Multiple Long-Term Conditions and Disability are Independently Associated with Higher Risk of Fall Among Community Adults: a Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing. 2006;35(Suppl 2):ii37–ii41. doi:10.1093/ageing/afl084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourdet S, van Kan GA, Soto ME, et al. Prognosis of an abnormal one-leg balance in community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a 2-year prospective study in 686 patients of the REAL.FR study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(4):407.e401–406. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborators GDa H. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1859–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization WH. WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. World Health Organization. 2008;2008.
   Google Scholar
• Florence CS, Bergen G, Atherly A, Burns E, Stevens J, Drake C. Medical costs of fatal and nonfatal falls in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(4):693–698. doi:10.1111/jgs.15304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling DA, O’connor JA, Bonadies J. Geriatric falls: injury severity is high and disproportionate to mechanism. J Trauma. 2001;50(1):116–119. doi:10.1097/00005373-200101000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med. 1986;80(3):429–434. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90717-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørstad EC, Hauer K, Becker C, Lamb SE. Measuring the psychological outcomes of falling: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(3):501–510. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53172.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrella RJ, Payne M, Myers A, Overend T, Chesworth B. Physical function and fear of falling after Hip fracture rehabilitation in the elderly. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79(2):154–160. doi:10.1097/00002060-200003000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower ES, Wetherell JL, Petkus AJ, Rawson KS, Lenze EJ. Fear of falling after hip fracture: Prevalence, course, and relationship with one-year functional recovery. Am J Geriatr Psych. 2016;24(12):1228–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khunti K, Sathanapally H, Mountain P. Multiple long term conditions, multimorbidity, and co-morbidities: we should reconsider the terminology we use. BMJ. 2023;383:2327. doi:10.1136/bmj.p2327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehnert T, Heider D, Leicht H, et al. Review: health care utilization and costs of elderly persons with multiple chronic conditions. Med Care Res Rev. 2011;68(4):387–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagl A, Witte J, Hodek JM, Greiner W. Relationship between multimorbidity and direct healthcare costs in an advanced elderly population. Results of the PRISCUS trial. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;45(2):146–154. doi:10.1007/s00391-011-0266-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh AK, Barton MB. The challenge of multiple comorbidity for the US health care system. JAMA. 2010;303(13):1303–1304. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker M, Buntinx F, Knottnerus JA. Comorbidity or multimorbidity. Eur J Gener Pract. 1996;2(2):65–70. doi:10.3109/13814789609162146
   Google Scholar
• Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Koyanagi A. Physical chronic conditions, multimorbidity and sedentary behavior amongst middle-aged and older adults in six low- and middle-income countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0602-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek S, Rizzuto D, Xu W, Calderón-Larrañaga A, Welmer AK. Predictors for functional decline after an injurious fall: a population-based cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(8):2183–2190. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01747-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart Williams J, Kowal P, Hestekin H, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and disability associated with fall-related injury in older adults in low- and middle-incomecountries: results from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). BMC Med. 2015;13:147. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0390-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alenazi AM. Number of medications and polypharmacy are associated with risk of fall in Saudi community-dwelling adults. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(2):185–190. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2022.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani BA, Alshehri MM, Hoover JC, Alenazi AM. Prevalence of falls among older adults in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;83:169–174. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alenazi AM, Alanazi MF, Elnaggar RK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for falls among community-dwelling adults in Riyadh area. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani B, Elnaggar RK, Alshehri MM, Khunti K, Alenazi A. National and regional prevalence rates of diabetes in Saudi Arabia: analysis of national survey data. Int J Diabetes Dev Countries. 2022;1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alenazi AM, Alhowimel AS, Alotaibi MA, et al. Prevalence and incidence of osteoarthritis among people living in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(9):3523–3531. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05662-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhabib KF, Batais MA, Almigbal TH, et al. Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: results from the prospective Urban rural epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi). BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09298-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Alodhayani AA, Almeneessier A, AlHabeeb KM, Siddiqui AR. Age and gender differences in the prevalence of chronic diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk scores in adults in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medl J. 2021;42(5):526. doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.5.20200684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani BA, Alenazi AM, Alhowimel AS, Elnaggar RK. The descriptive pattern of physical activity in Saudi Arabia: analysis of national survey data. Int Health. 2021;13(3):232–239. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaa027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani BA, Alenazi AM, Hoover JC, et al. Incidence of stroke among Saudi population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(11):3099–3104. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04520-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani BA, Alenazi AM. A national perspective on cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2024;24(1):184. doi:10.1186/s12872-024-03845-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alenazi AM, Alqahtani BA. National and regional prevalence rates of hypertension in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive analysis using the national survey data. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1092905. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1092905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alabdullgader A, Rabbani U. Prevalence and risk factors of falls among the Elderly in Unaizah City, Saudi Arabia. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2021;21(1):e86–e93. doi:10.18295/squmj.2021.21.01.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alshammari SA, Alhassan AM, Aldawsari MA, et al. Falls among elderly and its relation with their health problems and surrounding environmental factors in Riyadh. J Fam Com Med. 2018;25(1):29–34. doi:10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_48_17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almegbel FY, Alotaibi IM, Alhusain FA, et al. Period prevalence, risk factors and consequent injuries of falling among the Saudi elderly living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e019063. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halaweh H, Svantesson U, Rosberg S, Willen C. Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the falls efficacy scale-international (FES-I). Med Princ Pract. 2016;25(1):1–7. doi:10.1159/000441128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghadir AH, Al-Momani M, Marchetti GF, Whitney SL. Cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties of the Arabic version of the fall efficacy scale international. Neuroscie. 2015;20(3):230–235. doi:10.17712/nsj.2015.3.20140728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: The Barthel index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao J, Chhetri JK, Chang Y, Zheng Z, Ma L, Chan P. Intrinsic capacity vs. multimorbidity: A function-centered construct predicts disability better than a disease-based approach in a community-dwelling older population cohort. Front Med. 2021;8:753295. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.753295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng X, Bao X, Xie Y, et al. The mediating effect of pain on the association between multimorbidity and disability and impaired physical performance among community-dwelling older adults in southern China. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(7):1327–1334. doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01324-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Anantanasuwong D. Bidirectional association between functional disability and multimorbidity among middle-aged and older adults in Thailand. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1055699. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1055699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian J, Ren X. Association between comorbid conditions and BADL/IADL disability in hypertension patients over age 45: Based on the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(31):e4536. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwstra H, Smit EB, Wattel EM, et al. Measurement properties of the Barthel index in geriatric rehabilitation. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(4):420–425. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.09.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauta A, Palumbo A, Castiglia SF, Mollica R, Santilli V, Sacchetti ML. The Barthel Index: Italian translation, adaptation and validation. Intl J Neurol Neurotherap. 2015;2(2):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oveisgharan S, Shirani S, Ghorbani A, et al. Barthel index in a Middle-East country: translation, validity and reliability. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(5–6):350–354. doi:10.1159/000094850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahni RK. Cross-cultural adaptation of English version (1.0) of Barthel index in Punjabi. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2019;13(2).
   Google Scholar
• Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186–3191. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan J, Wang M, Cao Y. Patterns of multimorbidity in association with falls among the middle-aged and older adults: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1814. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14124-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You L, Guo L, Li N, Zhong J, Er Y, Zhao M. Association between multimorbidity and falls and fear of falling among older adults in eastern China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1146899. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1146899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immonen M, Haapea M, Simila H, et al. Association between chronic diseases and falls among a sample of older people in Finland. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):225. doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01621-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley KM, Voth J, Munce SE, Straus SE, Jaglal SB. Chronic disease and falls in community-dwelling Canadians over 65 years old: a population-based study exploring associations with number and pattern of chronic conditions. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:22. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss EA, Bayliss MS, Ware JE Jr, Steiner JF. Predicting declines in physical function in persons with multiple chronic medical conditions: what we can learn from the medical problem list. Health Qual Life Outco. 2004;2:47. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-2-47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aubert CE, Kabeto M, Kumar N, Wei MY. Multimorbidity and long-term disability and physical functioning decline in middle-aged and older Americans: An observational study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):910. doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03548-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland JD, Richardson JA, Goldsmith CH, Clase CM. Muscle weakness and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(7):1121–1129. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52310.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa C, Floriani A, Ulbricht S, et al. Insufficient physical activity and multimorbidity was associated with low physical functional performance in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Geriatr Gerontol Aging. 2022;16(2022). doi:10.53886/gga.e0220030
   Google Scholar
• Montero-Odasso M, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Song HY, Bray NW, Pieruccini-Faria F, Speechley M. Gait performance, and falls in community-dwelling older adults. results from the gait and brain study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(6):1182–1188. doi:10.1111/jgs.15774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher PC, Hirdes JP. Restriction in activity associated with fear of falling among community-based seniors using home care services. Age Ageing. 2004;33(3):273–279. doi:10.1093/ageing/afh077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canever JB, de Souza Moreira B, Danielewicz AL, de Avelar NCP. Are multimorbidity patterns associated with fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults? BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):192. doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02889-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapier TK, Cleary K, Kidd J. Exercise self-efficacy, habitual physical activity, and fear of falling in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2009;20(4):5–11. doi:10.1097/01823246-200920040-00002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira CC, McGinley J, Lee AL, Irving LB, Denehy L. Fear of falling in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2015;109(4):483–489. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2015.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly C, Fleischer A, Yalla S, et al. Fear of falling is prevalent in older adults with diabetes mellitus but is unrelated to level of neuropathy. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013;103(6):480–488. doi:10.7547/1030480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostanjsek N. Use of the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) as a conceptual framework and common language for disability statistics and health information systems. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Suppl 4):S3. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-S4-S3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar