Self-Compassion and Authentic-Durable Happiness During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Meaning of Life and the Moderating Role of COVID-19 Burnout

References

• Team EE. Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern. Eur Surveill. 2020;25(5):200131e. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.200131e
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang C, Tee M, Roy AE, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: a study of seven middle-income countries in Asia. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246824. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tee M, Wang C, Tee C, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health in lower and upper middle-income asian countries: a comparison between the Philippines and China. original research. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirhosseini S, Grimwood S, Dadgari A, Basirinezhad MH, Montazeri R, Ebrahimi H. One-year changes in the prevalence and positive psychological correlates of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical science students in northeast of Iran. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(1):e490. doi:10.1002/hsr2.490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang Y, Zhao N. Chinese mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102052. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng D, Wang Z, Xu Y. Challenges and opportunities in mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Psychiatry. 2020;33(5):e100275. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoangelos K, Economou M, Papageorgiou C. Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: a review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investig. 2020;17(6):491–505. doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorsolini-Comin F, Fontaine AMGV, Koller SH, Santos MAD. From authentic happiness to well-being: the flourishing of positive psychology. Psicologia. 2013;26:663–670. doi:10.1590/S0102-79722013000400006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raibley JR. Happiness is not well-being. J Happiness Stud. 2012;13(6):1105–1129. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9309-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark A, Flèche S, Layard R, Powdthavee N, Ward G. The Origins of Happiness. Princeton University Press; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf M. The case for making wellbeing the goal of public policy. Financial Times. 2019;30:1.
   Google Scholar
• Greyling T, Rossouw S, Adhikari T. Happiness-lost: did governments make the right decisions to combat Covid-19? S Afr J Econ. 2020;89(1):25–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım M, Güler A. Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;168:110347. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anik L, Aknin LB, Norton MI, Dunn EW. Feeling Good About Giving: The Benefits (and Costs) of Self-Interested Charitable Behavior. Harvard Business School Marketing Unit Working Paper; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM, Schkade D. Pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change. Rev Gen Psychol. 2005;9(2):111–131. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Huta V, Deci EL. Living well: a self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. J Happiness Stud. 2008;9(1):139–170. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greyling T, Rossouw S, Adhikari T. A tale of three countries: how did Covid-19 lockdown impact happiness? S Afr J Econ. 2020;89(1):25–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dambrun M, Ricard M. Self-centeredness and selflessness: a theory of self-based psychological functioning and its consequences for happiness. Rev Gen Psychol. 2011;15(2):138–157. doi:10.1037/a0023059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton WC. Introduction to Positive Psychology. Thomson Wadsworth; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Yu Y, Li B. Effects of mindfulness and meaning in life on psychological distress in Chinese university students during the COVID-19 epidemic: a chained mediation model. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;53:102211. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syropoulos S, Wu DJ, Burrows B, Mercado E. Psychology doctoral program experiences and student well-being, mental health, and optimism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;12:629205. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff K. Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity. 2003;2(2):85–101. doi:10.1080/15298860390129863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos D, Cebolla A, Quero S, et al. Meditation and happiness: mindfulness and self-compassion may mediate the meditation–happiness relationship. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;93:80–85. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis-Walker L, Colosimo K. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: a theoretical and empirical examination. Pers Individ Dif. 2011;50(2):222–227. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff KD, Bluth K, Tóth-Király I, et al. Development and validation of the self-compassion scale for youth. J Pers Assess. 2021;103(1):92–105. doi:10.1080/00223891.2020.1729774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapira LB, Mongrain M. The benefits of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5(5):377–389. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.516763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Identity. 2003;2(3):223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff KD, Beretvas SN. The role of self-compassion in romantic relationships. Self Identity. 2013;12(1):78–98. doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.639548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff KD, Vonk R. Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: two different ways of relating to oneself. J Pers. 2009;77(1):23–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman ME. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. Simon and Schuster; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Wong PT. Positive psychology 2.0: towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Can Psychol. 2011;52(2):69. doi:10.1037/a0022511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latipun L, Latipun L. Correlation self-compassion and happiness among university students in timor-leste: gratitude as moderation variable. Int J Psychol Stud. 2019;11(2):1–8. doi:10.5539/ijps.v11n2p1
   Google Scholar
• Mantelou A, Karakasidou E. The role of compassion for self and others, compassion fatigue and subjective happiness on levels of well-being of mental health professionals. Psychol. 2019;10(3):285–304. doi:10.4236/psych.2019.103021
   Google Scholar
• McKay T, Walker BR. Mindfulness, self-compassion and wellbeing. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;168:110412. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets E, Neff K, Alberts H, Peters M. Meeting suffering with kindness: effects of a brief self‐compassion intervention for female college students. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(9):794–807. doi:10.1002/jclp.22076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diedrich A, Grant M, Hofmann SG, Hiller W, Berking M. Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2014;58:43–51. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau BH-P, Chan CL-W, Ng S-M. Self-compassion buffers the adverse mental health impacts of COVID-19-related threats: results from a cross-sectional survey at the first peak of Hong Kong’s outbreak. Front Psychiatry. 2020;1203. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steger MF. Meaning in life. In: Lopez SJ, Snyder CR, editors. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press; 2009:679–687.
   Google Scholar
• Reker GT, Peacock EJ, Wong PT. Meaning and purpose in life and well-being: a life-span perspective. J Gerontol. 1987;42(1):44–49. doi:10.1093/geronj/42.1.44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steger MF, Kashdan TB, Sullivan BA, Lorentz D. Understanding the search for meaning in life: personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. J Pers. 2008;76(2):199–228. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassai L, Piko BF, Steger MF. Meaning in life: is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health? Int J Behav Med. 2011;18(1):44–51. doi:10.1007/s12529-010-9089-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong PT. Second wave positive psychology’s (PP 2.0) contribution to counselling psychology. Couns Psychol Q. 2019;32(3–4):275–284. doi:10.1080/09515070.2019.1671320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020;16(1):57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning MA-O, Larson LA-O, Sharaievska I, et al. Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: risk factors across seven states in the United States. PLoS One. 2012;16(1):e0245327. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye B, Wu D, Im H, Liu M, Wang X, Yang Q. Stressors of COVID-19 and stress consequences: the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of psychological support. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;118:105466. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmensen C, Petersen MB, Sørensen TIA. Will the COVID-19 pandemic worsen the obesity epidemic? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(9):469–470. doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0387-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankl E. Insanın Anlam Arayışı [Man’s Search for Meaning]. Budak S, Eds. İstanbul, Turkey: Okyanus Yayıncılık; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan TB, Steger MF. Curiosity and pathways to well-being and meaning in life: traits, states, and everyday behaviors. Motiv Emot. 2007;31(3):159–173. doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9068-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being”. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;4:99–104.
   Google Scholar
• Ho MY, Cheung FM, Cheung SF. The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;48(5):658–663. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, Del Gaiso AK. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;90(1):179. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krok D, Gerymski R. Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being in cardiac patients. Curr Issues Pers Psychol. 2019;7(3):242–251. doi:10.5114/cipp.2019.89168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathi N, Rastogi R. Meaning in life and psychological well-being in pre-adolescents and adolescents. JIAAP. 2007;33(1):31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Steger MF, Kashdan TB. Stability and specificity of meaning in life and life satisfaction over one year. J Happiness Stud. 2007;8(2):161–179. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9011-8
   Google Scholar
• Schnell T. The sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire (SoMe): relations to demographics and well-being. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4(6):483–499. doi:10.1080/17439760903271074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizabeth AY, Chang EC. Relational meaning in life as a predictor of interpersonal well-being: a prospective analysis. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;168:110377. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karataş Z, Uzun K, Tagay Ö. Relationships between the life satisfaction, meaning in life, hope and COVID-19 fear for Turkish adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. Front Psychol. 2021;12:778. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S, Yan X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Miao D, Wu S. Does meaning in life mediate the relationship between proactive personality and well-being? SBP J. 2020;48(12):1–9. doi:10.2224/sbp.9453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vötter B, Schnell T. Cross-lagged analyses between life meaning, self-compassion, and subjective well-being among gifted adults. Mindfulness. 2019;10(7):1294–1303. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1078-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong EM, Ziegler N, Schippers MC. From shattered goals to meaning in life: life crafting in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;2648. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George LS, Park CL. Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: toward integration and new research questions. Rev Gen Psychol. 2016;20(3):205–220. doi:10.1037/gpr0000077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver CS, Connor-Smith J. Personality and Coping. Annu Rev Psychol. 2010;61(1):679–704. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger N. Coping as a personality process: a prospective study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;59(3):525. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus R, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, And coping, SpringerPublishing&Company. Springer Publishing & Company; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Neff KD, Hsieh Y-P, Dejitterat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self Identity. 2005;4(3):263–287. doi:10.1080/13576500444000317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, He W, Zhang X. The relationship between parenting style, coping style, index of well-being and life of meaning of undergraduates. Chin J Health Psychol. 2014. doi:10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2014.11.034
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao D, Wang Y, Li J, Wang L. Coping style as mediator on the relationship between meaning in life and life satisfaction in graduate students. Chin J Health Psychol. 2014;2014:1.
   Google Scholar
• Homan KJ. Self-compassion and psychological well-being in older adults. J Adult Dev. 2016;23(2):111–119. doi:10.1007/s10804-016-9227-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall E-J, Brockman RN. The relationships between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and emotional well-being. J Cogn Psychother. 2016;30(1):60–72. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.30.1.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yela JR, Crego A, Gómez‐Martínez MÁ, Jiménez L. Self‐compassion, meaning in life, and experiential avoidance explain the relationship between meditation and positive mental health outcomes. J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(9):1631–1652. doi:10.1002/jclp.22932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh H, Chong SS. What predicts meaning in life? The role of perfectionistic personality and self-compassion. J Constr Psychol. 2020;1–15. doi:10.1080/10720537.2020.1865854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fessell D, Cherniss C. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and beyond: micropractices for burnout prevention and emotional wellness. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020;17(6):746–748. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitriu MCT, Pantea-Stoian A, Smaranda AC, et al. Burnout syndrome in Romanian medical residents in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109972. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach C. Burnout: A Multidimensional Perspective. Vol. 68. Theories of organizational stress; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Malach-Pines A. The burnout measure, short version. Int J Stress Manag. 2005;12:78–88. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
   Google Scholar
• Ye B, Chen X, Zhang Y, Yang Q. Psychological flexibility and COVID-19 burnout in Chinese college students: a moderated mediation model. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2022;24:126–133. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Ramirez J, Mulqueen K, Zealand R, Silverstein S, Mulqueen C, BuShell S. Emergency online learning: college students’ perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Coll Stud J. 2021;55(1):29–46.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro ÍJS, Pereira R, Freire IV, de Oliveira BG, Casotti CA, Boery EN. Stress and quality of life among university students: a systematic literature review. Health Prof Educ. 2018;4(2):70–77. doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2017.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Hakami Z, Khanagar SB, Vishwanathaiah S, et al. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on dental students: a nationwide study. J Dent Educ. 2021;85(4):494–503. doi:10.1002/jdd.12470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bana KF, Sarfraz S. Impact on mental health of undergraduates and the ways to cope stress during COVID-19 pandemic. PAFMJ. 2020;70(5):1453–1459.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard LK, Curry JF. Self-compassion: conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Rev Gen Psychol. 2011;15(4):289–303. doi:10.1007/s11089-011-0377-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenninkmeyer V. A Drug Called Comparison: The Pains and Gains of Social Comparison Among Individuals Suffering from Burnout. University of Groningen; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Frankl VE. Psychiatry and man’s quest for meaning. J Relig Health. 1962;1:93–103. doi:10.1007/BF01532076
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister RF. Meanings of Life. Guilford press; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Krok D. Can meaning buffer work pressure? An exploratory study on styles of meaning in life and burnout in firefighters. Arch Psychiatry Psychother. 2016;1:31–42. doi:10.12740/APP/62154
   Google Scholar
• Shan YA-O, Ji MA-O, Xie WA-O, et al. Chinese version of the mobile health app usability questionnaire: translation, adaptation, and validation study. JMIR Form Res. 2022;6(7):e37933. doi:10.2196/37933
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raes F, Pommier E, Neff KD, Van Gucht D. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2011;18(3):250–255. doi:10.1002/cpp.702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CC, Mak WW. Differentiating the role of three self-compassion components in buffering cognitive-personality vulnerability to depression among Chinese in Hong Kong. J Couns Psychol. 2013;60(1):162. doi:10.1037/a0030451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, He J, Cai Z, Fan X. Perceived parenting styles and body appreciation among Chinese adolescents: exploring the mediating roles of dispositional mindfulness and self-compassion. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;119:105698. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Kong X, Guo Z, Kou Y. Can self-compassion promote gratitude and prosocial behavior in adolescents? A 3-year longitudinal study from China. Mindfulness. 2021;12(6):1377–1386. doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01605-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım M, Solmaz F. COVID-19 burnout, COVID-19 stress and resilience: initial psychometric properties of COVID-19 Burnout scale. Death Stud. 2020;1–9. doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1818885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Gan Y. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the meaning in life questionnaire. Chin Ment Health J. 2010;24:478–482. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2010.06.021
   Google Scholar
• Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M. The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):80. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Zhang Z. Meaning in life and parent-child attachment of high school students: the mediation of peer attachment and time perspective. Psychol Devl Educ. 2020;36(2):168–174. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2020.02.05
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Wu X, Tian Y, Zhou X. Mediating roles of meaning in life in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth and prosocial behavior among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychol Devl Educ. 2018;34(01):112–119. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2018.01.14
   Google Scholar
• Ying Y. The relationship between intercourse vexation and meaning of life: cross-lagged regression analysis among college freshmen. Psychol Res. 2020;13(3):275–281. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1159.2020.03.012
   Google Scholar
• Deng J, Lu X, Li Q, Wei X, Wang J. Reliability and validity test of Chinese version of the subjective authentic-durable happiness scale. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2020;28(2):335–338. doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2020.02.024
   Google Scholar
• Dambrun M, Desprès G, Lac G. Measuring happiness: from fluctuating happiness to authentic–durable happiness. Front Psychol. 2012;3:16. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford publications; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kesebir P. Scientific answers to the timeless philosophical question of happiness. In: Handbook of Well-Being Salt Lake City. UT: DEF Publishers DOI: nobascholar com; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Li A, Wang S, Cai M, Sun R, Liu X. Self-compassion and life-satisfaction among Chinese self-quarantined residents during COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated mediation model of positive coping and gender. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;170:110457. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercovich A, Goldzweig G, Igra L, Lavi-Rotenberg A, Gumley A, Hasson-Ohayon I. The interactive effect of metacognition and self-compassion on predicting meaning in life among individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2020;43(4):290. doi:10.1037/prj0000413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips WJ, Ferguson SJ. Self-compassion: a resource for positive aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(4):529–539. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battista J, Almond R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry. 1973;36(4):409–427. doi:10.1080/00332747.1973.11023774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Cheng W, He W, Han B, Yang Z. Will searching for meaning bring well-being? Adva Psychol Sci. 2016;24(9):1496. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.01496
   Google Scholar
• Park J, Baumeister RF. Meaning in life and adjustment to daily stressors. J Posit Psychol. 2017;12(4):333–341. doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1209542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D. Multiple Ecological Risk Factors and Adolescents Social Adaptation: How Risks Should Be Modeled and What are Their Mechanisms. China: South China Normal University, Guangzhou; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu KA, Craig BG, Rabago NL. Sustainability of community engagement at institutions of higher education: a look at compassion fatigue and the college student mental health crisis. VA Eng J. 2021;9(1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Tomic W, Tomic E. Existential fulfillment and burnout among principals and teachers. J beli val. 2008;29(1):11–27. doi:10.1080/13617670801928191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Längle A. The art of involving the person: fundamental existential motivations as the structure of the motivational process. Eur Psychother. 2003;4(1):25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Wayment HA, Bauer JJ, Sylaska K. The quiet ego scale: measuring the compassionate self-identity. J Happiness Stud. 2015;16(4):999–1033. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9546-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden HL, Vosper J, Kingston J, Ellett L. The impact of mindfulness-based programmes on self-compassion in nonclinical populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2021;12(1):29–52. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01501-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson AC, Mackintosh K, Power K, Chan SWY. Effectiveness of self-compassion related therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2019;10(6):979–995. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1037-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(1):28–44. doi:10.1002/jclp.21923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets E, Peters M, Alberts H, Peters M. Meeting suffering with kindness: effects of a brief self-compassion intervention for female college students. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(9):794–807. doi:10.1002/jclp.22076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert P, Procter S. Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2006;13(6):353–379. doi:10.1002/cpp.507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong M, Loi NM. The mediating role of self‐compassion in student psychological health. Aust Psychol. 2016;51(6):431–441. doi:10.1111/ap.12185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar