Neonatal sepsis biomarkers: where are we now?

References

• Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, et al. Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993–2012. JAMA. 2015;314(10):1039–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lever A, Mackenzie I. Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis. BMJ. 2007;335(7625):879–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benitz WE, Wynn JL, Polin RA. Reappraisal of guidelines for management of neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis. J Pediatr. 2015;166(4):1070–1074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Herk W, Stocker M, van Rossum AM. Recognising early onset neonatal sepsis: an essential step in appropriate antimicrobial use. J Infect. 2016;72(Suppl):S77–S82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polin RA, Watterberg K, Benitz W, Eichenwald E. The conundrum of early-onset sepsis. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):1122–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassler D, Stoll BJ, Schmidt B, et al. Using a count of neonatal morbidities to predict poor outcome in extremely low birth weight infants: added role of neonatal infection. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller S, Deindl P, Cassini A, et al. Neurological sequelae of healthcare-associated sepsis in very-low-birthweight infants: umbrella review and evidence-based outcome tree. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(8).
   Google Scholar
• Neu J. Preterm infant nutrition, gut bacteria, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015;18(3):285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg RG, Benjamin DK. Neonatal candidiasis: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Infect. 2014;69(Suppl 1):S19–S22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Taylor JA, von Kohorn I, et al. Variation in sepsis evaluation across a national network of nurseries. Pediatrics. 2017;139(3):e20162845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadizar F, Vijverberg SJ, Arets HG, et al. Early life antibiotic use and the risk of asthma and asthma exacerbations in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017;28(5):430–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Narita M, Saito H, Ohya Y. Influence of antibiotic use in early childhood on asthma and allergic diseases at age 5. Ann Allergy, Asthma Immunol. 2017;119(1):54–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey LC, Forrest CB, Zhang P, Richards TM, Livshits A, Derusso PA. Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(11):1063–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saari A, Virta LJ, Sankilampi U, Dunkel L, Saxen H. Antibiotic exposure in infancy and risk of being overweight in the first 24 months of life. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):617–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajslev TA, Andersen CS, Gamborg M, Sørensen TI, Jess T. Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota: the role of delivery mode, pre-pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics. Int J Obes. 2011;35(4):522–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari V. Effective biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2014;3(3):234–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schelonka RL, Chai MK, Yoder BA, Hensley D, Brockett RM, Ascher DP. Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens. J Pediatr. 1996;129(2):275–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingenberg C, Kornelisse RF, Buonocore G, Maier RF, Stocker M. Culture-negative early-onset neonatal sepsis — at the crossroad between efficient sepsis care and antimicrobial stewardship. Front. Pediatr. 2018;6:285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman TB, Puopolo KM, Wi S, Draper D, Escobar GJ. Interpreting complete blood counts soon after birth in newborns at risk for sepsis. Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):903–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodwell RL, Leslie AL, Tudehope DI. Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using a hematologic scoring system. J Pediatr. 1988;112(5):761–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkar M, Gupta C, Pathak R, Garg S, Mahajan NC. Performance evaluation of hematologic scoring system in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. J Clin Neonatol. 2013;2(1):25–29.
   Google Scholar
• Hornik CP, Benjamin DK, Becker KC, et al. Use of the complete blood cell count in early-onset neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(8):799–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Mercado CK, Johnson L, Brodsky NL, Bhandari V. Early markers of late-onset sepsis in premature neonates: clinical, hematological and cytokine profile. J Perinat Med. 2003;31(1):60–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streimish I, Bizzarro M, Northrup V, et al. Neutrophil CD64 with hematologic criteria for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(01):021–030.
   Google Scholar
• Han YQ, Zhang L, Yan L, et al. Red blood cell distribution width predicts long-term outcomes in sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;487:112–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramby AL, Goodman DM, Wald EL, Weiss SL. Red blood cell distribution width as a pragmatic marker for outcome in pediatric critical illness. Plos One. 2015;10(6):e0129258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen RD, Yaish HM, Henry E, Bennett ST. Red blood cell distribution width: reference intervals for neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(8):883–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin SL, Desai S, Nanavati R, Colah RB, Ghosh K, Mukherjee MB. Red cell distribution width and its association with mortality in neonatal sepsis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;133:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ellahony DM, El-Mekkawy MS, Farag MM. A study of red cell distribution width in neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017:1.
   Google Scholar
• Puopolo KM, Benitz WE, Zaoutis TE, NEWBORN COFA, DISEASES COI. Management of neonates born at ≤34 6/7 weeks’ gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics. 2018;142(6).
   Google Scholar
• Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Translational research and biomarkers in neonatal sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;451(Pt A):46–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrone S, Lotti F, Longini M, et al. C reactive protein in healthy term newborns during the first 48 hours of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103(2):F163–F166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer N, Zacharias E, Müller W, Resch B. An update on the use of C-reactive protein in early-onset neonatal sepsis: current insights and new tasks. Neonatology. 2012;102(1):25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz AR, Bauer K, Schalk A, et al. Measurement of interleukin 8 in combination with C-reactive protein reduced unnecessary antibiotic therapy in newborn infants: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang AP, Liu J, Yue LH, Wang HQ, Yang WJ, Yang GH. Neutrophil CD64 combined with Pct, CRP and WBC improves the sensitivity for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54(2):345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyne B, Olshaker JS. The C-reactive protein. J Emerg Med. 1999;17(6):1019–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner D, Hammerman C, Rudensky B, Schlesinger Y, Goia C, Schimmel MS. Procalcitonin in preterm infants during the first few days of life: introducing an age related nomogram. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91(4):F283–F286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker M, Hop WC, van Rossum AM. Neonatal procalcitonin intervention study (NeoPInS): effect of Procalcitonin-guided decision making on duration of antibiotic therapy in suspected neonatal early-onset sepsis: a multi-centre randomized superiority and non-inferiority intervention study. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10(1):89.
   Google Scholar
• Hahn WH, Song JH, Park IS, Kim H, Park S, Oh MH. Reference intervals of serum procalcitonin are affected by postnatal age in very low birth weight infants during the first 60 days after birth. Neonatology. 2015;108(1):60–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altunhan H, Annagür A, Örs R, Mehmetoğlu I. Procalcitonin measurement at 24 hours of age may be helpful in the prompt diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15(12):e854–e858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vouloumanou EK, Plessa E, Karageorgopoulos DE, Mantadakis E, Falagas ME. Serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):747–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Z, Liu J, Sun Q, Qiu Y, Han S, Guo X. The accuracy of the procalcitonin test for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42(10):723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, du L, Yu J, et al. 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE and sequencing in the diagnosis of neonatal late-onset septicemia. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(4):6346–6352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender L, Thaarup J, Varming K, Krarup H, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Ebbesen F. Early and late markers for the detection of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Dan Med Bull. 2008;55(4):219–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker M, van Herk W, El Helou S, et al. Procalcitonin-guided decision making for duration of antibiotic therapy in neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial (NeoPIns). Lancet. 2017;390(10097):871–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur NB, Behera B. Blood procalcitonin levels and duration of antibiotics in neonatal sepsis. J Trop Pediatr. 2018;10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiesa C, Pacifico L, Natale F, Hofer N, Osborn JF, Resch B. Fetal and early neonatal interleukin-6 response. Cytokine. 2015;76(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan P, Shanmugam P, Sattar SB, Shankar SL. Evaluation of IL-6, CRP and hs-CRP as early markers of neonatal sepsis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):DC13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ye Q, Du LZ, Shao WX, Shang SQ. Utility of cytokines to predict neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Res. 2017;81(4):616–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahkar L, Keshtkar A, Mirfazeli A, Ahani A, Roshandel G. The role of IL-6 for predicting neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21(4):411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M, Cheng S, Yu J, Lu Q. Interleukin-8 for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Plos One. 2015;10(5):e0127170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal YA, Álvarez-Nemegyei J, Lavadores-May AI, Girón-Carrillo JL, Cedillo-Rivera R, Velazquez JR. Cytokine profile as diagnostic and prognostic factor in neonatal sepsis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;30(5):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ng PC, Li K, Leung TF, et al. Early prediction of sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation with interleukin-10, interleukin-6, and RANTES in preterm infants. Clin Chem. 2006;52(6):1181–1189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo YK, Cho HS, Seo IB, Lee HS. Comparison of the accuracy of neutrophil CD64 and C-reactive protein as a single test for the early detection of neonatal sepsis. Korean J Pediatr. 2012;55(1):11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Shi J, Tang J, Chen D. Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of neutrophil CD64 for neonatal sepsis. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42(1):57.
   Google Scholar
• Dai J, Jiang W, Min Z, et al. Neutrophil CD64 as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: meta-analysis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(2):327–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng PC, Li G, Chui KM, et al. Neutrophil CD64 is a sensitive diagnostic marker for early-onset neonatal infection. Pediatr Res. 2004;56(5):796–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng PC, Li K, Wong RP, Chui KM, Wong E, Fok TF. Neutrophil CD64 expression: a sensitive diagnostic marker for late-onset nosocomial infection in very low birthweight infants. Pediatr Res. 2002;51(3):296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellos I, Fitrou G, Pergialiotis V, Thomakos N, Perrea DN, Daskalakis G. The diagnostic accuracy of presepsin in neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(5):625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arízaga-Ballesteros V, Alcorta-García MR, Lázaro-Martínez LC, et al. Can sTREM-1 predict septic shock & death in late-onset neonatal sepsis? A pilot study. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;30:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir SA, Ozer EA, Ilhan O, Sutcuoglu S, Tatlı M. Diagnostic value of urine soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1) for late-onset neonatal sepsis in infected preterm neonates. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(4):1606–1616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzini C, Mussap M, Plebani M, Fanos V. C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in neonatal infections. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32(3):229–235.
   Google Scholar
• Arnon S, Litmanovitz I, Regev RH, Bauer S, Shainkin-Kestenbaum R, Dolfin T. Serum amyloid A: an early and accurate marker of neonatal early-onset sepsis. J Perinatol. 2007;27(5):297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnon S, Litmanovitz I, Regev R, et al. Serum amyloid A protein is a useful inflammatory marker during late-onset sepsis in preterm infants. Biol Neonate. 2005;87(2):105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Çetinkaya M, Özkan H, Köksal N, Çelebi S, Hacimustafaoğlu M. Comparison of serum amyloid A concentrations with those of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in diagnosis and follow-up of neonatal sepsis in premature infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29(3):225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Huang J, Lv B, et al. Diagnosis value of the serum amyloid A test in neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013(1):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mithal LB, Palac HL, Yogev R, Ernst LM, Mestan KK. Cord blood acute phase reactants predict early onset neonatal sepsis in preterm infants. Plos One. 2017;12(1):e0168677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnon S, Litmanovitz I, Regev R, Lis M, Shainkin-Kestenbaum R, Dolfin T. Serum amyloid A protein in the early detection of late-onset bacterial sepsis in preterm infants. J Perinat Med. 2002;30(4):329–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Borderie D, Weiss N, Mallet-Coste T, Claessens Y-E, Presepsin CYE. Presepsin (sCD14-ST), an innate immune response marker in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;450:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seliem W, Sultan AM. Presepsin as predictor of EONS in umbilical cord blood of premature with PROM. Pediatr Int. 2018;60(5):428–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugni L, Pietrasanta C, Milani S, et al. Presepsin (soluble CD14 subtype): reference ranges of a new sepsis marker in term and preterm neonates. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0146020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottolini MC, Lundgren K, Mirkinson LJ, Cason S, Ottolini MG. Utility of complete blood count and blood culture screening to diagnose neonatal sepsis in the asymptomatic at risk newborn. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(5):430–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll BJ, Hansen N, Fanaroff AA, et al. Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research network. Pediatrics. 2002;110(2):285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KY, Lam HS, Cheung HM, et al. Rapid identification and differentiation of gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial bloodstream infections by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in preterm infants*. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(8):2441–2447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Brand M, Peters RP, Catsburg A, et al. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for the rapid diagnosis of neonatal late onset sepsis. J Microbiol Methods. 2014;106:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Brand M, van den Dungen FA, Bos MP, et al. Evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of bacterial DNA directly in blood of preterm neonates with suspected late-onset sepsis. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straub J, Paula H, Mayr M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Roche SeptiFast PCR system for the rapid detection of blood pathogens in neonatal sepsis—A prospective clinical trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgendorff A, Windhorst A, Klein M, et al. Gene expression profiling at birth characterizing the preterm infant with early onset infection. J Mol Med. 2017;95(2):169–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhimschi CS, Bhandari V, Dulay AT, et al. Proteomics Mapping of Cord Blood Identifies Haptoglobin “Switch-On” Pattern as Biomarker of Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in Preterm Newborns. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e26111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatziioannou AC, Wolters JC, Sarafidis K, et al. Targeted LC-MS/MS for the evaluation of proteomics biomarkers in the blood of neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018;410(27):7163–7175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanos V, van den Anker J, Noto A, Mussap M, Atzori L. Metabolomics in neonatology: fact or fiction? Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;18(1):3–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanos V, Caboni P, Corsello G, et al. Urinary 1H-NMR and GC-MS metabolomics predicts early and late onset neonatal sepsis. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90(Suppl 1):S78–S83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarafidis K, Chatziioannou AC, Thomaidou A, et al. Urine metabolomics in neonates with late-onset sepsis in a case-control study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):45506.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild KD. Predictive monitoring for early detection of sepsis in neonatal ICU patients. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25(2):172–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorman JR, Carlo WA, Kattwinkel J, et al. Mortality reduction by heart rate characteristic monitoring in very low birth weight neonates: a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 2011;159(6):e901:900–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan BA, Grice SM, Lake DE, Moorman JR, Fairchild KD. Infection and other clinical correlates of abnormal heart rate characteristics in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2014;164(4):775–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggins SA, Weitkamp J-H, Grunwald L, et al. Heart rate characteristic index monitoring for bloodstream infection in an NICU: a 3-year experience. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2016;101(4): F329–F332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur I, Markel G, Nave Y, Vainshtein I, Eisenkraft A, Riskin A. A mathematical algorithm for detection of late-onset sepsis in very-low birth weight infants: a preliminary diagnostic test evaluation. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(8):647–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mithal LB, Yogev R, Palac H, Gur I, Mestan KK. Computerized vital signs analysis and late onset infections in extremely low gestational age infants. J Perinat Med. 2016;44(5):491–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari V, Narang A. Thermoregulatory alterations as a marker for sepsis in normothermic premature neonates. Indian Pediatr. 1992;29(5):571–575.
   Google Scholar
• Leante-Castellanos JL, Martínez-Gimeno A, Cidrás-Pidré M, Martínez-Munar G, García-González A, Fuentes-Gutiérrez C. Central-peripheral temperature monitoring as a marker for diagnosing late-onset neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(12):e293–e297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzniewicz MW, Walsh EM, Li S, Fischer A, Escobar GJ. Development and implementation of an early-onset sepsis calculator to guide antibiotic management in late preterm and term neonates. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2016;42(5):232–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beavers JB, Bai S, Perry J, Simpson J, Peeples S. Implementation and evaluation of the early-onset sepsis risk calculator in a high-risk university nursery. Clin Pediatr. 2017;9922817751337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk T, Buchiboyina A, Sharp M, Nathan E, Doherty D, Patole S. Implementation of the neonatal sepsis calculator in an Australian tertiary perinatal centre. Neonatology. 2018;113(4):379–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayrapetyan M, Carola D, Lakshminrusimha S, Bhandari V, Aghai Z. Infants born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis: a cross-sectional survey on the use of early-onset sepsis risk calculator and prolonged use of antibiotics. Am J Perinatol. 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ, et al. Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):817–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzniewicz MW, Puopolo KM, Fischer A, et al. A quantitative, Risk-Based approach to the management of neonatal early-onset sepsis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(4):365–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carola D, Vasconcellos M, Sloane A, et al. Utility of early-onset sepsis risk calculator for neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis. J Pediatr. 2018;195:e41:48–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money N, Newman J, Demissie S, Roth P, Blau J. Anti-microbial stewardship: antibiotic use in well-appearing term neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis. J Perinatol. 2017;37(12):1304–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghai ZH. Is early-onset sepsis risk calculator safe for the management of neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis? J Perinatol. 2018;38(6):769–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerste M, Corver J, Sonnevelt MC, et al. Application of sepsis calculator in newborns with suspected infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(23):3860–3865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi NS, Gupta A, Allan JM, et al. Clinical monitoring of Well-Appearing infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):e20172056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money N, Roth P, Blau J. In response: is early onset sepsis risk calculator safe for the management of neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis? J Perinatol. 2018;38(6):771–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg RG, Kandefer S, do BT, et al. Late-onset sepsis in extremely premature infants: 2000-2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(8):774–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantey JB, Baird SD. Ending the culture of culture-negative sepsis in the neonatal ICU. Pediatrics. 2017;140(4):e2017004419 09 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellos I, Fitrou G, Daskalakis G, Thomakos N, Papantoniou N, Pergialiotis V. Soluble TREM-1 as a predictive factor of neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Inflamm Res. 2018;67(7):571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordek A, Torbé A, Tousty J, et al. The determination of procalcitonin concentration in early-onset neonatal infection: a valuable test regardless of prenatal antibiotic therapy. Clin Pediatr. 2017;56(4):333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Z, Syed MA, Panchal D, Rogers D, Joo M, Sadikot RT. Curcumin mediated epigenetic modulation inhibits TREM-1 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012;44(11):2032–2043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar