BA. The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2002;31:31–44. doi:10.1023/A:1014033032440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Y, Dai X. Development of social support scale for university students. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2008;16:456–458.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Sun J, Sun C, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on career outcome expectations of medical undergraduates in a university in Jilin Province. Med Soc. 2020;33(5):31–35. doi:10.13723/j.yxysh.2020.05.007
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford publications; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF, Montoya AK, Rockwood NJ. The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australas Mark J. 2013;25(1):76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair JF, Black WC, Anderson RE, Babin BJ. Multivariate Data Analysis. 8th ed. London: Cengage Learning EMEA; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Raposa EB, Laws HB, Ansell EB. Prosocial behavior mitigates the negative effects of stress in everyday life. Clin Psychol Sci. 2016;4(4):691–698. doi:10.1177/2167702615611073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z, Qu Y, Li X. Parental collectivism goals and Chinese adolescents’ prosocial behaviors: the mediating role of authoritative parenting. J Youth Adolesc. 2022;51(4):766–779. doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01579-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilks SE, Croom B. Perceived stress and resilience in Alzheimer’s disease caregivers: testing moderation and mediation models of social support. Aging Ment Health. 2018;12:357–365. doi:10.1080/13607860801933323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt MK, Espelage DL. Social support as a moderator between dating violence victimization and depression/anxiety among African American and Caucasian adolescents. School Psych Rev. 2005;34:309–328. doi:10.1080/02796015.2005.12086289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar