486
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A Literature Review of the Potential Impact of Medication on Vitamin D Status

ORCID Icon
Pages 3357-3381 | Published online: 14 Aug 2021

References

  • Autier P, Boniol M, Pizot C, Mullie P. Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(1):76–89. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70165-7
  • Francis R, Aspray T, Fraser W, et al. Vitamin D and bone health: a practical clinical guideline for patient management. Nat Osteoporos Soc. 2013;28.
  • Thacher TD, Clarke BL. Vitamin D insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(1):50–60. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0567
  • Department of Health. Nutrition and Bone Health: With Particular Reference to Calcium and Vitamin D. London: The Stationery Office; 1998:49.
  • EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 150, 151, 158), absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus and maintenance of normal blood calcium concentrations (ID 152, 157), cell division (ID 153), and thyroid function (ID 156) pursuant to Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2009;7(10):1227.
  • EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular function (ID 159) pursuant to Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2010;8(2):1468.
  • EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to normal bone and tooth development pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2014;12(2):3579.
  • Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(11):1807–1820. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6
  • Lanham-New SA, Buttriss JL, Miles LM, et al. Proceedings of the rank forum on vitamin D. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(1):144–156. doi:10.1017/S0007114510002576
  • Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Norman DP. Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;3(1):27–41. doi:10.1038/nrd1283
  • Pascussi JM, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Drocourt L, Maurel P, Vilarem MJ. The expression of CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 genes: a tangle of networks of nuclear and steroid receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1619(3):243–253. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00483-X
  • Chatterjee B, Echchgadda I, Song CS. Vitamin D receptor regulation of the steroid/bile acid sulfotransferase SULT2A1. Methods Enzymol. 2005;400:165–191.
  • Fan J, Liu S, Du Y, Morrison J, Shipman R, Pang KS. Up-regulation of transporters and enzymes by the vitamin D receptor ligands, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D analogs, in the Caco-2 cell monolayer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330(2):389–402. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.149815
  • Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. Vol. 2010. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2011.
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(1):18–28. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.18
  • Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, et al. The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):649–650. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.3.649
  • Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr. 2005;135(2):317–322. doi:10.1093/jn/135.2.317
  • Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):690–693.
  • Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):373–378. doi:10.1210/jcem-67-2-373
  • Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Dallal GE. Plasma calcidiol, season, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(1):67–71. doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.1.67
  • Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):713–716. doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1867-7
  • Luo G, Guenthner T, Gan LS, Humphreys WG. CYP3A4 induction by xenobiotics: biochemistry, experimental methods and impact on drug discovery and development. Curr Drug Metab. 2004;5(6):483–505. doi:10.2174/1389200043335397
  • Zhou SF. Drugs behave as substrates, inhibitors and inducers of human cytochrome P450 3A4. Curr Drug Metab. 2008;9(4):310–322. doi:10.2174/138920008784220664
  • Watkins PB, Wrighton SA, Schuetz EG, Molowa DT, Guzelian PS. Identification of glucocorticoid-inducible cytochromes P-450 in the intestinal mucosa of rats and man. J Clin Invest. 1987;80(4):1029–1036. doi:10.1172/JCI113156
  • Kolars JC, Schmiedlin-Ren P, Schuetz JD, Fang C, Watkins PB. Identification of rifampin-inducible P450IIIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes. J Clin Invest. 1992;90(5):1871–1878. doi:10.1172/JCI116064
  • Thummel KE, Brimer C, Yasuda K, et al. Transcriptional control of intestinal cytochrome P-4503A by 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. Mol Pharmacol. 2001;60(6):1399–1406. doi:10.1124/mol.60.6.1399
  • Lindh JD, Andersson ML, Eliasson E, Bjorkhem-Bergman L. Seasonal variation in blood drug concentrations and a potential relationship to vitamin D. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011;39(5):933–937. doi:10.1124/dmd.111.038125
  • Bates B, Lennox A, Prentice A, et al. National diet and nutrition survey results from years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the rolling programme (2008/2009–2011/2012). London: Public Health England, Food Standards Agency; 2014.
  • Morijiri Y, Sato T. Factors causing rickets in institutionalised handicapped children on anticonvulsant therapy. Arch Dis Child. 1981;56(6):446–449. doi:10.1136/adc.56.6.446
  • Krause KH, Berlit P, Bonjour JP, Schmidt-Gayk H, Schellenberg B, Gillen J. Vitamin status in patients on chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1982;52(4):375–385.
  • Gough H, Goggin T, Bissessar A, Baker M, Crowley M, Callaghan N. A comparative study of the relative influence of different anticonvulsant drugs, UV exposure and diet on vitamin D and calcium metabolism in outpatients with epilepsy. Q J Med. 1986;59(230):569–577.
  • Hahn TJ, Hendin BA, Scharp CR, Haddad JG. Effect of chronic anticonvulsant therapy on serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in adults. N Engl J Med. 1972;287(18):900–904. doi:10.1056/NEJM197211022871803
  • Bouillon R, Reynaert J, Claes JH, Lissens W, De Moor P. The effect of anticonvulsant therapy on serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;41(6):1130–1135. doi:10.1210/jcem-41-6-1130
  • Jubiz W, Haussler MR, McCain TA, Tolman KG. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977;44(4):617–621. doi:10.1210/jcem-44-4-617
  • Pylypchuk G, Oreopoulos DG, Wilson DR, et al. Calcium metabolism in adult outpatients with epilepsy receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Can Med Assoc J. 1978;118(6):635–638.
  • Weisman Y, Andriola M, Reiter E, Gruskin A, Root A. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Florida children: effect of anticonvulsant drugs. South Med J. 1979;72(4):400–401, 408. doi:10.1097/00007611-197904000-00009
  • Christensen CK, Lund B, Lund BJ, Sorensen OH, Nielsen HE, Mosekilde L. Reduced 2,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in epileptic patients receiving chronic combined anticonvulsant therapy. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res. 1981;3(1):17–22. doi:10.1016/S0221-8747(81)80018-5
  • Hoikka V, Savolainen K, Alhava EM, Sivenius J, Karjalainen P, Repo A. Osteomalacia in institutionalized epileptic patients on long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1981;64(2):122–131. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1981.tb04394.x
  • Keck E, Gollnick B, Reinhardt D, Karch D, Peerenboom H, Kruskemper HL. Calcium metabolism and vitamin D metabolite levels in children receiving anticonvulsant drugs. Eur J Pediatr. 1982;139(1):52–55. doi:10.1007/BF00442080
  • Lamberg-Allardt C, Wilska M, Saraste KL, Gronlund T. Vitamin D status of ambulatory and nonambulatory mentally retarded children with and without carbamazepine treatment. Ann Nutr Metab. 1990;34(4):216–220. doi:10.1159/000177590
  • Valimaki MJ, Tiihonen M, Laitinen K, et al. Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and novel markers of bone formation and resorption in patients on antiepileptic drugs. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(5):631–637. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650090507
  • Telci A, Cakatay U, Kurt BB, et al. Changes in bone turnover and deoxypyridinoline levels in epileptic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000;38(1):47–50. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2000.008
  • Stamp TC, Round JM, Rowe DJ, Haddad JG. Plasma levels and therapeutic effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in epileptic patients taking anticonvulsant drugs. Br Med J. 1972;4(5831):9–12. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5831.9
  • Tjellesen L, Christiansen C. Serum vitamin D metabolites in epileptic patients treated with 2 different anti-convulsants. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982;66(3):335–341. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1982.tb06853.x
  • Davie MW, Emberson CE, Lawson DE, et al. Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum calcium levels in institutionalized epileptic subjects: associated risk factors, consequences and response to treatment with vitamin D. Q J Med. 1983;52(205):79–91.
  • Hoikka V, Alhava EM, Karjalainen P, et al. Carbamazepine and bone mineral metabolism. Acta Neurol Scand. 1984;70(2):77–80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb00806.x
  • Rajantie J, Lamberg-Allardt C, Wilska M. Does carbamazepine treatment lead to a need of extra vitamin D in some mentally retarded children? Acta Paediatr Scand. 1984;73(3):325–328.
  • Nishiyama S, Kuwahara T, Matsuda I. Decreased bone density in severely handicapped children and adults, with reference to the influence of limited mobility and anticonvulsant medication. Eur J Pediatr. 1986;144(5):457–463. doi:10.1007/BF00441738
  • Winnacker JL, Yeager H, Saunders JA, Russell B, Anast CS. Rickets in children receiving anticonvulsant drugs: biochemical and hormonal markers. Am J Dis Child. 1977;131(3):286–290. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1977.02120160040005
  • Markestad T, Ulstein M, Strandjord RE, Aksnes L, Aarskog D. Anticonvulsant drug therapy in human pregnancy: effects on serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in maternal and cord blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150(3):254–258. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90361-2
  • Riancho JA, Del Arco C, Arteaga R, Herranz JL, Albajar M, Macias JG. Influence of solar irradiation on vitamin D levels in children on anticonvulsant drugs. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;79(4):296–299. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03788.x
  • Hoikka V, Savolainen K, Alhava EM, Sivenius J, Karjalainen P, Parvianinen M. Anticonvulsant osteomalacia in epileptic outpatients. Ann Clin Res. 1982;14(3):129–132.
  • Bell RD, Pak CY, Zerwekh J, et al. Effect of phenytoin on bone and mineral density in ambulatory epileptic children. Brain Dev. 1994;16:382–385. doi:10.1016/0387-7604(94)90125-2
  • Collins N, Maher J, Cole M, et al. A prospective study to evaluate the dose of vitamin D required to correct low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase in patients at risk of developing antiepileptic drug-induced osteomalacia. Q J Med. 1991;78:113–122.
  • Young RC, Blass JP. Iatrogenic nutritional deficiencies. Annu Rev Nutr. 1982;2:201–227. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.001221
  • Livingston S, Pauli LL. Anticonvulsants and rickets–a different view. Pediatrics. 1976;57(6):979.
  • Offermann G, Pinto V, Kruse R. Antiepileptic drugs and vitamin D supplementation. Epilepsia. 1979;20(1):3–15. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04771.x
  • Peterson P, Gray P, Tolman KG. Calcium balance in drug‐induced osteomalacia: response to vitamin D. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1976;19(1):63–67. doi:10.1002/cpt197619163
  • Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Munck O. Actions of vitamins D2 and D3 and 25-OHD3 in anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Br Med J. 1975;2(5967):363–365. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5967.363
  • Menon B, Harinarayan CV. The effect of anti epileptic drug therapy on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parameters of calcium and bone metabolism—A longitudinal study. Seizure. 2010;19(3):153–158. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2010.01.006
  • Robien K, Oppeneer SJ, Kelly JA, Hamilton-Reeves JM. Drug-vitamin D interactions: a systematic review of the literature. Nutr Clin Pract. 2013;28:194–208. doi:10.1177/0884533612467824
  • Mikati MA, Dib L, Yamout B, Sawaya R, Rahi AC, Fuleihan GE. Two randomized vitamin D trials in ambulatory patients on anticonvulsants: impact on bone. Neurology. 2006;67(11):2005–2014. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000247107.54562.0e
  • Jette N, Lix LM, Metge CJ, Prior HJ, McChesney J, Leslie WD. Association of antiepileptic drugs with nontraumatic fractures: a population-based analysis. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:107–112. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.341
  • Lee RH, Lyles KW, Sloane R, Colón-Emeric C. The association of newer anticonvulsant medications and bone mineral density. Endocr Pract. 2012;1–22. doi:10.4158/EP12119.OR
  • Bauer S, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M, et al. Early detection of bone metabolism changes under different antiepileptic drugs (ED-BoM-AED) – a prospective multicenter study. Epilepsy Res. 2013;106:417–422. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.06.020
  • Beniczky SA, Viken J, Jensen LT, Andersen NB. Bone mineral density in adult patients treated with various antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2012;21:471–472. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2012.04.002
  • Koo DL, Hwang KJ, Han SW, et al. Effect of oxcarbazepine on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:442–447. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.09.009
  • Meier C, Kraenzlin ME. Antiepileptics and bone health. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2011;3:235–243. doi:10.1177/1759720X11410769
  • Mintzer S, Boppana P, Toguri J, DeSantis A. Vitamin D levels and bone turnover in epilepsy patients taking carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia. 2006;47:510–515. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00460.x
  • Phabphal K, Geater A, Limapichat K, Sathirapanya P, Setthawatcharawanich S, Leelawattana R. Effect of switching hepatic enzyme-inducer antiepileptic drug to levetiracetam on bone mineral density, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in young adult patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54:e94–8. doi:10.1111/epi.12162
  • Nissen-Meyer LS, Svalheim S, Tauboll E, et al. Levetiracetam, phenytoin, and valproate act differently on rat bone mass, structure, and metabolism. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1850–1860. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01176.x
  • Wu F-J, Sheu SY, Lin HC. Osteoporosis is associated with antiepileptic drugs: a population-based study. Epileptic Disord. 2014;16(3):333–342. doi:10.1684/epd.2014.0673
  • Frier BM, Scott RD. Osteomalacia and arthropathy associated with prolonged abuse of purgatives. Br J Clin Pract. 1977;31:17–19.
  • Boucher BJ. Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome ‘X’? Br J Nutr. 1998;79(4):315–327. doi:10.1079/BJN19980055
  • Takiishi T, Gysemans C, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39:419–446.
  • Sohl E, Van Schoor NM, De Jongh RT, et al. The impact of medication on vitamin D status in older individuals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:477–485. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0917
  • Kos E, Liszek MJ, Emanuele MA, et al. Effect of metformin therapy on vitamin D and vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(2):179–184. doi:10.4158/EP11009.OR
  • Suzuki A, Kotake M, Ono Y, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in type 2 diabetes mellitus: association with microvascular complications and type of treatment. Endocr J. 2006;53(4):503–510. doi:10.1507/endocrj.k06-001
  • Ernst JB, Kuhn J, Becker T, et al. Association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and medication use in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(3):280–286. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.014
  • van Orten-Luiten AC, Janse A, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Witkamp RF. Vitamin D deficiency as adverse drug reaction? A cross-sectional study in Dutch geriatric outpatients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;72(5):605–614. doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2016-2
  • Lecka-Czernik B. Bone as a target of type 2 diabetes treatment. Curr Opin Investig. 2009;10:1085–1090.
  • Lecka-Czernik B. Bone loss in diabetes: use of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones and secondary osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8:178–184. doi:10.1007/s11914-010-0027-y
  • Habib ZA, Havstad SL, Wells K, Divine G, Pladevall M, Williams LK. Thiazolidinedione use and the longitudinal risk of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):592–600. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1385
  • Solomon DH, Cadarette SM, Choudhry NK, Canning C, Levin R, Sturmer T. A cohort study of thiazolidinediones and fractures in older adults with diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(8):2792–2798. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2157
  • Schwartz AV, Chen H, Ambrosius WT, et al. Effects of TZD use and discontinuation on fracture rates in ACCORD bone study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(11):4059–4066. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1215
  • Benvenuti S, Cellai I, Luciani P, et al. Rosiglitazone stimulates adipogenesis and decreases osteoblastogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30(9):RC26–30. doi:10.1007/BF03350807
  • Ali AA, Weinstein RS, Stewart SA, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC, Jilka RL. Rosiglitazone causes bone loss in mice by suppressing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Endocrinology. 2005;146(3):1226–1235. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0735
  • Billington EO, Grey A, Bolland MJ. The effect of thiazolidinediones on bone mineral density and bone turnover: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2015;58(10):2238–2246. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3660-2
  • Loke YK, Singh S, Furberg CD. Long-term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Cmaj. 2009;180(1):32–39. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080486
  • Zabłocka-Słowińska K, Dzielska E, Gryszkin I, Grajeta H. Dietary supplementation during diabetes therapy and the potential risk of interactions. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23(6):939–946. doi:10.17219/acem/37348
  • Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, et al. Effects of thiazide- and loop-diuretics, alone or in combination, on calcitropic hormones and biochemical bone markers: a randomized controlled study. J Intern Med. 2001;250(2):144–153.
  • Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):6–18. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.6
  • Riis B, Christiansen C. Actions of thiazide on vitamin D metabolism: a controlled therapeutic trial in normal women early in the postmenopause. Metab Clin Exp. 1985;34(5):421–424. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(85)90206-9
  • Lemann J, Gray RW, Maierhofer WJ, Cheung HS. Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits bone resorption in men despite experimentally elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Kidney Int. 1985;28(6):951–958. doi:10.1038/ki.1985.223
  • Kokot F, Pietrek J, Srokowska S, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Nephrol. 1981;16(4):188–192.
  • Perry HM, Jensen J, Kaiser FE, Horowitz M, Perry HM, Morley JE. The effects of thiazide diuretics on calcium metabolism in the aged. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(8):818–822. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06176.x
  • Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L. Effects of long-term treatment with loop diuretics on bone mineral density, calcitropic hormones and bone turnover. J Intern Med. 2005;257:176–184. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01434.x
  • Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:477–501. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437
  • Levin TT, Bakr MH, Nikolova T. Case report: delirium due to a diltiazem–fentanyl CYP3A4 drug interaction. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:648. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.08.003
  • Zhou SF, Xue CC, Yu XQ, et al. Clinically important drug interactions potentially involving mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(6):687–710. doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31815c16f5
  • Grober U, Kisters K. Influence of drugs on vitamin D and calcium metabolism. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012;4(2):158–166. doi:10.4161/derm.20731
  • Perez-Castrillon JL, Justo I, Sanz A, et al. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on 1,25-(OH)2 D levels of hypertensive patients. Relationship with ACE polymorphisms. Horm Metab Res. 2006;38(12):812–816. doi:10.1055/s-2006-956500
  • Semba RD, Bartali B, Zhou J, Blaum C, Ko CW, Fried LP. Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(6):594–599. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.594
  • Vogt S, Decke S, de Las Heras Gala T, et al. Prospective association of vitamin D with frailty status and all-cause mortality in older adults: results from the KORA-age study. Prev Med. 2015;1(73):40–46. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.010
  • Pérez-Castrillón JL, Vega G, Abad L, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(7):903–905.
  • Perez-Castrillon JL, Silva J, Justo I, et al. Effect of quinapril, quinapril-hydrochlorothiazide, and enalapril on the bone mass of hypertensive subjects: relationship with angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphisms. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(6):453–459. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(03)00845-8
  • Forouhi NG, Ye Z, Rickard AP, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and the risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetologia. 2012;55(8):2173–2182. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2544-y
  • Istvan ES, Deisenhofer J. Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Science. 2001;292(5519):1160–1164. doi:10.1126/science.1059344
  • Dobs AS, Levine MA, Margolis S. Effects of pravastatin, a new HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, on vitamin D synthesis in man. Metabolism. 1991;40(5):524–528. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(91)90235-O
  • Montagnani M, Lore F, Di Cairano G, et al. Effects of pravastatin treatment on vitamin D metabolites. Clin Ther. 1994;16(5):824–829.
  • Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM. Update on statins: 2003. Circulation. 2004;110(7):886–892. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000139312.10076.BA
  • Williams D, Feely J. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interactions with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(5):343–370. doi:10.2165/00003088-200241050-00003
  • Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT. Drug interactions with lipidlowering drugs: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80(6):565–581. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.003
  • Schwartz JB. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: a new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(2):198–203. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.165
  • Aloia JF, Li-Ng M, Pollack S. Statins and vitamin D. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(8):1329. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.05.024
  • Ismail F, Corder CN, Epstein S, Barbi G, Thomas S. Effects of pravastatin and cholestyramine on circulating levels of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites. Clin Ther. 1990;12(5):427–430.
  • Ridker PM, Glynn RJ. Rosuvastatin, C-reactive protein, LDL cholesterol, and the JUPITER trial–Authors’ reply. Lancet. 2009;374:26–27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61234-4
  • Yavuz B, Ertugrul DT, Cil H, et al. Increased levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D after rosuvastatin treatment: a novel pleiotropic effect of statins? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009;23(4):295–299. doi:10.1007/s10557-009-6181-8
  • Ertugrul DT, Yavuz B, Cil H, et al. STATIN-D Study: comparison of the influences of rosuvastatin and fluvastatin treatment on the levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D. Cardiovasc Ther. 2011;29(2):146–152. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00141.x
  • Glossmann HH, Blumthaler M. Does rosuvastatin increase serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D? Dermato-endocrinology. 2012;4(1):2–7. doi:10.4161/derm.18681
  • Holick MF. The statin D-lemma. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2012;4(1):10–11. doi:10.4161/derm.20189
  • Sahebkar A, Reiner Ž, E Simental-Mendía L, et al. Impact of statin therapy on plasma vitamin D levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(6):861–869. doi:10.2174/1381612822666161006150542
  • Yavuz B, Ertugrul DT. Statins and vitamin D: a hot topic that will be discussed for a long time. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2012;4(1):8–9. doi:10.4161/derm.20188
  • Ahmed W, Khan N, Glueck CJ, et al. Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients. Transl Res. 2009;153:11–16.
  • Plotnikoff GA, Quigley JM. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(12):1463–1470. doi:10.4065/78.12.1463
  • Glueck CJ, Budhani SB, Masineni SS, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, myositis-myalgia, and reversible statin intolerance. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(9):1683–1690. doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.598144
  • Michalska-Kasiczak M, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Analysis of vitamin D levels in patients with and without statin-associated myalgia—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 studies with 2420 patients. Int J Cardiol. 2015;178:111–116. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.118
  • Tonstad S, Knudtzon J, Sivertsen M, Refsum H, Ose L. Efficacy and safety of cholestyramine therapy in peripubertal and prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 1996;129(1):42–49. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70188-9
  • Knodel LC, Talbert RL. Adverse effects of hypolipidaemic drugs. Med Toxicol. 1987;2:10–32. doi:10.1007/BF03259858
  • Compston JE, Horton LW. Oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in treatment of osteomalacia associated with ileal resection and cholestyramine therapy. Gastroenterology. 1978;74:900–902. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(78)90150-6
  • Compston JE, Thompson RP. Intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and osteomalacia in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 1977;1:721–724. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92167-5
  • Heaton KW, Lever JV, Barnard RE. Osteomalacia associated with cholestyramine therapy for post-ileectomy diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1972;62:642–646. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(72)80051-9
  • Hoogwerf BJ, Hibbard DM, Hunninghake DB. Effects of long-term cholestyramine administration on vitamin D and parathormone levels in middle-aged men with hypercholesterolaemia. J Lab Clin Med. 1992;119:407–411.
  • Schwarz KB, Goldstein PD, Witztum JL, Schonfeld G. Fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in hypercholesterolemic children treated with colestipol. Pediatrics. 1980;65(2):243–250. doi:10.1542/peds.65.2.243
  • Tsang RC, Roginsky MS, Mellies MJ, Glueck CJ. Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in familial hypercholesterolemic children receiving colestipol resin. Pediatr Res. 1978;12(10):980–982. doi:10.1203/00006450-197810000-00006
  • Senova E, Steno B, Killinger Z, Baqi L, Payer J. Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers: a prospective 12 month study. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011;112(2):71–76.
  • Avgeri M, Papadopoulou A, Platokouki H, et al. Assessment of bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in children under long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;30(8):592–597. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e31817541a8
  • Sato Y, Honda Y, Kunoh H, Oizumi K. Long-term oral anticoagulation reduces bone mass in patients with previous hemispheric infarction and nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 1997;28(12):2390–2394. doi:10.1161/01.STR.28.12.2390
  • Sato Y, Honda Y, Jun I. Long-term oral anticoagulation therapy and the risk of hip fracture in patients with previous hemispheric infarction and nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;29(1):73. doi:10.1159/000256650
  • Vestergaard P, Hermann P, Jensen JE, Eiken P, Mosekilde L. Effects of paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetylsalicylic acid, and opioids on bone mineral density and risk of fracture: results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS). Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(4):1255–1265. doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1692-0
  • Cigolini M, Iagulli MP, Miconi V, Galiotto M, Lombardi S, Targher G. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):722–724. doi:10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2148
  • Verhoeven V, Vanpuyenbroeck K, Lopez-Hartmann M, et al. Walk on the sunny side of life–epidemiology of hypovitaminosis D and mental health in elderly nursing home residents. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(4):417–420. doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0361-5
  • Milaneschi Y, Hoogendijk W, Lips P, et al. The association between low vitamin D and depressive disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:444–451.
  • Chonan O, Takahashi R, Yasui H, Watanuki M. Effect of L-lactic acid on calcium absorption in rats fed omeprazole. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1998;44:473–481. doi:10.3177/jnsv.44.473
  • O’ Connel MB, Madden DM, Murray AM, Heaney RP, Kerzner LJ. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Med. 2005;118:778–781. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.007
  • Teramura-Grönblad M, Hosia-Randell H, Muurinen S, Pitkala K. Use of proton-pump inhibitors and their associated risks among frail elderly nursing home residents. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2010;28:154–159. doi:10.3109/02813432.2010.493315
  • Bengoa JM, Bolt MJ, Rosenberg IH. Hepatic vitamin D 25-hydroxylase inhibition by cimetidine and isoniazid. J Lab Clin Med. 1984;104(4):546–552.
  • Wyatt CL, Jensen LS, Rowland GN. Effect of cimetidine on eggshell quality and plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in laying hens. Poult Sci. 1990;69(11):1892–1899. doi:10.3382/ps.0691892
  • Odes HS, Fraser GM, Krugliak P, Lamprecht SA, Shany S. Effect of cimetidine on hepatic vitamin D metabolism in humans. Digestion. 1990;46(2):61–64. doi:10.1159/000200333
  • Richards DA. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cimetidine and ranitidine. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1983;5(suppl 1):81–90. doi:10.1097/00004836-198312001-00008
  • Rickers H, Deding A, Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Naestoft J. Corticosteroid- induced osteopenia and vitamin D metabolism: effect of vitamin D2, calcium phosphate and sodium fluoride administration. Clin Endocrinol. 1982;16(4):409–415. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb00734.x
  • Zerwekh JE, Emkey RD, Harris ED. Low-dose prednisone therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: effect on vitamin D metabolism. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27(9):1050–1052. doi:10.1002/art.1780270913
  • Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Baran DT. Effects of short term glucocorticoid administration on intestinal calcium absorption and circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52(1):111–115. doi:10.1210/jcem-52-1-111
  • Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Lips P, Sanders GT, Sauerwein HP. The course of biochemical parameters of bone turnover during treatment with corticosteroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72(2):382–386. doi:10.1210/jcem-72-2-382
  • Lems WF, Jacobs JW, Van Rijn HJ, Bijlsma JW. Changes in calcium and bone metabolism during treatment with low dose prednisone in young, healthy, male volunteers. Clin Rheumatol. 1995;14(4):420–424. doi:10.1007/BF02207675
  • Halton JM, Atkinson SA, Fraher L, et al. Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(11):1774–1783. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650111122
  • Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Haddad JG. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in patients receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy. J Lab Clin Med. 1977;90(2):399–404.
  • Klein RG, Arnaud SB, Gallagher JC, Deluca HF, Riggs BL. Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism: role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. J Clin Invest. 1977;60(1):253–259. doi:10.1172/JCI108762
  • Lund B, Storm TL, Melsen F, et al. Bone mineral loss, bone histomorphometry and vitamin D metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on longterm glucocorticoid treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 1985;4(2):143–149. doi:10.1007/BF02032284
  • Bikle DD, Halloran B, Fong L, Steinbach L, Shellito J. Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with prednisone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76(2):456–461.
  • Wetzsteon RJ, Shults J, Zemel BS, et al. Divergent effects of glucocorticoids on cortical and trabecular compartment BMD in childhood nephrotic syndrome. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(3):503–513. doi:10.1359/jbmr.081101
  • Wolthers OD, Riis BJ, Pedersen S. Bone turnover in asthmatic children treated with oral prednisolone or inhaled budesonide. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993;16(6):341–346. doi:10.1002/ppul.1950160604
  • Bijlsma JW, Duursma SA, Huber-Bruning O. Bone metabolism during methylprednisolone pulse therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45(9):757–760. doi:10.1136/ard.45.9.757
  • Slovik DM, Neer RM, Ohman JL, et al. Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in glucocorticoid-treated patients. Clin Endocrinol. 1980;12(3):243–248. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02706.x
  • Als OS, Riis B, Christiansen C. Serum concentration of vitamin D metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1987;6(2):238–243. doi:10.1007/BF02201030
  • von Scheven E, Gordon CM, Wypij D, Wertz M, Gallagher KT, Bachrach L. Variable deficits of bone mineral despite chronic glucocorticoid therapy in pediatric patients with inflammatory diseases: a Glaser Pediatric Research Network study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(6):821–830. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2006.19.6.821
  • Sentongo TA, Semaeo EJ, Stettler N, Piccoli DA, Stallings VA, Zemel BS. Vitamin D status in children, adolescents, and young adults with Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1077–1081. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1077
  • Cohran VC, Griffiths M, Heubi JE. Bone mineral density in children exposed to chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Clin Pediatr. 2008;47(5):469–475. doi:10.1177/0009922807311732
  • Santiago RA, Silva CA, Caparbo VF, Sallum AM, Pereira RM. Bone mineral apparent density in juvenile dermatomyositis: the role of lean body mass and glucocorticoid use. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008;37(1):40–47. doi:10.1080/03009740701687226
  • Jennings BH, Andersson KE, Johansson SA. The assessment of the systemic effects of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. The effects of inhaled budesonide vs oral prednisolone on calcium metabolism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;41:11–16. doi:10.1007/BF00280099
  • Janssens W, Bouillon R, Claes B, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in COPD and correlates with variants in the vitamin D-binding gene. Thorax. 2010;65:215–220. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.120659
  • Kunisaki KM, Rector TS. Vitamin D and responses to inhaled fluticasone in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:29–34. doi:10.2147/COPD.S15358
  • Richy F, Bousquet J, Ehrlich GE, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids effects on bone in asthmatic and COPD patients: a quantitative systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(3):179–190. doi:10.1007/s00198-003-1398-z
  • Jones A, Fay JK, Burr ML, Stone M, Hood K, Roberts G. Inhaled corticosteroid effects on bone metabolism in asthma and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
  • Halpern MT, Schmier JK, Van Kerkhove MD, Watkins M, Kalberg CJ. Impact of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy on bone mineral density: results of a meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;92(2):201–207. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61548-7
  • Loke YK, Gilbert D, Thavarajah M, Blanco P, Wilson AM. Bone mineral density and fracture risk with long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(11):e008554. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008554
  • Vanfleteren LE, Spruit MA, Groenen M, et al. Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):728–735. doi:10.1164/rccm.201209-1665OC
  • Weatherall M, James K, Clay J, et al. Dose–response relationship for risk of non-vertebral fracture with inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Exp Allerg. 2008;38(9):1451–1458. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03029.x
  • Loke YK, Cavallazzi R, Singh S. Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Thorax. 2011;66:699–708. doi:10.1136/thx.2011.160028
  • Chan V, Cave AJ, Banh HL. Self-reported osteoporosis prevention in inhaled corticosteroid users in community pharmacy setting. SAGE Open Med. 2015;22(3):2050312115586912.
  • American College of Rheumatology Task Force on Osteoporosis Guidelines. Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1791–1801. doi:10.1002/art.1780391104
  • de Vries F, Pouwels S, Bracke M, et al. Use of beta‐2 agonists and risk of hip/femur fracture: a population-based case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(6):612–619. doi:10.1002/pds.1318
  • Tattersfield AE, Town GI, Johnell O, et al. Bone mineral density in subjects with mild asthma randomised to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids or non-corticosteroid treatment for two years. Thorax. 2001;56(4):272–278. doi:10.1136/thorax.56.4.272
  • Williams SE, Wardman AG, Taylor GA, et al. Long term study of the effect of rifampicin and isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism. Tubercle. 1985;66:49–54. doi:10.1016/0041-3879(85)90053-4
  • Kovacs CS, Jones G, Yendt ER. Primary hyperparathyroidism masked by antituberculous therapy-induced vitamin D deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;41:831–838. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02801.x
  • Perry W, Erooga MA, Brown J, Stamp TC. Calcium metabolism during rifampicin and isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis. J R Soc Med. 1982;75:533–536.
  • Wanga Z. Interplay between vitamin D and the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:54–58. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.012
  • Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Dollery CT, et al. Rifampicin and vitamin D metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1980;27(6):810–814. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.115
  • Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Hillyard CJ, Abeyasekera G, MacIntyre I, Park BK. Effect of isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism and hepatic monooxygenase activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30(3):363–367. doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.173
  • Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Hillyard CJ, et al. Effect of rifampicin and isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1982;32(4):525–530. doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.197
  • Davies PD, Brown RC, Church HA, Woodhead JS. The effect of antituberculosis chemotherapy on vitamin D and calcium metabolism. Tubercle. 1987;68(4):261–266. doi:10.1016/0041-3879(87)90066-3
  • Martinez ME, Gonzalez J, Sanchez-Cabezudo MJ, Pena JM, Vazquez JJ. Remission of hypercalciuria in patients with tuberculosis after treatment. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996;59(1):17–20. doi:10.1007/s002239900078
  • Shah SC, Sharma RK, Hemangini H, Chitle AR. Rifampicin induced osteomalacia. Tubercle. 1981;62:207–209. doi:10.1016/0041-3879(81)90008-8
  • Reitsma JB, Castro Cabezas M, de Bruin TW, Erkelens DW. Relationship between improved postprandial lipemia and low-density lipoprotein metabolism during treatment with tetrahydrolipstatin, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor. Metab Clin Exp. 1994;43(3):293–298. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90095-7
  • Guerciolini R. Mode of action of orlistat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21(suppl 3):S12.
  • Gotfredsen A, Westergren Hendel H, Andersen T. Influence of orlistat on bone turnover and body composition. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(8):1154–1160. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801639
  • James WP, Avenell A, Broom J, Whitehead J. A one-year trial to assess the value of orlistat in the management of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21(suppl 3):S24–S30.
  • McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, Uwaifo GI, Yanovski JA. Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(7):814–822. doi:10.1592/phco.22.11.814.33627
  • Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Olivares N, Martinez-Berriotxoa A, Aguirre C. Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, predictors and clinical consequences. Rheumatology. 2008;47:920–923. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken121
  • Flexner C. Antiretroviral agents and treatment of HIV infection. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, editors. Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
  • Cozzolino M, Vidal M, Arcidiacono MV, Tebas P, Yarasheski KE, Dusso AS. HIV-protease inhibitors impair vitamin D bioactivation to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. AIDS. 2003;17(4):513–520. doi:10.1097/00002030-200303070-00006
  • Ramayo E, Gonzalez-Moreno MP, Macias J, et al. Relationship between osteopenia, free testosterone, and vitamin D metabolite levels in HIVinfected patients with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005;21(11):915–921. doi:10.1089/aid.2005.21.915
  • Curtis JR, Smith B, Weaver M, et al. Ethnic variations in the prevalence of metabolic bone disease among HIV-positive patients with lipodystrophy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006;22(2):125–131. doi:10.1089/aid.2006.22.125
  • Garcia Aparicio AM, Munoz Fernandez S, Gonzalez J, et al. Abnormalities in the bone mineral metabolism in HIV-infected patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(4):537–539. doi:10.1007/s10067-005-0028-x
  • Havers FP, Detrick B, Cardoso SW, et al. Change in Vitamin D levels occurs early after antiretroviral therapy initiation and depends on treatment regimen in resource-limited settings. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95164. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095164
  • Tannirandorn P, Epstein S. Drug-induced bone loss. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:637–659. doi:10.1007/s001980070062
  • Zimran A, Shilo S, Fisher D, Bab I. Histomorphometric evaluation of reversible heparin-induced osteoporosis in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:386–388. doi:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360140226033
  • Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:1265–1270. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90378-V
  • Barbour LA, Kick SD, Steiner JF, et al. A prospective study of heparin-induced osteoporosis in pregnancy using bone densitometry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:862–869. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70299-3
  • Martineau P, Tawil N. Low-molecular-weight heparins in the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:588–98,601. doi:10.1345/aph.16450
  • Aarskog D, Aksnes L, Lehmann V. Low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in heparin-induced osteopenia (letter). Lancet. 1980;2:650–651. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)90325-6
  • Monreal M, Olive A, Lafoz E, Del Rio L. Heparins, coumarin and bone density (letter). Lancet. 1991;338:706. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91292-3
  • Pettila V, Leinonen P, Markkola A, et al. Postpartum bone mineral density in women treated for thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or LMW heparin. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:182–186. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1612970
  • Sivakumaran M, Ghosh K, Zaidi Y, Hutchinson RM. Osteoporosis and vertebral collapse following low-dose, low molecular weight heparin therapy in a young patient. Clin Lab Haematol. 1996;18:55–57. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.1996.tb00741.x
  • Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006;11(7):742–752. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-7-742
  • Santini D, Galluzzo S, Vincenzi B, et al. A longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D plasma levels during anthracycline- and docetaxel-based adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(1):185–186. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp497
  • Freedman DM, Looker AC, Chang SC, et al. Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer mortality in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1594–1602. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm204
  • Kailajarvi ME, Salminen EK, Paija OM, et al. Serum bone markers in breast cancer patients during 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) therapy. Anticancer Res. 2004;24:1271–1274.
  • Crew KD, Shane E, Cremers S, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency despite supplementation in premenopausal women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2151–2156. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6162
  • Jacot W, Pouderoux S, Thezenas S. Increased prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;134:709–717. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2084-7
  • Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, et al. Prognostic effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3757–3763. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.0725
  • Gao Y, Shimizu M, Yamada S, Ozaki Y, Aso T. The effects of chemotherapy including cisplatin on vitamin D metabolism. Endocr J. 1993;40(6):737–742. doi:10.1507/endocrj.40.737
  • Fakih MG, Trump DL, Johnson CS, Tian L, Muindi J, Sunga AY. Chemotherapy is linked to severe vitamin D deficiency in patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24(2):219–224. doi:10.1007/s00384-008-0593-y
  • Matsuoka LY, Ide L, Wortsman J, et al. Suncreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64:1165–1168. doi:10.1210/jcem-64-6-1165
  • Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hanifan N, Holick MF. Chronic suncreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124:1802–1804. doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120018003
  • Prystowsky JH. Photoprotection and the vitamin D status of the elderly. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124:1844–1848. doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120060011
  • Holick MF. Sunlight “D”ilemma: risk of skin cancer or bone disease and muscle weakness. Lancet. 2001;357:4–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03560-1
  • Reichrath J. Protecting against adverse effects of sun protection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:1204–1206. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(03)02142-X
  • Huang H, Wang H, Sinz M, et al. Inhibition of drug metabolism by blocking the activation of nuclear receptors by ketoconazole. Oncogene. 2007;26(2):258–268. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209788
  • Marechal JD, Yu J, Brown S, et al. In silico and in vitro screening for inhibition of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 by comedications commonly used by patients with cancer. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006;34(4):534–538. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.007625
  • Loose DS, Kan PB, Hirst MA, Marcus RA, Feldman D. Ketoconazole blocks adrenal steroidogenesis by inhibiting cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes. J Clin Invest. 1983;71(5):1495–1499. doi:10.1172/JCI110903
  • Kassi EN, Stavropoulos S, Kokkoris P, et al. Smoking is a significant determinant of low serum vitamin D in young and middle-aged healthy males. Hormones. 2015;14(2):245–250.
  • Jaaskelainen T, Knekt P, Marniemi J, et al. Vitamin D status is associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and metabolic health. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:513–525. doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0354-0
  • Thuesen B, Husemoen L, Fenger M, et al. Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone. 2012;50:605–610. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.016
  • Scragg R, Holdaway I, Jackson R, Lim T. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population. Ann Epidemiol. 1992;2:697–703. doi:10.1016/1047-2797(92)90014-H
  • Jungert A, Neuhauser-Berthold M. Dietary vitamin D intake is not associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone in elderly subjects, whereas the calcium-to-phosphate ratio affects parathyroid hormone. Nutr Res. 2013;33:661–667. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.011
  • Banihosseini SZ, Baheiraei A, Shirzad N, Heshmat R, Mohsenifar A. The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on vitamin D level and biochemical parameters of mothers and neonates. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2013;12(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/2251-6581-12-19
  • Jorde R, Sneve M, Emaus N, Figenschau Y, Grimnes G. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index: the Tromsø study. Eur J Nutr. 2010;49(7):401–407. doi:10.1007/s00394-010-0098-7
  • Liu N, Sun J, Wang X, Zhang T, Zhao M, Li H. Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;58–64. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.077
  • Kazemi A, Mohammadi V, Keshtkar S, et al. Association of vitamin D status with SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021. doi:10.1093/advances/nmab012
  • Teshome A, Adane A, Girma B, Mekonnen ZA. The impact of vitamin D level on COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2021;9:624559. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559
  • Pereira M, Dantas Damascena A, Galvão Azevedo LM, de Almeida Oliveira T, da Mota Santana J. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;3:1–9.
  • Ghasemian R, Shamshirian A, Heydari K, et al. The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv. 2020:1–20. doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.20123554.
  • Nikniaz L, Akbarzadeh MA, Hosseinifard H, Hosseini MS. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on mortality rate and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2021.
  • Yisak H, Ewunetei A, Kefale B, et al. Effects of vitamin D on COVID-19 infection and prognosis: a systematic review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:31–38. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S291584
  • Pinzon RT, Pradana AW. Vitamin D deficiency among patients with COVID-19: case series and recent literature review. Trop Med Health. 2020;48:102. doi:10.1186/s41182-020-00277-w
  • Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 states, March 1 –30, 2020. MMWR. 2020;69(15):458–464.
  • Wakeman MP. A review of the role micronutrient status in the elderly plays in their immune response to viral respiratory infections and the potential compromising effects medications might cause. J Adv Med Med Res. 2020;13:59–85. doi:10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i830468
  • Roberts C, Steer T, Maplethorpe N, et al. National diet and nutrition survey results from years 7 and 8 (combined) of the rolling programme (2014/2015 to 2015/2016). PHE publications. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ndnsresults-from-years-7-and-8-combined. Accessed July 16, 2020.
  • Public Health England. Press release: PHE publishes new advice on vitamin D. 2016. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-publishes-new-advice-on-vitamin-d. Accessed July 16, 2021.
  • Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Vitamin D and health. 2016. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-vitamin-d-and-health-report. Accessed July 16, 2021.
  • Hin H, Tomson J, Newman C, et al. Optimum dose of vitamin D for disease prevention in older people: BEST-D trial of vitamin D in primary care. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(3):841–851. doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3833-y
  • Griffin G, Hewison M, Hopkin J, et al. Preventing vitamin D deficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic: UK definitions of vitamin D sufficiency and recommended supplement dose are set too low. Clin Med. 2021;21(1):e48. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0858
  • Carlberg C, Haq A. The concept of the personal vitamin D response index. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:12–17. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.011
  • Gao L, Maidment I, Matthews FE, Robinson L, Brayne C. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Medication usage change in older people (65+) in England over 20 years: findings from CFAS I and CFAS II. Age Ageing. 2018;47(2):220–225. doi:10.1093/ageing/afx158
  • Charlesworth CJ, Smit E, Lee DSH, et al. Polypharmacy among adults aged 65 years and older in the United States: 1988–2010. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70:989–995. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv013
  • Guthrie B, Makubate B, Hernandez-santiago V, et al. The rising tide of polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions: population database analysis 1995–2010. BMC Med. 2015;13:74. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0322-7
  • Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, Johnson M, Schumm P, Lindau ST. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. J Am Med Assoc. 2008;300:2867–2878.
  • Franchi C, Tettamanti M, Pasina L, et al. Changes in drug prescribing to Italian community-dwelling elderly people: the EPIFARM—Elderly Project 2000–2010. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70:437–443. doi:10.1007/s00228-013-1621-6