The Severity of Cyberbullying Affects Bystander Intervention Among College Students: The Roles of Feelings of Responsibility and Empathy

References

• Zhong J, Zheng Y, Huang X, et al. Study of the influencing factors of cyberbullying among Chinese college students incorporated with digital citizenship: from the perspective of individual students. Front Psychol. 2021;12:621418. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giumetti GW, Kowalski RM. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. Curr Opin Psychol. 2022;45:101314. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TKH, Cheung CMK, Wong RYM. Cyberbullying on social networking sites: the crime opportunity and affordance perspectives. J Manage Inform Syst. 2019;36(2):574–609. doi:10.1080/07421222.2019.1599500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditch the Label. The annual bullying survey 2018; 2018. Available from: https://www.ditchthelabel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/The-Annual-Bullying-Survey-2018-2.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Huang J, Zhong Z, Zhang H, Li L. Cyberbullying in social media and online games among Chinese college students and its associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Cyberbullying: an update and synthesis on the research. In: Patchin JW, Hinduja S, editors. Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert Perspectives. New York: Routledge; 2012:13–36.
   Google Scholar
• Landoll RR, La Greca AM, Lai BS, Chan SF, Herge WM. Cyber victimization by peers: prospective associations with adolescent social anxiety and depressive symptoms. J Adolesc. 2015;42:77–86. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahagan K, Vaterlaus JM, Frost LR. College student cyberbullying on social networking sites: conceptualization, prevalence, and perceived bystander responsibility. Comput Human Behav. 2016;55:1097–1105. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovac M, Gill AS, Austin LH, Maposa R. Adults’ perceived severity and likelihood of intervening in cyberbullying. Int J Bullying Prevent. 2021. doi:10.1007/s42380-021-00112-8
   Google Scholar
• Brody N, Vangelisti AL. Bystander intervention in cyberbullying. Commun Monogr. 2016;83(1):94–119. doi:10.1080/03637751.2015.1044256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machackova H. Bystander reactions to cyberbullying and cyberaggression: individual, contextual, and social factors. Curr Opin Psychol. 2020;36:130–134. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S. Standing up or standing by: bystander intervention in cyberbullying on social media. New Media Soc. 2021;23(6):1379–1397. doi:10.1177/1461444820902541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slonje R, Smith PK, Frisén A. The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Comput Human Behav. 2013;29(1):26–32. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones LM, Mitchell KJ, Turner HA. Victim reports of bystander reactions to in-person and online peer harassment: a national survey of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(12):2308–2320. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0342-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo A, Bussey K. The selectivity of moral disengagement in defenders of cyberbullying: contextual moral disengagement. Comput Human Behav. 2019;93:318–325. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machackova H, Pfetsch J. Bystanders’ responses to offline bullying and cyberbullying: the role of empathy and normative beliefs about aggression. Scand J Psychol. 2016;57(2):169–176. doi:10.1111/sjop.12277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhart A, Madden M, Smith A, Purcell K, Zickuhr K. Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project; 2011:86.
   Google Scholar
• Kazerooni F, Taylor SH, Bazarova NN, Whitlock J. Cyberbullying bystander intervention: the number of offenders and retweeting predict likelihood of helping a cyberbullying victim. J Comput-Mediat Comm. 2018;23(3):146–162. doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmy005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnicki K, Vandebosch H, Voué P, Poels K. Systematic review of determinants and consequences of bystander interventions in online hate and cyberbullying among adults. Behav Inform Technol. 2022;1–18. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2022.2027013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhard L, Rueß C, Obermaier M, Reinemann C. Perceiving threat and feeling responsible. How severity of hate speech, number of bystanders, and prior reactions of others affect bystanders’ intention to counterargue against hate speech on Facebook. SCM. 2018;7(4):555–579. doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-555
   Google Scholar
• Obermaier M, Fawzi N, Koch T. Bystanding or standing by? How the number of bystanders affects the intention to intervene in cyberbullying. New Media Soc. 2016;18(8):1491–1507. doi:10.1177/1461444814563519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastiaensens S, Vandebosch H, Poels K, van Cleemput K, DeSmet A, de Bourdeaudhuij I; Cyberbullying on social network sites. An experimental study into bystanders’ behavioural intentions to help the victim or reinforce the bully. Comput Human Behav. 2014;31:259–271. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson LJ, Allan A, Cross D. Adolescent bystander behavior in the school and online environments and the implications for interventions targeting cyberbullying. J Sch Violence. 2017;16(4):361–375. doi:10.1080/15388220.2016.1143835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latan B, Darley JM. The unresponsive bystander: why doesn’t he help? In: The Unresponsive Bystander. Appleton-Century Crofts; 1970:1–67.
   Google Scholar
• Barlińska J, Szuster A, Winiewski M. Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: role of the communication medium, form of violence, and empathy. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2013;23(1):37–51. doi:10.1002/casp.2137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer G, Kerslake J. Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Comput Human Behav. 2015;48:255–260. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feddes AR, Mann L, Doosje B. Increasing self-esteem and empathy to prevent violent radicalization: a longitudinal quantitative evaluation of a resilience training focused on adolescents with a dual identity. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2015;45(7):400–411. doi:10.1111/jasp.12307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkan Y, Gökçearslan-çiftçi E. The effect of empathy level on peer bullying in schools. Hum Soc Sci J. 2009;4(1):31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Schacter HL, Greenberg S, Juvonen J. Who’s to blame?: the effects of victim disclosure on bystander reactions to cyberbullying. Comput Human Behav. 2016;57:115–121. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SH, DiFranzo D, Choi YH, Sannon S, Bazarova NN. Accountability and empathy by design. Proc ACM Hum Comput Interact. 2019;3(CSCW):1–26. doi:10.1145/3359216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlińska J, Szuster A, Winiewski M. The role of short- and long-term cognitive empathy activation in preventing cyberbystander reinforcing cyberbullying behavior. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015;18(4):241–244. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W. The language of bullying: social issues on Chinese websites. Aggress Violent Beh. 2020;53:101453. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. PROCESS: a versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]; 2012. Available from: http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Davis M. A Multidimensional Approach to Individual Differences in Empathy [Doctoral dissertation]. Retrieved from ProQuest Information & Learning, US. (UMI No. AAT 1981050664–001); 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Zhan Z. The Relationship Between Grade, Gender Role, Human Orientation and Empathy. Taiwan Wan: Institute of Education, National Chengchi University; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Langos C. Cyberbullying: the shades of harm. Psychiat Psychol Law. 2015;22(1):106–123. doi:10.1080/13218719.2014.919643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfetsch J. Who is who in cyberbullying? Conceptual and empirical perspectives on bystanders in cyberbullying. In: Wright MF, editor. A Social-Ecological Approach to Cyberbullying. Hauppauge: Nova Publishing; 2016:121–149.
   Google Scholar
• Notar CE, Padgett S, Roden J. Cyberbullying: a review of the literature. UJER. 2013;1(1):1–9. doi:10.13189/ujer.2013.010101
   Google Scholar