Optimal treatment of chronic angina in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

References

• Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris MI. Diabetes in America: epidemiology and scope of the problem. Diabetes Care. 1998;21 Suppl 3:C11–C14.
   Google Scholar
• King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(9):1414–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Atlas. 6th ed [webpage on the Internet]. International Diabetes Federation; 2013. Available from: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas. Accessed March 3, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Donahoe SM, Stewart GC, McCabe CH, et al. Diabetes and mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2007;298(7):765–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson D, Rayfield EJ, Chesebro JH. Mechanisms determining course and outcome of diabetic patients who have had acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(4):296–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire DK, Emanuelsson H, Granger CB, et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Findings from the GUSTO-IIb study. GUSTO IIb Investigators. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(21):1750–1758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg K, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, et al. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation. 2000;102(9):1014–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–e245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte R, Castela S, Reis RP, et al. Acute coronary syndrome in a diabetic population – risk factors and clinical and angiographic characteristics. Rev Port Cardiol. 2003;22(9):1077–1088.
   Google Scholar
• Herlitz J, Wognsen GB, Emanuelsson H, et al. Mortality and morbidity in diabetic and nondiabetic patients during a 2-year period after coronary artery bypass grafting. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(7):698–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen OE, Birkeland KI, Orvik E, et al. Inflammation and coronary angiography in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67(3):306–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone PH. Ischemia dictates outcome, not symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:712–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan WH, Cedres LB, Liu K, et al. Relationship of clinical diabetes and asymptomatic hyperglycemia to risk of coronary heart disease mortality in men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123(3):504–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew WY, DeMaria AN. Diabetes and coronary disease: a need for new therapies for an expanding disease burden. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(20):2046–2047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Coady S, et al. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005. Circulation. 2009;119(13):1728–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellbin LG, Anselmino M, Rydén L. Diabetes, prediabetes and cardiovascular risk. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17 Suppl 1: S9–S14.
   Google Scholar
• Valensi P, Lorgis L, Cottin Y. Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;104(3):178–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis TM, Coleman RL, Holman RR; UKPDS Group. Prognostic significance of silent myocardial infarction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) 79. Circulation. 2013;127(9):980–987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris GD, White RD. Exercise stress testing in patients with type 2 diabetes: When are asymptomatic patients screened? Clin Diabetes. 2007;25(4):126–130.
   Google Scholar
• Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS. Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation. 2003;107(23):2900–2907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1663–1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff GL, Gallagher MJ, O’Neill WW, Goldstein JA. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(3):552–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):453–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips DJ, de Kretser DM, Hedger MP. Activin and related proteins in inflammation: not just interested bystanders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2009;20(2):153–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naka T, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T: The paradigm of IL-6: from basic science to medicine. Arthritis Res. 2002;4(Suppl 3):S233–S242.
   Google Scholar
• Danesh J, Kaptoge S, Mann AG, et al. Long-term interleukin-6 levels and subsequent risk of coronary heart disease: two new prospective studies and a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2008;5(4):e78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingorani AD, Casas JP. The interleukin-6 receptor as a target for prevention of coronary heart disease: a mendelian randomisation analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1214–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofstad AP, Gullestad L, Orvik E, et al. Interleukin-6 and activin A are independently associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetes: the prospective Asker and Bærum Cardiovascular Diabetes (ABCD) cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013; 12:126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diebetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35 Suppl 1:S11–S63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):e50–e103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh N, Black C, Walker S, McIntyre L, Cummins E, Hillis G. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography screening for coronary artery disease: systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10(39):iii–iv, ix–x, 1–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J. ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:e44–e164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaitman BR, Laddu AA. Stable angina pectoris: antianginal therapies and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:40–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacoste LL, Théroux P, Lidón RM, Colucci R, Lam JY. Antithrombotic properties of transdermal nitroglycerin in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73(15):1058–1062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berges A, Van Nassauw L, Timmermans JP, Vrints C. Role of nitric oxide during coronary endothelial dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;516(1):60–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bøttcher M, Madsen MM, Randsbaek F, et al. Effect of oral nitroglycerin and cold stress on myocardial perfusion in areas subtended by stenosed and nonstenosed coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(9):1019–1024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson RA, O’Flynn N. Management of stable angina: summary of NICE guidance. Heart. 2012;98(6):500–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangir A, Terzic A. K(ATP) channel therapeutics at the bedside. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2005;39(1):99–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IONA Study Group. Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the Impact Of Nicorandil in Angina (IONA) randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9314):1269–1275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1341–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg K, Herlitz J, Hjalmarson A, Ryden L. Effects of metoprolol on mortality and late infarction in diabetics with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Retrospective data from two large studies. Eur Heart J. 1989;10(5):423–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjekshus J, Gilpin E, Cali G, Blackey AR, Henning H, Ross J Jr. Diabetic patients and beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1990;11:43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca VA. Effects of beta-blockers on glucose and lipid metabolism. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:615–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Théroux P, Taeymans Y, Morissette D, Bosch X, Pelletier GB, Waters DD. A randomized study comparing propranolol and diltiazem in the treatment of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(3):717–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parodi O, Simonetti I, Michelassi C, et al. Comparison of verapamil and propranolol therapy for angina pectoris at rest: a randomized, multiple-crossover, controlled trial in the coronary care unit. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(11):899–906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(18):2217–2225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersh B, Braunwald E, Rutherford J. . Chronic coronary artery disease. In: Braunwald E, editor. Heart Disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1997:307–335.
   Google Scholar
• Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, et al. Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA. 1999;281(20):1927–1936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapp RJ, Sharp A, Stanton AV, et al. Differential effects of antihypertensive treatment on left ventricular diastolic function an ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial) substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(17):1875–1881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sossalla S, Maier LS. Role of ranolazine in angina, heart failure, arrhythmias, and diabetes. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;133:311–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeQuattro V, Skettino S, Chaitman BR, et al. Comparative antianginal efficacy and tolerability of ranolazine in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: Results of the MARISA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(2):A338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, et al. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(3):309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone PH, Gratsiansky NA, Blokhin A, Huang IZ, Meng L. Antianginal efficacy of ranolazine when added to treatment with amlodipine: the ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(3):566–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Hod H, et al. Effect of ranolazine, an antianginal agent with novel electrophysiological properties, on the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome results from the Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1647–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosiborod M, Arnold SV, Spertus JA, et al. Evaluation of ranolazine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic stable angina: results from the TERISA randomized clinical trial (Type 2 Diabetes Evaluation of Ranolazine in Subjects With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(20):2038–2045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamendola P, Nerla R, Pitocco D, et al. Effect of ranolazine on arterial endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2013;226:157–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anselmino M, Ohrvik J, Ryden L. Resting heart rate in patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes: a report from the euro heart survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:3040–3045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miot A, Ragot S, Hammi W, et al. Prognostic value of resting heart rate on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients: a competing risk analysis in a prospective cohort. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):2069–2075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer JS, Tardif JC. Efficacy of ivabradine, a selective I(f) inhibitor, in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(1):29–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beautiful Study Group; Ferrari R, Ford I, Fox K, Steg PG, Tendera M. BEAUTIFUL study: randomized trial of ivabradine in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction – baseline characteristics of the study population. Cardiology. 2008;110(4):271–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzilli M. Does trimetazidine prevent myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5(1):16–17.
   Google Scholar
• Chazov EI, Lepakchin VK, Zharova EA, et al. Trimetazidine in Angina Combination Therapy – the TACT study: trimetazidine versus conventional treatment in patients with stable angina pectoris in a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Am J Ther. 2005;12(1):35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hoogwerf BJ, Young JB. The HOPE study. Ramipril lowered cardiovascular risk, but vitamin E did not. Cleve Clin J Med. 2000;67(4):287–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(65):145–153.
   Google Scholar
• Daly CA, Fox KM, Remme WJ, Bertrand ME, Ferrari R, Simoons ML. The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: results from the PERSUADE substudy. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1369–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herings RM, Stricker BH, de Boer A, Bakker A, Sturmans F, Stergachis A. Current use of thiazide diuretics and prevention of femur fractures. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(1):115–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris AD, Boyle DI, McMahon AD, et al. ACE inhibitor use is associated with hospitalization for severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(9):1363–1367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(11):1345–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(20):2292–2333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, et al. HDLcholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357: 1301–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376: 1670–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott R, O’Brien R, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(3):493–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362: 1563–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taskinen MR, Barter PJ, Ehnholm C, et al. Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2010;53(9):1846–1855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills EJ, O’Regan C, Eyawo O, et al. Intensive statin therapy compared with moderate dosing for prevention of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of 40,000 patients. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1409–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366: 1267–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008;371:117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage J. The safety of statins in clinical practice. Lancet. 2007; 370(9601):1781–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano AL, Reiner Z, De Backer G, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis. 2011; 217 Suppl 1:S1–S44.
   Google Scholar
• Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:2556–2564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferroni P, Basili S, Falco A, Davi G. Platelet activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(8):1282–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natarajan A, Marshall SM, Worthley SG, Badimon JJ, Zaman AG. The presence of coronary artery disease increases platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(12):2210–2213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osende JI, Badimon JJ, Fuster V, et al. Blood thrombogenicity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is associated with glycemic control. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(5):1307–1312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan GN, Marshall SM, Schechter CB, Balasubramaniam K, Badimon JJ, Zaman AG. Thrombus and antiplatelet therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A prospective study after non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled study in stable angina. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108(5):937–945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration; Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324(7329):71–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(39):3035–3087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes:a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2012;55(6):1577–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart diseaseusing risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97(18):1837–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvaavik E, Batty GD, Ursin G, Huxley R, Gale CR. Influence of individual and combined health behaviors on total and cause-specific mortality in men and women: The United Kingdom health and lifestyle survey. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(8):711–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of the national cholesterol education program’s step I and step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors. a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(4):632–646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnick GR, Myers GL, Cooper GR, Rifai N. Impact of the third cholesterol report from the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program on the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem. 2002;48(1):11–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kones R. Recent advances in the management of chronic stable angina II. Anti-ischemic therapy, options for refractory angina, risk factor reduction, and revascularization. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 6:749–774.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman EL, Kip KE, Whitlow PL, et al. Native coronary disease progression exceeds failed revascularization as cause of angina after five years in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:766–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1190–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana JS, Venkitachalam L, Selzer F, et al. Evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored PTCA (1985–1986) and Dynamic (1997–2006) Registries. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(9):1976–1982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularisation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(20):2501–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel BE, Frye R, Detre KM. Burgeoning dilemmas in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: rationale for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial. Circulation. 2003;107(4):636–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP. Revascularization trumps medicine for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic angina (or does it?). Circulation. 2011;123(14):1489–1491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Eng J Med. 2012;367 (25):2375–2384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS, et al. Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabeticpatients. 1-year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(5):432–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Mack MJ, et al. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(17):2125–2134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, et al. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1067–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Morice MC, et al. Treatment of complex coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes: 5-year results comparing outcomes of bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in the SYNTAX trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;43(5):1006–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlis SP, Morrison DA, Lorin JD, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary bypass graft surgery for diabetic patients with unstable angina and risk factors for adverse outcomes with bypass: outcome of diabetic patients in the AWESOME randomized trial and registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1555–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, et al. Drug-eluting stents vs coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub WS, Grau-Sepulveda MV, Weiss JM, et al. Comparative effectiveness of revascularization strategies. N Eng J Med. 2012;366: 1467–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WJ, Park DW, Yun SC, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on the treatment effect of percutaneous or surgical revascularization for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease: a subgroup analysis of the MAIN-COMPARE study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:956–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakeem A, Garg N, Bhatti S, Rajpurohit N, Ahmed Z, Uretsky BF. Effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents compared with bypass surgery in diabetics with multivessel coronary disease: comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical data. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(4):e000354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(13):1635–1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler M, Stradling JR. Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(12):677–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler M, West S, Stradling J. Diabetes in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(2):286–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 Suppl 1:S61–S78.
   Google Scholar
• Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):1279–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar