100
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Preventing and Mitigating Post-Traumatic Stress: A Scoping Review of Resilience Interventions for Military Personnel in Pre Deployment

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 2377-2389 | Received 11 Jan 2024, Accepted 08 Jun 2024, Published online: 17 Jun 2024

References

  • Riley E, Mitko A, Stumps A, et al. Clinically significant cognitive dysfunction in OEF/OIF/OND veterans: prevalence and clinical associations. Neuropsychology. 2019;33(4):534–546. doi:10.1037/neu0000529
  • Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Samuelson K, Maguen S, Kumar S, Vasterling JJ. Association between mild traumatic brain injury and mental health problems and self-reported cognitive dysfunction in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016;53(2):185–198. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2014.12.0301
  • Smith TC, Ryan MA, Wingard DL, Slymen DJ, Sallis JF, Kritz-Silverstein D. New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ. 2008;336(7640):366–371. doi:10.1136/bmj.39430.638241.AE
  • LeardMann CA, Smith TC, Smith B, Wells TS, Ryan MA. Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338(2):b1273. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1273
  • Vyas KJ, Fesperman SF, Nebeker BJ, et al. Preventing PTSD and depression and reducing health care costs in the military: a call for building resilience among service members. Mil Med. 2016;181(10):1240–1247. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00585
  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):748–766. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
  • Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(1):52–73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
  • Brown L, Cohen B, Costello R, Brazhnik O, Galis Z. Conceptualizing a resilience research framework at The National Institutes of Health. Stress Health. 2023;39(S1):4–9. doi:10.1002/smi.3260
  • Horn SR, Charney DS, Feder A. Understanding resilience: new approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp Neurol. 2016;284(Pt B):119–132. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002
  • Sefidan S, Pramstaller M, La marca R, et al. Resilience as a protective factor in basic military training, a longitudinal study of the Swiss armed forces. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;19(1):18. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010018
  • Daffey-Moore E. Why is building psychological resilience relevant to UK Service personnel in order to improve military mental health? BMJ Mil Health. 2020;166(2):89–94. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-000962
  • Nindl BC, Billing DC, Drain JR, et al. Perspectives on resilience for military readiness and preparedness: report of an international military physiology roundtable. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(11):1116–1124. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.005
  • Sudom KA, Lee JE, Zamorski MA. A longitudinal pilot study of resilience in Canadian military personnel. Stress Health. 2014;30(5):377–385. doi:10.1002/smi.2614
  • Scammell J. Resilience in the workplace: personal and organisational factors. Br J Nurs. 2017;26(16):939. doi:10.12968/bjon.2017.26.16.939
  • Meredith LS, Sherbourne CD, Gaillot SJ, et al. Promoting psychological resilience in the US Military. Rand Health Q. 2011;1(2):2.
  • Bowles SV, Bates MJ. Military organizations and programs contributing to resilience building. Mil Med. 2010;175(6):382–385. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00099
  • Reivich KJ, Seligman ME, McBride S. Master resilience training in the US Army. Am Psychol. 2011;66(1):25–34. doi:10.1037/a0021897
  • Greenberg N, Langston V, Jones N. Trauma risk management (TRiM) in the UK Armed Forces. J R Army Med Corps. 2008;154(2):124–127. doi:10.1136/jramc-154-02-11
  • Polusny MA, Erbes CR. A dynamic, multilevel approach to conceptualising and designing resilience research in the context of military stress. Stress Health. 2023;39(S1):40–47. doi:10.1002/smi.3277
  • van Rooij SJH, Stevens JS, Ely TD, et al. Childhood trauma and COMT genotype interact to increase hippocampal activation in resilient individuals. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:156. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00156
  • Fikretoglu D, Liu A, Nazarov A, Blackler K. A group randomized control trial to test the efficacy of the Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR) program among Canadian military recruits. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):326. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2287-0
  • Skeffington PM, Rees CS, Kane R. The primary prevention of PTSD: a systematic review. J Trauma Dissociation. 2013;14(4):404–422. doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.753653
  • Doody CB, Egan J, Bogue J, Sarma KM. Military personnels’ experience of deployment: an exploration of psychological trauma, protective influences, and resilience. Psychol Trauma. 2022;14(4):545–557. doi:10.1037/tra0001114
  • Hourani LL, Council CL, Hubal RC, Strange LB. Approaches to the primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder in the military: a review of the stress control literature. Mil Med. 2011;176(7):721–730. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-09-00227
  • Leppin AL, Bora PR, Tilburt JC, et al. The efficacy of resiliency training programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e111420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111420
  • Doody CB, Robertson L, Cox KM, Bogue J, Egan J, Sarma KM. Pre-deployment programmes for building resilience in military and frontline emergency service personnel. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):Cd013242. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013242.pub2
  • Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
  • Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement. 2021;19(1):3–10. doi:10.1097/XEB.0000000000000277
  • Adler AB, Williams J, McGurk D, Moss A, Bliese PD. Resilience training with soldiers during basic combat training: randomisation by platoon. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2015;7(1):85–107. doi:10.1111/aphw.12040
  • Bouchard S, Bernier F, Boivin E, Morin B, Robillard G, Lucia A. Using biofeedback while immersed in a stressful videogame increases the effectiveness of stress management skills in soldiers. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36169. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036169
  • Cacioppo JT, Adler AB, Lester PB, et al. Building social resilience in soldiers: a double dissociative randomized controlled study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2015;109(1):90–105. doi:10.1037/pspi0000022
  • Chongruksa D, Prinyapol P, Sawatsri S, Pansomboon C. Integrated group counselling to enhance mental health and resilience of Thai army rangers. Asia Pac J Couns Psychother. 2015;6(1–2):41–57. doi:10.1080/21507686.2015.1091018
  • Cohn A, Pakenham K. Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral program to improve psychological adjustment among soldiers in recruit training. Mil Med. 2008;173(12):1151–1157. doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.12.1151
  • Crane MF, Boga D, Karin E, et al. Strengthening resilience in military officer cadets: a group-randomized controlled trial of coping and emotion regulatory self-reflection training. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2019;87(2):125–140. doi:10.1037/ccp0000356
  • Fornette M-P, Bardel M-H, Lefrançois C, Fradin J, Massioui FE, Amalberti R. Cognitive-Adaptation Training for Improving Performance and Stress Management of Air Force Pilots. Int J Aviation Psychol. 2012;22(3):203–223. doi:10.1080/10508414.2012.689208
  • Hourani LL, Tueller SJ, Kizakevich P, Strange L, Nelson J. Effects of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) with relaxation breathing on posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health outcomes in the military: a longitudinal study. J Fam Reprod Health. 2016. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34448.20489
  • Hourani L, Tueller S, Kizakevich P, et al. Effect of stress inoculation training with relaxation breathing on perceived stress and posttraumatic stress disorder in the military: a longitudinal study. Int J Stress Manage. 2017;25(S1):124. doi:10.1037/str0000082
  • Jha AP, Stanley EA, Kiyonaga A, Wong L, Gelfand L. Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion. 2010;10(1):54–64. doi:10.1037/a0018438
  • Johnson DC, Thom NJ, Stanley EA, et al. Modifying resilience mechanisms in at-risk individuals: a controlled study of mindfulness training in Marines preparing for deployment. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(8):844–853. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13040502
  • Jones N, Whelan C, Harden L, Macfarlane A, Burdett H, Greenberg N. Resilience-based intervention for UK military recruits: a randomised controlled trial. Occup Environ Med. 2019;76(2):90–96. doi:10.1136/oemed-2018-105503
  • Keynan JN, Cohen A, Jackont G, et al. Electrical fingerprint of the amygdala guides neurofeedback training for stress resilience. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3(1):63–73. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0484-3
  • Lester P, Saltzman WR, Woodward K, et al. Evaluation of a family-centered prevention intervention for military children and families facing wartime deployments. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(Suppl 1):S48–S54.
  • Lester P, Liang LJ, Milburn N, et al. Evaluation of a family-centered preventive intervention for military families: parent and child longitudinal outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(1):14–24. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.009
  • Lewis GF, Hourani L, Tueller S, et al. Relaxation training assisted by heart rate variability biofeedback: implication for a military predeployment stress inoculation protocol. Psychophysiology. 2015;52(9):1167–1174. doi:10.1111/psyp.12455
  • Meland A, Fonne V, Wagstaff A, Pensgaard AM. Mindfulness-based mental training in a high-performance combat aviation population: a one-year intervention study and two-year follow-up. Int J Aviation Psychol. 2015;25(1):48–61. doi:10.1080/10508414.2015.995572
  • Pyne JM, Constans JI, Nanney JT, et al. Heart rate variability and cognitive bias feedback interventions to prevent post-deployment PTSD: results from a randomized controlled trial. Mil Med. 2019;184(1–2):e124–e132. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy171
  • Zueger R, Niederhauser M, Utzinger C, Annen H, Ehlert U. Effects of resilience training on mental, emotional, and physical stress outcomes in military officer cadets. Mil Psychol. 2023;35(6):566–576. doi:10.1080/08995605.2022.2139948
  • Stanley EA, Schaldach JM, Kiyonaga A, Jha AP. Mindfulness-based mind fitness training: a case study of a high-stress predeployment military cohort. Cognit Behav Pract. 2011;18(4):566–576. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.08.002
  • Taylor MK, Stanfill KE, Padilla GA, et al. Effect of psychological skills training during military survival school: a randomized, controlled field study. Mil Med. 2011;176(12):1362–1368. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00149
  • Wald I, Fruchter E, Ginat K, et al. Selective prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder using attention bias modification training: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2016;46(12):2627–2636. doi:10.1017/S0033291716000945
  • Wesemann U, Kowalski JT, Jacobsen T, et al. Evaluation of a technology-based adaptive learning and prevention program for stress response-a randomized controlled trial. Mil Med. 2016;181(8):863–871. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00100
  • Williams A, Hagerty BM, Andrei AC, Yousha SM, Hirth RA, Hoyle KS. STARS: strategies to assist navy recruits’ success. Mil Med. 2007;172(9):942–949. doi:10.7205/MILMED.172.9.942
  • Schrader C, Ross A. A Review of PTSD and Current Treatment Strategies. Mo Med. 2021;118(6):546–551.
  • Smith BW, Ortiz JA, Steffen LE, et al. Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011;79(5):613–617. doi:10.1037/a0025189
  • Benzo RP, Anderson PM, Bronars C, Clark M. Mindfulness for healthcare providers: the role of non-reactivity in reducing stress. Explore. 2018;14(6):453–456. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2018.03.008
  • Southwick SM, Charney DS. The science of resilience: implications for the prevention and treatment of depression. Science. 2012;338(6103):79–82. doi:10.1126/science.1222942
  • Admi H. Stress intervention. A model of stress inoculation training. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1997;35(8):37–41. doi:10.3928/0279-3695-19970801-16
  • Thabrew H, Ruppeldt P, Sollers JJ. Systematic review of biofeedback interventions for addressing anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long-term physical conditions. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2018;43(3):179–192. doi:10.1007/s10484-018-9399-z
  • Minassian A, Geyer MA, Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, O’Connor DT, Risbrough VB. Heart rate variability characteristics in a large group of active-duty marines and relationship to posttraumatic stress. Psychosom Med. 2014;76(4):292–301. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000056
  • Xia HS, Li YX, Zhang QY, et al. Attention bias modification for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1098610. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098610
  • Saltzman WR, Lester P, Beardslee WR, Layne CM, Woodward K, Nash WP. Mechanisms of risk and resilience in military families: theoretical and empirical basis of a family-focused resilience enhancement program. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14(3):213–230. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0096-1
  • Lester P, Mogil C, Saltzman W, et al. Families overcoming under stress: implementing family-centered prevention for military families facing wartime deployments and combat operational stress. Mil Med. 2011;176(1):19–25. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00122
  • Thompson B. Foundations of Behavioral Statistics: An Insight-Based Approach. Guilford Press; 2006.
  • McClung JP, Beckner ME, Farina EK. Assessing the physiological basis for resilience in military personnel. Stress Health. 2023;39(S1):33–39. doi:10.1002/smi.3271
  • Osório C, Probert T, Jones E, Young AH, Robbins I. Adapting to stress: understanding the neurobiology of resilience. Behav Med. 2017;43(4):307–322. doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1170661
  • Flood A, Keegan RJ. Cognitive resilience to psychological stress in military personnel. Front Psychol. 2022;13:809003. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809003
  • Metcalf O, Gibson K, Fredrickson J, Finlayson-Short L, Varker T, O’Donnell M. Design, development and randomised controlled trial protocol of a smartphone-delivered version of ‘SOLAR’ for emergency service workers to manage stress and trauma. BMJ Open. 2023;13(2):e062710. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062710
  • Davila MI, Kizakevich PN, Eckhoff R, et al. Use of mobile technology paired with heart rate monitor to remotely quantify behavioral health markers among military reservists and first responders. Mil Med. 2021;186(Supplement_1):17–24. doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa395