Risk Factors for Psoriasis Flares: A Narrative Review

References

• Kanda N. Psoriasis: pathogenesis, comorbidities, and therapy updated. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):2979. doi:10.3390/ijms22062979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan BX, Chen XY, Ye LR, Chen JQ, Zheng M, Man XY. Cutaneous and systemic psoriasis: classifications and classification for the distinction. Front Med. 2021;8:649408. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.649408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya K, Kishimoto M, Sugai J, Komine M, Ohtsuki M. Risk factors for the development of psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4347. doi:10.3390/ijms20184347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocampo DV, Gladman D. Psoriatic arthritis. F1000Research. 2019;8:1665. doi:10.12688/f1000research.19144.1
   Google Scholar
• Zohar A, Cohen AD, Bitterman H, et al. Gastrointestinal comorbidities in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(11):2679–2684. doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3374-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki F. Psoriasis: comorbidities. J Dermatol. 2021;48(6):732–740. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Zhu YJ, Zou S, et al. Metabolic syndrome and psoriasis: mechanisms and future directions. Front Immunol. 2021;12:711060. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.711060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts W. Air pollution and skin disorders. Int J Women’s Dermatology. 2021;7(1):91–97. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.11.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu S, He M, Jiang J, et al. Triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis: a review and update. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22(1):108. doi:10.1186/s12964-023-01381-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahad T, Agius E. The Koebner phenomenon. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2015;76(11):C170–2. doi:10.12968/hmed.2015.76.11.C170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orzan OA, Popa LG, Vexler ES, Olaru I, Voiculescu VM, Bumbăcea RS. Tattoo-induced psoriasis. J Med Life. 2014;7(2):65–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charalambous H, Bloomfield D. Psoriasis and radiotherapy: exacerbation of psoriasis following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast (the Koebner phenomenon). Clin Oncol. 2000;12(3):192–193. doi:10.1053/clon.2000.9149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulsunay IE, Erdem Y, Altunay IK. Mask-induced Koebner Phenomenon in pemphigus patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Sisli Etfal Hastan tip Bul. 2023;57(4):567–568. doi:10.14744/SEMB.2023.38107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thijs S, Balti E, Degraeve C, Coremans P. Isomorphic (Koebner) phenomenon induced by insulin analogue injections in psoriasis. JCEM Case Reports. 2023;1(1):luac016. doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luac016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutter KJ, Watson REB, Cotterell LF, Brenn T, Griffiths CEM, Rhodes LE. Severely photosensitive psoriasis: a phenotypically defined patient subset. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(12):2861–2867. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Yao Z. Roles of Infection in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13). doi:10.3390/ijms23136955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roszkiewicz M, Dopytalska K, Szymańska E, Jakimiuk A, Walecka I. Environmental risk factors and epigenetic alternations in psoriasis. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2020;27(3):335–342. doi:10.26444/aaem/112107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patini R, Gioco G, Rupe C, et al. Oral Candida and psoriasis: is there association? A systematic review and trial sequential analysis. Oral Dis. 2023;29(8):3121–3135. doi:10.1111/odi.14422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak A, Grywalska E, Socha M, et al. Prevalence and possible role of candida species in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mediators Inflamm. 2018;2018:9602362. doi:10.1155/2018/9602362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ML, Kao WM, Huang JY, Hung YM, Wei JCC. Human papillomavirus infection associated with increased risk of new-onset psoriasis: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):786–797. doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basavaraj KH, Ashok NM, Rashmi R, Praveen TK. The role of drugs in the induction and/or exacerbation of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(12):1351–1361. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04570.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heng MC. Cutaneous manifestations of lithium toxicity. Br J Dermatol. 1982;106(1):107–109. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00911.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paduart O, Heenen M. Pharmacological action of lithium in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol. 1995;5:425–443. 413–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien M, Koo J. The mechanism of lithium and beta-blocking agents in inducing and exacerbating psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(5):426–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Namazi MR. Aggravation of psoriasis by antimalarials: a comment on the pathogenic mechanism. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74(6):675–676. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.45131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg EW, Noah PW, Zanolli MD, Skinner RBJ, Bond MJ, Crutcher N. Use of rifampin with penicillin and erythromycin in the treatment of psoriasis. Preliminary report. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(5):761–764. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(86)70090-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsankov N, Krasteva M. Rifampin therapy in severe forms of psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 1992;3:69–71. doi:10.3109/09546639209089062
   Google Scholar
• Counis R, Koumanov K, Raulin J, Infante R. [Antilipolytic role of tetracycline. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase in vitro]. Eur J Biochem. 1973;37(2):244–247. French. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02981.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanhapour M, Falahi B, Vaisi-Raygani A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (rs106180) and angiotensin type 1 receptor A(1166) C (rs106165) genotypes and psoriasis: correlation with cellular immunity, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(2):2627–2633. doi:10.1002/jcb.27569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartal ED, Colak H, Ozgunes I, Usluer G. Exacerbation of psoriasis due to peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin treatment of chronic active hepatitis C. Chemotherapy. 2005;51(2–3):167–169. doi:10.1159/000085626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lora E, Tercedor J, Massare E, López-Nevot MA, Skiljo M, Garcia-Mellado V. Interferon-induced psoriasis in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Dermatology. 1993;187(4):280. doi:10.1159/000247266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellinato F, Adami G, Vaienti S, et al. Association between short-term exposure to environmental air pollution and psoriasis flare. JAMA dermatol. 2022;158(4):375–381. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.6019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw FY, Chen WL, Kao TW, Chang YW, Huang CF. Exploring the link between cadmium and psoriasis in a nationally representative sample. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1723. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01827-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li W, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA. Smoking and risk of incident psoriasis among women and men in the United States: a combined analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(5):402–413. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szentkereszty-Kovács Z, Gáspár K, Szegedi A, Kemény L, Kovács D, Törőcsik D. Alcohol in psoriasis-from bench to bedside. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4987. doi:10.3390/ijms22094987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musumeci ML, Nasca MR, Boscaglia S, Micali G. The role of lifestyle and nutrition in psoriasis: current status of knowledge and interventions. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(9):e15685. doi:10.1111/dth.15685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussirot E, Aubin F, Dumoulin G. Relationships between Adipose Tissue and Psoriasis, with or without Arthritis. Front Immunol. 2014;5:368. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz M, Simon JC, Saalbach A. Psoriasis: obesity and Fatty Acids. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1807. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousset L, Halioua B. Stress and psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(10):1165–1172. doi:10.1111/ijd.14032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snast I, Reiter O, Atzmony L, et al. Psychological stress and psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(5):1044–1055. doi:10.1111/bjd.16116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torales J, Echeverría C, Barrios I, et al. Psychodermatological mechanisms of psoriasis. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e13827. doi:10.1111/dth.13827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balato N, Megna M, Palmisano F, et al. Psoriasis and sport: a new ally? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(3):515–520. doi:10.1111/jdv.12607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachary C, Fackler N, Juhasz M, Pham C, Mesinkovska NA. Catamenial dermatoses associated with autoimmune, inflammatory, and systemic diseases: a systematic review(,). Int J Women’s Dermatology. 2019;5(5):361–367. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.09.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murase JE, Chan KK, Garite TJ, Cooper DM, Weinstein GD. Hormonal effect on psoriasis in pregnancy and post partum. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(5):601–606. doi:10.1001/archderm.141.5.601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adachi A, Honda T. Regulatory roles of estrogens in psoriasis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(16):4890. doi:10.3390/jcm11164890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simionescu AA, Danciu BM, Stanescu AMA. State-of-The-art review of pregnancy-related psoriasis. Medicina. 2021;57(8). doi:10.3390/medicina57080804
   Google Scholar
• Herbert D, Franz S, Popkova Y, et al. High-fat diet exacerbates early psoriatic skin inflammation independent of obesity: saturated fatty acids as key players. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(9):1999–2009. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Lu Y. Paradoxical psoriasis: the flip side of idiopathic psoriasis or an autocephalous reversible drug reaction? J Transl Autoimmun. 2023;7:100211. doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dereure O, Guillot B, Jorgensen C, Cohen JD, Combes B, Guilhou JJ. Psoriatic lesions induced by antitumour necrosis factor-alpha treatment: two cases. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(2):506–507. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06107.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugliese D, Guidi L, Ferraro PM, et al. Paradoxical psoriasis in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving treatment with anti-TNF alpha: 5-year follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(7):880–888. doi:10.1111/apt.13352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George LA, Gadani A, Cross RK, Jambaulikar G, Ghazi LJ. Psoriasiform skin lesions are caused by anti-TNF agents used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(11):3424–3430. doi:10.1007/s10620-015-3763-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denadai R, Teixeira FV, Steinwurz F, Romiti R, Saad-Hossne R. Induction or exacerbation of psoriatic lesions during anti-TNF-α therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic literature review based on 222 cases. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(7):517–524. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2012.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen G, Kroshinsky D, Cheifetz AS, Korzenik JR. Psoriasis associated with anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a new series and a review of 120 cases from the literature. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(11–12):1318–1327. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04866.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown G, Wang E, Leon A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor-induced psoriasis: systematic review of clinical features, histopathological findings, and management experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(2):334–341. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten D, Kruithof E, Van den Bosch F, et al. Systematic safety follow up in a cohort of 107 patients with spondyloarthropathy treated with infliximab: a new perspective on the role of host defence in the pathogenesis of the disease? Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(9):829–834. doi:10.1136/ard.62.9.829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian N, Zhang L, Chen M. Tumor necrosis factors-α inhibition-induced paradoxical psoriasis: a case series and literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14225. doi:10.1111/dth.14225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggs JME, Ramsay B, Lynch M. Paradoxical psoriasis caused by tumour necrosis factor inhibitor therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(3):580–582. doi:10.1111/ced.14500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazloom SE, Yan D, Hu JZ, et al. TNF-α inhibitor-induced psoriasis: a decade of experience at the Cleveland Clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(6):1590–1598. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy MJ, Cohen JM, Vesely MD, Damsky W. Paradoxical eruptions to targeted therapies in dermatology: a systematic review and analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(5):1080–1091. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad C, Di Domizio J, Mylonas A, et al. TNF blockade induces a dysregulated type I interferon response without autoimmunity in paradoxical psoriasis. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):25. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02466-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palucka AK, Blanck JP, Bennett L, Pascual V, Banchereau J. Cross-regulation of TNF and IFN-alpha in autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(9):3372–3377. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408506102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewold TB. Interferon alpha as a primary pathogenic factor in human lupus. J Interf Cytokine Res off J Int Soc Interf Cytokine Res. 2011;31(12):887–892. doi:10.1089/jir.2011.0071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabaleiro T, Prieto-Pérez R, Navarro R, et al. Paradoxical psoriasiform reactions to anti-TNFα drugs are associated with genetic polymorphisms in patients with psoriasis. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016;16(4):336–340. doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collamer AN, Battafarano DF. Psoriatic skin lesions induced by tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy: clinical features and possible immunopathogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010;40(3):233–240. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merli M, Accorinti M, Romagnuolo M, et al. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses in cancer patients treated by immunotherapy: a literature review and Italian multicentric experience. Front Med. 2023;10:1208418. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1208418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan S, Day D, Nicholls SJ, Segelov E. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in oncology: current uses and future directions: JACC: cardioOncology State-of-The-Art Review. JACC CardioOncology. 2022;4(5):579–597. doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.09.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fattore D, Annunziata MC, Panariello L, Marasca C, Fabbrocini G. Successful treatment of psoriasis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors with apremilast. Eur J Cancer. 2019;110:107–109. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2019.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bock M, Hulstaert E, Kruse V, Brochez L. Psoriasis vulgaris exacerbation during treatment with a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor: case report and literature review. Case Rep Dermatol. 2018;10(2):190–197. doi:10.1159/000491572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaou V, Sibaud V, Fattore D, et al. Immune checkpoint-mediated psoriasis: a multicenter European study of 115 patients from the European network for cutaneous adverse event to oncologic drugs (ENCADO) group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(5):1310–1320. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonigen J, Raynaud-Donzel C, Hureaux J, et al. Anti-PD1-induced psoriasis: a study of 21 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(5):e254–e257. doi:10.1111/jdv.14011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voudouri D, Nikolaou V, Laschos K, et al. Anti-PD1/PDL1 induced psoriasis. Curr Probl Cancer. 2017;41(6):407–412. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2017.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiezza S, Greliak A, Rached HA, Mortier L. Exacerbation of skin psoriasis when associating an MEK inhibitor with anti-PD1 immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2019;29(4):447–448. doi:10.1097/CMR.0000000000000601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Z, Huang J, Ou X, Lou S, Wan J, Shen Z. Psoriasis de novo or exacerbation by PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors. An Bras Dermatol. 2024;99:425–432. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2023.09.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Politi A, Angelos D, Mauri D, Zarkavelis G, Pentheroudakis G. A case report of psoriasis flare following immunotherapy: report of an important entity and literature review. SAGE Open Med Case Reports. 2020;8:2050313X19897707. doi:10.1177/2050313X19897707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsour EP, Pothen J, Balaraman R. A novel approach to the treatment of pembrolizumab-induced psoriasis exacerbation: a case report. Cureus. 2019;11(10):e5824. doi:10.7759/cureus.5824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullangi S, Ponnam S, Lekkala MR, Koya S. A case of de novo psoriasis secondary to nivolumab in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15703. doi:10.7759/cureus.15703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seervai RNH, Heberton M, Cho WC, et al. Severe de novo pustular psoriasiform immune-related adverse event associated with nivolumab treatment for metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2022;49(5):472–481. doi:10.1111/cup.14185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura N, Ohtsuka M, Kikuchi N, Yamamoto T. Exacerbation of psoriasis during nivolumab therapy for metastatic melanoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96(2):259–260. doi:10.2340/00015555-2212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halle BR, Betof Warner A, Zaman FY, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with pre-existing psoriasis: safety and efficacy. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9(10):e003066. doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim JH, Oh SH, Jun JY, et al. Exacerbation of Psoriasis after Imatinib Mesylate Treatment. Ann Dermatol. 2016;28(3):409–411. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi T, Hiraoka A, Okazaki H, et al. Exacerbation of psoriasis vulgaris by sorafenib treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2020;13(5):891–895. doi:10.1007/s12328-020-01134-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thachil J. T-regulatory cell response in psoriasis and changes with imatinib therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e1022. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03696.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martora F, Battista T, Marasca C, Genco L, Fabbrocini G, Potestio L. Cutaneous reactions following COVID-19 vaccination: a review of the current literature. Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatol. 2022;15:2369–2382. doi:10.2147/CCID.S388245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul V, Gallo de Moraes A, Khateeb D, et al. Medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chest. 2021;159(5):1949–1960. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.12.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martora F, Villani A, Fabbrocini G, Battista T. COVID-19 and cutaneous manifestations: a review of the published literature. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;22(1):4–10. doi:10.1111/jocd.15477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrascosa JM, Morillas V, Bielsa I, Munera-Campos M. Cutaneous Manifestations in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111(9):734–742. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2020.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galván Casas C, Català A, Carretero Hernández G, et al. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(1):71–77. doi:10.1111/bjd.19163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah H, Busquets AC. Psoriasis flares in patients with COVID-19 infection or vaccination: a case series. Cureus. 2022;14(6):e25987. doi:10.7759/cureus.25987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Qiu Y, Chen M, et al. Transition from secukinumab to Adalimumab in COVID-19-induced psoriasis flare-up treatment: a case report. Clin Case Rep. 2023;11(10):e8047. doi:10.1002/ccr3.8047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Yuan L, Qiu X, Yang B, Man MQ. Psoriasis and COVID-19 Infection Negatively Impact Each Other: an Analysis of 3581 Cases. Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatol. 2023;16:1933–1936. doi:10.2147/CCID.S421394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aram K, Patil A, Goldust M, Rajabi F. COVID-19 and exacerbation of dermatological diseases: a review of the available literature. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(6):e15113. doi:10.1111/dth.15113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuelgasim E, Dona ACM, Sondh RS, Harky A. Management of urticaria in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(1):e14328. doi:10.1111/dth.14328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi-Dadras M, Tabary M, Robati RM, Araghi F, Dadkhahfar S. Psoriasis and risk of the COVID-19: is there a role for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)? J DermatolTreat. 2022;33(2):1175–1176. doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1782819
   Google Scholar
• Shi CR, Nambudiri VE. Widespread psoriasis flare following influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2017;35(36):4785–4786. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munguía-Calzada P, Drake-Monfort M, Armesto S, Reguero-Del Cura L, López-Sundh AE, González-López MA. Psoriasis flare after influenza vaccination in Covid-19 era: a report of four cases from a single center. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(1):e14684. doi:10.1111/dth.14684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias VC, Cunha D. Psoriasis triggered by tetanus-diphtheria vaccination. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2013;32(2):164–165. doi:10.3109/15569527.2012.727936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen O, Saatli B, Timur T, et al. Measures against COVID-19 pandemic - a single tertiary center experience. J Obstet Gynaecol J Inst Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;42(5):1532–1538. doi:10.1080/01443615.2021.2021506
   Google Scholar
• Fiolet T, Kherabi Y, MacDonald CJ, Ghosn J, Peiffer-Smadja N. Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):202–221. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero A, Martora F, Picone V, et al. The impact of COVID-19 infection on patients with psoriasis treated with biologics: an Italian experience. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022. doi:10.1111/ced.15336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megna M, Potestio L, Battista T, et al. Immune response to Covid-19 mRNA vaccination in psoriasis patients undergoing treatment with biologics. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022;47:2310–2312. doi:10.1111/ced.15395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potestio L, Battista T, Cacciapuoti S, et al. New onset and exacerbation of psoriasis following COVID-19 vaccination: a review of the current knowledge. Biomedicines. 2023;11(8):2191. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercuri SR, Pacifico A, Malagoli P, et al. Heterologous versus homologous primary and booster COVID-19 vaccination do not increase flare rate in patients with psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis: insights from a real-life, multicenter, case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37(6):e693–e694. doi:10.1111/jdv.18943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewer KJ, Barrett JR, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, et al. T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(2):270–278. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01194-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korman NJ. Management of psoriasis as a systemic disease: what is the evidence? Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(4):840–848. doi:10.1111/bjd.18245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar