The ABCs of incentive-based treatment in health care: a behavior analytic framework to inform research and practice

References

• FisherEBFitzgibbonMLGlasgowREBehavior mattersAm J Prev Med201140e15e3021496745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MokdadAHMarksJSStroupDFGerberdingJLActual causes of death in the United States, 2000JAMA20042911238124515010446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MokdadAHMarksJSStroupDFGerberdingJLCorrection: Actual causes of death in the united states, 2000JAMA200529329329415657315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FairbrotherGSiegelMJFriedmanSKoryPDButtsGCImpact of financial incentives on documented immunization rates in the inner city: Results of a randomized controlled trialAmbul Pediatr2001120621211888402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BriesacherBAFieldTSBarilJGurwitzJHCan pay-for- performance take nursing home care to the next level?J Am Geriatr Soc2008561937193918771454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RanganathanMLagardeMPromoting healthy behaviours and improving health outcomes in low and middle income countries: A review of the impact of conditional cash transfer programmesPrev Med201255S95S10522178043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetersenLAWoodardLDUrechTDawCSookananSDoes pay-for-performance improve the quality of health care?Ann Intern Med200614526527216908917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTSilvermanKHeilSHContingency Management in Substance Abuse TreatmentNew YorkGuilford Press2008
   Google Scholar
• SutherlandKChristiansonJBLeathermanSImpact of targeted financial incentives on personal health behavior A review of the literatureMed Care Res Rev20086536S78S19015378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JhaAKJoyntKEOravEJEpsteinAMThe long-term effect of premier pay for performance on patient outcomesN Engl J Med20123661606161522455751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LagardeMHainesAPalmerNThe impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle income countriesCochrane Database Syst Rev20094CD00813719821444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LussierJPHeilSHMongeonJABadgerGJHigginsSTA meta-analysis of voucher-based reinforcement therapy for substance use disordersAddiction200610119220316445548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrendergastMPodusDFinneyJGreenwellLRollJContingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysisAddiction20061011546156017034434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScottASiveyPAitOuakrim DThe effect of financial incentives on the quality of health care provided by primary care physiciansCochrane Database Syst Rev20119CD00845121901722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LynaghMCSanson-FisherRWBonevskiBWhat’s good for the goose is good for the gander: Guiding principles for the use of financial incentives in health behaviour changeInt J Behav Med20132011412022094998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van HerckPDe SmedtDAnnemansLRemmenRRosenthalMBSermeusWSystematic review: Effects, design choices, and context of pay-for-performance in health careBMC Health Serv Res20101024720731816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ConradDAPerryLQuality-based financial incentives in health care: Can we improve quality by paying for it?Annu Rev Public Health20093035737119296779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTDelaneyDDBudneyAJA behavioral approach to achieving initial cocaine abstinenceAm J Psychiatry1991148121812241883001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinASuhrckeMOgilvieDFinancial incentives to promote active travel: An evidence review and economic frameworkAm J Prev Med201243e45e5723159264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonaldRCheraghi-SohiSTickleMRolandMDoranTThe impact of incentives on the behaviour and performance of primary care professionalsReport of the National Institute for Health Research Delivery and Organisation Programme2010
   Google Scholar
• VolppKGAschDAGalvinRLoewensteinGRedesigning employee health incentives – lessons from behavioral economicsN Engl J Med201136538839021812669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LarsenKRVoronovichZACookPFPedroLWAddicted to constructs: Science in reverse?Addiction201310891532153323718564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTComments on contingency management and conditional cash transfersHealth Econ2010191255125819670269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VolppKGPaulyMVLoewensteinGBangsbergDP4P4P: An agenda for research on pay-for-performance for patientsHealth Aff200928206214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTBudneyAJBickelWKFoergFEDonhamRBadgerGJIncentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependenceArch Gen Psychiatry1994515685768031230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StitzerMLPetryNMPeirceJMotivational incentives research in the national drug abuse treatment clinical trials networkJ Subst Abuse Treat201038S61S6920307797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SilvermanKHigginsSTBroonerRKSustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucher-based reinforcement therapyArch Gen Psychiatry1996534094158624184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetryNMMartinBCooneyJLKranzlerHRGive them prizes and they will come: Contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependenceJ Consult Clin Psychol20006825025710780125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTWashioYHeilSHFinancial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant and newly postpartum womenPrev Med201255S33S4022227223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StitzerMLRandCSBigelowGEMeadAMContingent payment procedures for smoking reduction and cessationJ Appl Behav Anal1986191972023733589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BudneyAJHigginsSTRadonovichKJNovyPLAdding voucher-based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependenceJ Consult Clin Psychol2000681051106111142539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DalleryJSilvermanKChutuapeMABigelowGEStitzerMLVoucher-based reinforcement of opiate plus cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: Effects of reinforcer magnitudeExp Clin Psychopharmacol2001931732511534542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DutraLStathopoulouGBasdenSLLeyroTMPowersMBOttoMWA meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disordersAm J Psychiatry200816517918718198270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovernMPCarrollKMEvidence-based practices for substance use disordersPsychiatr Clin North Am200326991101014711132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RhodesGLSaulesKKHelmusTCImproving on-time counseling attendance in a methadone treatment program: A contingency management approachAm J Drug Alcohol Abuse20032975977314713138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrestonKLSilvermanKUmbrichtADeJesusAMontoyaIDSchusterCRImprovement in naltrexone treatment compliance with contingency managementDrug Alcohol Depend19995412713510217552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenMIDieckhausKMcMahonTJImproved adherence with contingency managementAIDS Patient Care STDS200721304017263651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StitzerMLBigelowGELiebsonIReducing drug use among metha-done maintenance clients: Contingent reinforcement for morphine-free urinesAddict Behav198053333407211531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BigelowGESilvermanKTheoretical and empirical foundations of contingency management treatments for drug abuseHigginsSTSilvermanKMotivating Behavior Change Among Illicit-Drug Abusers: Research on Contingency Management InterventionsWashington, DCAmerican Psychological Association19991531
   Google Scholar
• BudneyAHigginsSA community reinforcement plus vouchers approach: Treating cocaine addiction (NIDA publication no 98-4309 ed)Rockville, MarylandNIDA1998 Available from http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/CRA.pdfAccessed February 26, 2014
   Google Scholar
• DalleryJMeredithSEBudneyAJContingency management in the substance abuse treatment clinicWaltersSTRotgersFTreating Substance Abuse3rd edNew YorkGuilford201281
   Google Scholar
• KelloggSStitzerMPetryNKreekMMotivational incentives: Foundations and principlesPromoting Awareness of Motivational Incentive – An awareness Campaign2007 Available from http://www.bettertxoutcomes.org/bettertxoutcomes/PDF/Kellog-Stitzer.pdfAccessed February 26, 2014
   Google Scholar
• McIntoshLContingency Management Part 1: An Evidence-Based Approach to Positive ChangePortlandNorthwest Frontier Addiction Technology Transfer Center2012 Available from: http://www.attcnetwork.org/find/news/attcnews/epubs/addmsg/documents/AM-January2012-Part1-ContingencyManagement.pdf. Accessed
   Google Scholar
• PetryNMContingency Management for Substance Abuse Treatment: A Guide to Implementing this Evidence-Based PracticeRoutledge, New York, NY2012
   Google Scholar
• PetryNMA comprehensive guide to the application of contingency management procedures in clinical settingsDrug Alcohol Depend20005892510669051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StitzerMPetryNContingency management for treatment of substance abuseAnnu Rev Clin Psychol2006241143417716077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DalleryJRaiffBRContingency management in the 21st century: Technological innovations to promote smoking cessationSubst Use Misuse201146102221190402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StoopsWWLileJARushCRMonetary alternative reinforcers more effectively decrease intranasal cocaine choice than food alternative reinforcersPharmacol Biochem Behav20109518719120109483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarrJECoriatySWilderDAA review of “noncontingent” reinforcement as treatment for the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilitiesRes Dev Disabil20002137739111100801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTWongCJBadgerGJOgdenDEDantonaRLContingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-upJ Consult Clin Psychol200068647210710841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesHEJohnsonREBigelowGESilvermanKMudricTStrainECSafety and efficacy of L-tryptophan and behavioral incentives for treatment of cocaine dependence: A randomized clinical trialAm J Addiction200413421437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IwataBASmithRGMichaelJCurrent research on the influence of establishing operations on behavior in applied settingsJ Appl Behav Anal20003341141811214019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LambRJMorralARKirbyKCIguchiMGalbickaGShaping smoking cessation using percentile schedulesDrug Alcohol Depend20047624725915561476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrimanPCPolingAMaking life easier with effort: Basic findings and applied research on response effortJ Appl Behav Anal19952858359016795886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HochHMcComasJJJohnsonLFarandaNGuentherSLThe effects of magnitude and quality of reinforcement on choice responding during play activitiesJ Appl Behav Anal20023517118112102136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SilvermanKChutuapeMABigelowGEStitzerMLVoucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: Effects of reinforcement magnitudePsychopharmacol1999146128138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PackerRRHowellDNMcPhersonSRollJMInvestigating reinforcer magnitude and reinforcer delay: A contingency management analog studyExp Clin Psychopharmacol20122028729222686494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CritchfieldTSKollinsSHTemporal discounting: Basic research and the analysis of socially important behaviorJ Appl Behav Anal20013410112211317983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AyllonTAzrinNHReinforcement and instructions with mental patientsJ Exp Anal Behav1964732733114176284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HayesSCZettleRDRosenfarbIRule-followingHayesSCRule-governed behaviorNew YorkPlenum1989191220
   Google Scholar
• CrowellCRAndersonDCAbelDMSergioJPTask clarification, performance feedback, and social praise: Procedures for improving the customer service of bank tellersJ Appl Behav Anal198821657116795713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuberVThe interplay of goals and promises of pay-for-performance on individual and group performance: An operant interpretationJ Organ Behav Manage198674564
   Google Scholar
• LockeEABrianJFThe directing function of goals in task performanceJ Organ Behav Manage196843542
   Google Scholar
• MawhinneyTCFordJDThe path goal theory of leader effectiveness: An operant interpretationAcad Manage Rev19772398411
   Google Scholar
• HillmanALRipleyKGoldfarbNWeinerJNuamahILuskEThe use of physician financial incentives and feedback to improve pediatric preventive care in medicaid managed carePediatrics199910493193510506237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorrisSSOlintoPFloresRNilsonEAFigueiróACConditional cash transfers are associated with a small reduction in the rate of weight gain of preschool children in northeast brazilJ Nutr20041342336234115333725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FestingerDSDugoshKLCroftJRArabiaPLMarloweDBCorrected feedback: A procedure to enhance recall of informed consent to research among substance abusing offendersEthics Behav20102038739922081750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeredithSEDalleryJInvestigating group contingencies to promote brief abstinence from cigarette smokingExp Clin Psychopharmacol20132114415423421358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BokhourBGBurgessJFJrHookJMIncentive implementation in physician practices: A qualitative study of practice executive perspectives on pay for performanceMed Care Res Rev20066373S95S16688925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhitzaUEEpsteinDHSchmittnerJVahabzadehMLinJPrestonKLEffect of reinforcement probability and prize size on cocaine and heroin abstinence in prize-based contingency managementJ Appl Behav Anal20084153954919192858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartensBKArdoinSPHiltAMLannieALPanahonCJWolfeLASensitivity of children’s behavior to probabilistic reward: Effects of a decreasing-ratio lottery system on math performanceJ Appl Behav Anal20023540340612555911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LattalKADelayed reinforcement of operant behaviorJ Exp Anal Behav20109312913920676272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KirbyKCKerwinMECarpenedoCMRosenwasserBJGardnerRSInterdependent group contingency management for cocaine-dependent methadone maintenance patientsJ Appl Behav Anal20084157959519192861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeredithSEGrabinskiMJDalleryJInternet-based group contingency management to promote abstinence from cigarette smoking: A feasibility studyDrug Alcohol Depend2011118233021414733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VandreyRStitzerMLAcquavitaSPQuinn-StabilePPay-for-performance in a community substance abuse clinicJ Subst Abuse Treat20114119320021489739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JhaAKTime to get serious about pay for performanceJAMA201330934734823340633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenthalMBFrankRGWhat is the empirical basis for paying for quality in health care?Med Care Res Rev20066313515716595409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChristiansonJBLeathermanSSutherlandKLessons from evaluations of purchaser pay-for-performance programs a review of the evidenceMed Care Res Rev2008655S35S19015377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DoranTFullwoodCGravelleHPay-for-performance programs in family practices in the united kingdomN Engl J Med200635537538416870916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShenYSelection incentives in a Performance-Based contracting systemHealth Serv Res20033853555212785560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChangRELinSPAronDCA pay-for-performance program in Taiwan improved care for some diabetes patients, but doctors may have excluded sicker onesHealth Aff (Millwood)2012319310222232099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FairbrotherGHansonKLFriedmanSButtsGCThe impact of physician bonuses, enhanced fees, and feedback on childhood immunization coverage ratesAm J Public Health1999891711759949744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuMSeparating the true effect from gaming in Incentive-Based contracts in health careJ Econ Manage Strat19998383431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SindelarJLPaying for performance: the power of incentives over habitsHealth Econ20081744945118348117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiuffridaATorgersonDJShould we pay the patient? Review of financial incentives to enhance patient complianceBMJ19973157037079314754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaneRLJohnsonPETownRJButlerMA structured review of the effect of economic incentives on consumers’ preventive behaviorAm J Prev Med20042732735215488364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JefferyRWGerberWMRosenthalBSLindquistRAMonetary contracts in weight control: effectiveness of group and individual contracts of varying sizeJ Consult Clin Psychol1983512422486841768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnLKLoewensteinGTroxelABNortonLFassbenderJEVolppKGFinancial incentives for extended weight loss: a randomized, controlled trialJ Gen Intern Med20112662162621249462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CharnessGGneezyUIncentives to exerciseEconometrica200977909931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De LucaRVHolbornSWEffects of a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule with changing criteria on exercise in obese and nonobese boysJ Appl Behav Anal1992256716791429319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FinkelsteinEABrownDSBrownDRBuchnerDMA randomized study of financial incentives to increase physical activity among sedentary older adultsPrev Med20084718218718571226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SatoSNishimuraKKoyamaHOptimal cutoff level of breath carbon monoxide for assessing smoking status in patients with asthma and COPDChestl200312417491754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WallaceLACarbon monoxide in air and breath of employees in an underground officeJ Air Pollut Control Assoc1983336786826630748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WuTTashkinDPDjahedBRoseJEPulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobaccoN Engl J Med19883183473513340105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AttanasioOMesnardAThe impact of a conditional cash transfer programme on consumption in ColombiaFiscal Studies200627421442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GalassoEAlleviating extreme poverty in Chile: The short term effects of Chile SolidarioEstudios de Economía201138101127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IguchiMYLambRJBeldingMAPlattJJHusbandSDMorralARContingent reinforcement of group participation versus abstinence in a methadone maintenance programExp Clin Psychopharmacol19964315321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetryNMAlessiSMCarrollKMContingency management treatments: Reinforcing abstinence versus adherence with goal-related activitiesJ Consult Clin Psychol20067459260116822115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DowneyKKHelmusTCSchusterCRTreatment of heroin-dependent poly-drug abusers with contingency management and buprenorphine maintenanceExp Clin Psychopharmacol2000817618410843300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiccioJDechausayNGreenbergDMillerCRucksZVermaNToward Reduced Poverty Across Generations: Early Findings from New York City’s Conditional Cash Transfer ProgramNew YorkMDRC2010 Available from: http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_588.pdf. Accessed
   Google Scholar
• RosenthalMBFrankRGLiZEpsteinAMEarly experience with pay-for-performanceJAMA20052941788179316219882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoaneHSOn the applied use of progressive-ration schedules of reinforcementJ Appl Behav Anal20084115516118595280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeissmanNWCrossmanEKA comparison of two types of extinction following fixed-ratio trainingJ Exp Anal Behav1966941465903960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WardPCarnesMEffects of posting self-set goals on collegiate football players’ skill execution during practice and gamesJ Appl Behav Anal20023511211936542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LermanDCIwataBADeveloping a technology for the use of operant extinction in clinical settings: An examination of basic and applied researchJ Appl Behav Anal1996293453828926226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HartmannDPHallRVThe changing criterion designJ Appl Behav Anal197695275321002635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LambRJKirbyKCMorralARGalbickaGIguchiMYShaping smoking cessation in hard-to-treat smokersJ Consult Clin Psychol201078627120099951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrestonKLUmbrichtAWongCJEpsteinDHShaping cocaine abstinence by successive approximationJ Consult Clin Psychol20016964365411550730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanleyGPIwataBAMcCordBEFunctional analysis of problem behavior: A reviewJ Appl Behav Anal20033614718512858983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackDRGleserLJKooyersKJA meta-analytic evaluation of couples weight-loss programsHealth Psychol199093303472140323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WingRRJefferyRWBenefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenanceJ Consult Clin Psychol19996713213810028217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DonatelleRJProwsSLChampeauDHudsonDRandomised controlled trial using social support and financial incentives for high risk pregnant smokers: Significant other supporter (SOS) programTob Control20009Suppl 3III67III6910982912
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CoddingRSFeinbergABDunnEKPaceGMEffects of immediate performance feedback on implementation of behavior support plansJ Appl Behav Anal20053820521916033167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KomakiJHeinzmannATLawsonLEffect of training and feedback: Component analysis of a behavioral safety programJ Appl Psychol1980652612707380777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BartonMBSchoenbaumSCImproving influenza vaccination performance in an HMO setting: the use of computer-generated reminders and peer comparison feedbackAm J Public Health1990805345362327527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RussosSHovellMFKeatingKClinician compliance with primary prevention of tobacco use: The impact of social contingenciesPrev Med19972644529010897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrompMHulscherMBleeker-RoversCPThe role of nurses in the recognition and treatment of patients with sepsis in the emergency department: A prospective before-and-after intervention studyInt J Nurs Stud2010471464147320494356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZifferblattSMIncreasing patient compliance through the applied analysis of behaviorPrev Med197541731821153396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerenSStephensRDavisWRFeuchtTETortuSThe impact of providing incentives for attendance at AIDS prevention sessionsPublic Health Rep19941095485548041855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MayerJAKelloggMCPromoting mammography appointment makingJ Behav Med1989126056112634113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarlandJWhiteMDrinkwaterCChinnDFarrLHowelDThe Newcastle exercise project: A randomised controlled trial of methods to promote physical activity in primary careBMJ199931982883210496829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IwataBABaileyJSBrownKMFosheeTJAlpernMA performance-based lottery to improve residential care and training by institutional staffJ Appl Behav Anal197694174311002630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmassLKamienJA tale of two cities: Financing two voucher programs for substance abusers through community donationsExp Clin Psychopharmacol20041214715515122959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmassLBickelWKCreanJPHigginsSTBadgerGJPreferences for clinic privileges, retail items and social activities in an outpatient buprenorphine treatment programJ Subst Abuse Treat19961343498699542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChutuapeMASilvermanKStitzerMLSurvey assessment of methadone treatment services as reinforcersAm J Drug Alcohol Abuse1998241169513626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NorthupJFurther evaluation of the accuracy of reinforcer surveys: a systematic replicationJ Appl Behav Anal20003333533811051577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LindbergJSIwataBARoscoeEMWorsdellASHanleyGPTreatment efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement during brief and extended applicationJ Appl Behav Anal20033611912723863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KazdinAEBootzinRRThe token economy: An evaluative reviewJ Appl Behav Anal1972534337216795358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VandreyRBigelowGEStitzerMLContingency management in cocaine abusers: A dose-effect comparison of goods-based versus cash-based incentivesExp Clin Psychopharmacol20071533834317696680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaluccioJFloresRImpact Evaluation of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program: The Nicaraguan Red De Protección SocialWashington, DCInternational Food Policy Research Institute2005
   Google Scholar
• AshcroftREPersonal financial incentives in health promotion: where do they fit in an ethic of autonomy?Health Expectations20111419120021348904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MadisonKMVolppKGHalpernSDThe law, policy, and ethics of employers’ use of financial incentives to improve healthJ Law Med Ethics20113945046821871042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahnemanDTverskyAProspect theory: An analysis of decision under riskEconometrica197947263291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LakshminarayananVRChenMKSantosLRThe evolution of decision-making under risk: Framing effects in monkey risk preferencesJ Exp Soc Psychol201147689693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LermanDCVorndranCMOn the status of knowledge for using punishment implications for treating behavior disordersJ Appl Behav Anal20023543146412555918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AzrinNHutchinsonRMcLaughlinRThe opportunity for aggression as an operant reinforcer during aversive stimulationJ Exp Anal Behav1965817118014302750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PowellJAzrinNThe effects of shock as a punisher for cigarette smokingJ Appl Behav Anal19681637116795161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MavisBEStöffelmayrBEMultidimensional evaluation of monetary incentive strategies for weight controlPsychol Rec199444239252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IguchiMYStitzerMLBigelowGELiebsonIAContingency management in methadone maintenance: Effects of reinforcing and aversive consequences on illicit polydrug useDrug Alcohol Depend198822172906863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RollJMHowardJTThe relative contribution of economic valence to contingency management efficacy: a pilot studyJ Appl Behav Anal20084162963319192867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AzrinNHolzWHakeDFixed-ratio punishmentJ Exp Anal Behav1963614114813965779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LermanDCIwataBAShoreBADeLeonIGEffects of intermittent punishment on self-injurious behavior: An evaluation of schedule thinningJ Appl Behav Anal1997301872019210302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinGPearJBehavior Modification: What it is and How to Do It9th edBostonPearson Education/Allyn and Bacon2011
   Google Scholar
• ThompsonRHIwataBAConnersJRoscoeEMEffects of reinforcement for alternative behavior during punishment of self-injuryJ Appl Behav Anal19993231732810513027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CataniaACConcurrent performances: A baseline for the study of reinforcement magnitudeJ Exp Anal Behav1963629930014019311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeuringerAJEffects of reinforcement magnitude on choice and rate of respondingJ Exp Anal Behav1967104174246050053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernaldLCGertlerPJNeufeldLMRole of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: An analysis of Mexico’s OportunidadesLancet200837182883718328930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTHeilSHDantonaRDonhamRMatthewsMBadgerGJEffects of varying the monetary value of voucher-based incentives on abstinence achieved during and following treatment among cocaine-dependent outpatientsAddiction200710227128117222282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetryNMTedfordJAustinMNichCCarrollKMRounsavilleBJPrize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine users: How low can we go, and with whom?Addiction20049934936014982548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FersterCHammerCVariables determining the effects of delay in reinforcementJ Exp Anal Behav1965824325414342031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FersterCBSustained behavior under delayed reinforcementJ Exp Psychol19534521822413052854
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SyJRVollmerTRDiscrimination acquisition in children with developmental disabilities under immediate and delayed reinforcementJ Appl Behav Anal20124566768423322925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GradyKELemkauJPLeeNRCaddellCEnhancing mammography referral in primary carePrev Med1997267918009388790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HillmanALRipleyKGoldfarbNNuamahIWeinerJLuskEPhysician financial incentives and feedback: Failure to increase cancer screening in medicaid managed careAm J Public Health199888169917019807540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalotteCKRhodesFMaisKETuberculosis screening and compliance with return for skin test reading among active drug usersAm J Public Health1998887927969585747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SilvermanKSvikisDRoblesEStitzerMLBigelowGEA reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: Six-month abstinence outcomesExp Clin Psychopharmacol20019142311519628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HigginsSTBudneyAJBickelWKApplying behavioral concepts and principles to the treatment of cocaine dependenceDrug Alcohol Depend19943487978026305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SilvermanKDeFulioASigurdssonSOMaintenance of reinforcement to address the chronic nature of drug addictionPrev Med201255S46S5322668883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HerrnsteinRJOn the law of effectJ Exp Anal Behav19701324326616811440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChutuapeMASilvermanKStitzerMLEffects of urine testing frequency on outcome in a methadone take-home contingency programDrug Alcohol Depend200162697611173169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChungSPalaniappanLWongERubinHLuftHDoes the frequency of Pay-for-Performance payment matter? – Experience from a randomized trialHealth Serv Res20104555356420059568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RollJMHigginsSTBadgerGJAn experimental comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplarJ Appl Behav Anal1996294955048995832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RollJMHigginsSTA within-subject comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplarDrug Alcohol Depend20005810310910669060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RollJMShoptawSContingency management: Schedule effectsPsychiatry Res2006144919316905197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RomanowichPLambRJEffects of escalating and descending schedules of incentives on cigarette smoking in smokers without plans to quitJ Appl Behav Anal20104335736721358898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetryNMSimcicFJrRecent advances in the dissemination of contingency management techniques: clinical and research perspectivesJ Subst Abuse Treat200223818612220605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetryNMAlessiSMMarxJAustinMTardifMVouchers versus prizes: contingency management treatment of substance abusers in community settingsJ Consult Clin Psychol2005731005101416392974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LottDCJenciusSEffectiveness of very low-cost contingency management in a community adolescent treatment programDrug Alcohol Depend200910216216519250774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EtterJFStapletonJANicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: a meta-analysisTob Control200615428028516885576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JefferyRWDrewnowskiAEpsteinLHLong-term maintenance of weight loss: Current statusHealth Psychol200019Suppl 151610709944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NorrisSLLauJSmithSJSchmidCHEngelgauMMSelf-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic controlDiabetes Care20022571159117112087014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KirbyKCMarloweDBFestingerDSLambRJPlattJJSchedule of voucher delivery influences initiation of cocaine abstinenceJ Consult Clin Psychol19986657617679803694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrestonKLUmbrichtAEpsteinDHAbstinence reinforcement maintenance contingency and one-year follow-upDrug Alcohol Depend200267212513712095662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaerRABlountRLDetrichRStokesTFUsing intermittent reinforcement to program maintenance of verbal/nonverbal correspondenceJ Appl Behav Anal1987201791843610897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FersterCBSkinnerBSchedules of ReinforcementNew YorkAppleton-Century-Crofts1957
   Google Scholar
• FreelandJTNoellGHProgramming for maintenance: An investigation of delayed intermittent reinforcement and common stimuli to create indiscriminable contingenciesJ Behav Educ200211518
   Google Scholar
• BaumWMUnderstanding Behaviorism: Behavior, Culture, and Evolution2nd edMalden, MABlackwell Pub2005
   Google Scholar
• CataniaACLearning5th edCornwall-on-Hudson, NYSloan Pub2013
   Google Scholar
• CheneyCDPierceWDbehavior Analysis and Learning5th edNew YorkPsychology Press2013
   Google Scholar
• ChiesaMRadical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the ScienceBostonAuthors Cooperative1994
   Google Scholar
• SkinnerBFVerbal BehaviorAppleton-Century-CroftsNew York1957
   Google Scholar
• MazurJEEstimation of indifference points with an adjusting-delay procedureJ Exp Anal Behav198849137473346621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FryerRGJrFinancial incentives and student achievement: Evidence from randomized trialsThe Quarterly Journal of Economics201112617551798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BucklinBRDickinsonAMIndividual monetary incentives: a review of different types of arrangements between performance and payJ Organ Behav Manage20012145137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar