Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential

References

• World Health Organization [webpage on the Internet]. Hookworm Disease; 2012. Available from: http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/soa_parasitic/en/index2.html. Accessed May 11, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• CDC [webpage on the Internet]. Hookworm; 2013. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/. Accessed November 12, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Daveson AJ, Jones DM, Gaze S, et al. Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease – a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e17366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaze S, Bethony JM, Periago MV. Immunology of experimental and natural human hookworm infection. Parasite Immunol. 2014;36(8):358–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell C, Hussain R, Nutman TB, et al. The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;37(1):126–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright V, Bickle Q. Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142(2):398–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger SM, Fujiwara RT, Santiago H, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Bethony JM. Early stage-specific immune responses in primary experimental human hookworm infection. Microbes Infect. 2008;10(14–15):1524–1535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JH, Feldman M. Heterogeneity of autoimmune diseases: pathophysiologic insights from genetics and implications for new therapies. Nat Med. 2015;21(7):730–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, Graham NM. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84(3):223–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NIH [webpage on the Internet]. Understanding Autoimmune Diseases; 2015. Available from: http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Autoimmune/. Accessed November 12, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Marrack P, Kappler J, Kotzin BL. Autoimmune disease: why and where it occurs. Nat Med. 2001;7(8):899–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roep BO, Buckner J, Sawcer S, Toes R, Zipp F. The problems and promises of research into human immunology and autoimmune disease. Nat Med. 2012;18(1):48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment. J Autoimmun. 2012;38(2–3):J156–J169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasekariah GR, Dhage KR, Deb BN, Bose S. Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum: development of protocols for dual infection in hamsters. Acta Trop. 1985;42(1):45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke JM, Pritchard DI. Necator americanus in neonatally infected hamsters. The time-course of infection and antibody response to the surface antigens of L4 and adult worms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(6):967–972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara RT, Geiger SM, Bethony J, Mendez S. Comparative immunology of human and animal models of hookworm infection. Parasite Immunol. 2006;28(7):285–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer K, Brown A, Feary J, et al. Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75(5):914–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blount D, Hooi D, Feary J, et al. Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81(5):911–916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone FH, Telford G, Hooi D, et al. Antigen-driven basophil activation is indicative of early Necator americanus infection in IgE-seronegative patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(6):1343.e7–1350.e7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSorley HJ, Hewitson JP, Maizels RM. Immunomodulation by helminth parasites: defining mechanisms and mediators. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43(3–4):301–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH. Clinical trials. gov [homepage on the Internet]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed November 4, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener S, Yemaneberhan H, Zebenigus M, et al. Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1493–1499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Lewis S, et al. Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: a cross-sectional study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(6):1305–1311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Quinnell RJ, et al. Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40(1):131–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feary J, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Atopy and current intestinal parasite infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2011;66(4):569–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpairwe H, Ndibazza J, Webb EL, et al. Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014;25(5):481–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feary J, Venn A, Brown A, et al. Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(7):1060–1068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feary JR, Venn AJ, Mortimer K, et al. Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40(2):299–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi-Bee J, Pritchard D, Britton J. Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(5):514–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croese J, O’neil J, Masson J, et al. A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn’s patients and reservoir donors. Gut. 2006;55(1):136–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeerdoss J, Pugazhendhi S, Subramanian V, Binder HJ, Ramakrishna BS. Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn’s disease: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(8):923–930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna BS, Binder HJ, Subramanian V, Pugazhendhi S, Kabeerdoss J. Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn’s disease: authors’ reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(10):1250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shale M, Travis SP. Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(10):1248–1249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JK, West SR, Robins G. Advances in celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2011;27(2):112–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSorley HJ, Gaze S, Daveson J, et al. Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaze S, McSorley HJ, Daveson J, et al. Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(2):e1002520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croese J, Giacomin P, Navarro S, et al. Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):508–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantacessi C, Giacomin P, Croese J, et al. Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(9):1431–1434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacomin P, Zakrzewski M, Croese J, et al. Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacomin P, Croese J, Krause L, Loukas A, Cantacessi C. Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1675):20140296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar