Clinical presentation and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome: an update

References

• Hudak ML, Tan RC; The Committee on Drugs and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Neonatal drug withdrawal. Pediatrics. 2012;129: e540–e560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No (SMA) 11-4658. Rockville, MD, USA: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2011. Available from: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10ResultsRev/NSDUHresultsRev2010.htm. Accessed February 14, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Azadi A, Dildy GA. Universal screening for substance abuse at the time of parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:e30–e32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries RK, Fiellin DA, Miller SC, Saitz R, editors. Principles of Addiction Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkin; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes MJ, Brown MS. Epidemic of prescription opiate abuse and neonatal abstinence. JAMA. 2012;307:1934–1940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow K, Ordean A, Murphy-Oikonen J, et al; Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Work Group. Neonatal abstinence syndrome clinical practice guidelines in Ontario. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2012;19: e488–e506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maternal-Newborn Advisory Committee Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Work Group. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) Clinical practice guidelines. Toronto, Canada: Provincial Council for Maternal and Child Health; 2011. Available from: http://pcmch.on.ca/initiatives/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome. Accessed February 14, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Selby P, Kahan M, editors. Methadone Maintenance: A Physician’s Guide to Treatment. 2nd ed. Toronto, Canada: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Jones HE, Kaltenbach K, Heil SH, et al. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363: 2320–2331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debelak K, Morrone WR, O’Grady KE, Jones HE. Buprenorphine + naloxone in the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy – initial patient care and outcome data. Am J Addict. 2013;22:252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund IO, Fischer G, Welle-Strands GK, et al. A comparison of buprenorphine + naloxone to buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Subst Abuse. 2013;7:61–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiegand S, Stringer E, Seashore C, et al. Buprenorphine/naloxone (B/N) and methadone (M) maintenance during pregnancy: a chart review and comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210:S368–S369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bio LL, Siu A, Poon CY. Update on the pharmacologic management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. J Perinatol. 2011;31:692–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzlinger RA, Kandall SR, Vaughan HG Jr. Neonatal seizures associated with narcotic withdrawal. J Pediatr. 1977;91:638–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Baar AL, Fleury P, Soepatmi S, Ultee CA, Wesselman PJ. Neonatal behavior after drug dependent pregnancy. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64: 235–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RE, Jones HE, Fischer G. Use of buprenorphine in pregnancy: patient management and effects on the neonate. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;70:S87–S101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaalema DE, Scott TL, Heil SH, et al. Differences in the profile of neonatal abstinence syndrome signs in methadone- versus buprenorphine-exposed neonates. Addiction. 2012;107 Suppl 1:53–62.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenback K, Holbrook AM, Coyle MG, et al. Predicting treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants born to women maintained on opioid agonist medication. Addiction. 2012;107 Suppl 1:45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Winklbaur B, Baewert A, Jagsch R, et al. Association between prenatal exposure and outcome of neonates born to opioid-maintained mothers. Eur Addict Res. 2009;15:150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachman EM, Newby PK, Vreeland J, et al. The relationship between maternal opioid agonists and psychiatric medications on length of hospitalization for neonatal abstinence syndrome. J Addict Med. 2011;5: 293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary BJ, Donnell J, Strawbridge J, et al. Methadone dose and neonatal abstinence syndrome – systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2010;105:2071–2084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones HE, Heil SH, Baewert A, et al. Buprenorphine treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women: a comprehensive review. Addiction. 2012; 107 Suppl 1:S5–S27.
   Google Scholar
• Jones HE, Dengler E, Garrison A, et al. Neonatal outcomes and their relationship to maternal buprenorphine dose during pregnancy. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;134:414–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dysart K, Hsieh H-C, Kaltenbach K, Greenspan JS. Sequela of preterm versus term infants born to mothers on a methadone maintenance program: differential course of neonatal abstinence syndrome. J Perinat Med. 2007;35:344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doberczak TM, Kandall SR, Wilets I. Neonatal opiate abstinence syndrome in term and preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1991;118:933–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson LM, Velez M. Neonatal abstinence syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24:252–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnegan LP, Kron RE, Connaughton JF, Emich JP. Assessment and treatment of abstinence in the infant of the drug-dependent mother. Int J Clin Pharmacol. 1975;12:19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Finnegan LP, Kaltenbach K. Neonatal abstinence syndrome. In: Hoekelman RA, Friedman SB, Nelson N, Seidel HM, editors. Primary Pediatric Care. 2nd ed. St Louis MO, USA: Mosby-Yearbook Inc.; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar S, Donn SM. Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neonatal intensive care units: a national survey. J Perinatol. 2006;26:15–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Grady MJ, Hopewell J, White MJ. Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a national survey and review of practice. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:F249–F252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman-Baer U, Notzli U, Rentsch K, Bucher HU. Finnegan neonatal abstinence scoring system: normal values for first 3 days and weeks 5–6 in non-addicted infants. Addiction. 2010;105:524–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitz PJ. Proposed narcotic withdrawal score for use with newborn infants. A pragmatic evaluation of its efficacy. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1975;14:592–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson LM, Velez M, Harrow C. The opioid-exposed newborn. J Opioid Manag. 2009;5:47–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson K, Gerada C, Greenough A. Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88:F2–F5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft WK, van den Anker JN. Pharmacologic management of the opioid neonatal abstinence syndrome. Paper 39. Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Faculty Papers; 2012. Available from: http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=petfp. Accessed February 14, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn DA, Jefffery HE, Cole M. Opiate treatment for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;10:CD002059.
   Google Scholar
• Lainwala S, Brown ER, Weinschenk NP, Blackwell MT, Hagadorn JI. A retrospective study of length of hospital stay in infants treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome with methadone versus oral morphine preparations. Adv Neonatal Care. 2005;5:265–272.
   Google Scholar
• Kraft WK, Gibson E, Dysart K, et al. Sublingual buprenorphine for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e601–e607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft WK, Dysart K, Greenspan JS, Gibson E, Kaltenbach K, Ehrlich ME. Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction. 2010;106: 574–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agthe AG, Kim GR, Mathias KB, et al. Clonidine as an adjunct therapy to opioids for neonatal abstinence syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e849–e856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn DA, Jeffery HE, Cole MJ. Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;3:CD002053.
   Google Scholar
• Surran B, Visintainer P, Chamberlain S, Kopcza K, Shah B, Singh R. Efficacy of clonidine versus phenobarbital in reducing neonatal morphine sulfate therapy days for neonatal abstinence syndrome. A prospective randomized clinical trial. J Perinatol. 2013;33:954–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oei J, Feller JM, Lui K. Coordinated outpatient care of the narcotic-dependent infant. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001;37:266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backes CH, Backes CR, Gardner D, Nankervis CA, Giannone PJ, Cordero L. Neonatal abstinence syndrome: transitioning methadone-treated infants from an inpatient to an outpatient setting. J Perinatol. 2012;32:425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLemore GL, Lewis T, Jones CH, Gauda EB. Novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treatment of opioid-induced neonatal abstinence syndrome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;18:35–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Apolito K. Comparison of a rocking bed and standard bed for decreasing withdrawal symptoms in drug-exposed infants. Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1999;24:138–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beauman SS. Identification and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. J Infus Nurs. 2005;28:159–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdel-Latif ME, Pinner J, Clews S, Cooke F, Lui K, Oei J. Effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e1163–e1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen KA, Murphy-Oikonen J, Gerlach K, Montelpare W. The impact of infant feeding method on neonatal abstinence scores of methadone-exposed infants. Adv Neonatal Care. 2011;11:282–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansson LM, Choo R, Velez ML, et al. Methadone maintenance and breastfeeding in the neonatal period. Pediatrics. 2008;121:106–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritham UA, Paul JA, Hayes MJ. Opioid dependency in pregnancy and length of stay for neonatal abstinence syndrome. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2012;41:180–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquet P, Chevrel J, Lavignasse P, Merle L, Lachatre G. Buprenorphine withdrawal syndrome in a newborn. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997;62:569–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm D, Pauly E, Poschl J, Linderkamp O, Skopp G. Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine concentrations in human breast milk samples determined by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit. 2005;27:526–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemalm S, Nydert P, Svensson JO, Stahle L, Sarman I. Transfer of buprenorphine into breast milk and calculation of infant drug use. J Hum Lact. 2009;25:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilett KF, Hackett P, Gower S, Doherty DA, Hamilton D, Bartu AE. Estimated dose exposure of the neonate to buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine via breastmilk during maternal buprenorphine substitution treatment. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7:269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor A, Alto W, Musgrave K, et al. Observational study of buprenorphine treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women in a family medicine residency: reports on maternal and infant outcomes. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24:194–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden JD, Payne TF, Miller S. Maternal cocaine abuse and effect on the newborn. Pediatrics. 1986;77:209–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oro AS, Dixon SD. Perinatal cocaine and methamphetamine exposure: maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Pediatr. 1987;111:571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doberczak TM, Shanzer S, Senie RT, Kandall SR. Neonatal neurologic and electroencephalographic effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure. J Pediatr. 1988;113:354–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson GA, Day NL. Maternal and neonatal effects of moderate cocaine use during pregnancy. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1991;13:455–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson GA, Hamel SC, Goldschmidt L, Day NL. The effects of prenatal cocaine use on neonatal neurobehavioral status. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1996;18:519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandstra ES, Morrow CE, Mansoor E, Accornero VH. Prenatal drug exposure: infant and toddler outcomes. J Addict Dis. 2010;29: 245–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke M, Smith VC. Prenatal substance abuse: short- and long-term effects on the exposed fetus. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1009–e1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyler FD, Behnke M, Wilson Garvan C, Stewart Woods N, Wobie K, Conlon M. Newborn evaluations of toxicity and withdrawal related to prenatal cocaine exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001;23:399–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer CR, Langer JC, Shankaran S, et al. Acute neonatal effects of cocaine exposure during pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:824–834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fried PA, Makin JE. Neonatal behavioural correlates of prenatal exposure to marihuana, cigarettes and alcohol in a low risk population. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1987;9:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried PA, Watkinson B, Dilllon RF. Neonatal neurological status in a low-risk population after prenatal exposure to cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1987;8:318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester BM, Dreher M. Effects of marijuana use during pregnancy on newborn cry. Child Dev. 1989;60:765–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher MS, Richardson GA, Coble PA, Day NL, Stoffer DS. The effects of prenatal alcohol and marihuana exposure: disturbances in neonatal sleep cycling and arousal. Pediatr Res. 1988;24:101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson GA, Day NL, Taylor PM. The effect of prenatal alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco exposure on neonatal behavior. Infant Behav Dev. 1989;12:199–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67: 1285–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T. Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53:39–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laegreid L. Potential hazards of benzodiazepines for the fetus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992;71:655–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laegreid L, Hagberg G, Lundberg A. The effect of benzodiazepines on the fetus and the newborn. Neuropediatrics. 1992;23:18–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rementeria JL, Bhatt K. Withdrawal symptoms in neonates from intrauterine exposure to diazepam. J Pediatr. 1977;90:123–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley DM, O’Neill MP, Moore J, Dundee JW. Lorazepam premedication for labour. BJOG. 1982;89:149–154.
   Google Scholar
• Gillberg C. “Floppy infant syndrome” and maternal diazepam. Lancet. 1977;2:244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calderon-Margalit R, Qiu C, Ornoy A, Siscovick DS, Williams MA. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:579:e1–e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5 Part 1):1071–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huybrechts KF, Palmsten K, Mogun H, et al. National trends in antidepressant medication treatment among publicly insured pregnant women. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35:265–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer-Brody S, Boschloo L, Jones I, Sullivan PF, Penninx BW. The EPDS-Lifetime: assessment of lifetime prevalence and risk factors for perinatal depression in a large cohort of depressed women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16:465–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade SE, Raebel MA, Brown J, et al. Use of antidepressant medications during pregnancy: a multisite study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:194.e1–194.e5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen SA, Friedman JM; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Patterns of antidepressant medication use among pregnant women in a United States population. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51:264–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udechuku A, Nguyen R, Hil R, Szego K. Antidepressants in pregnancy: a systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44:978–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren G, Nordeng H. Antidepressant use during pregnancy: the benefit-risk ratio. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;44:157–163.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes RM, Wu P, Shelton RC, et al. Maternal antidepressant use and adverse outcomes: a cohort study of 228,876 pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:49.e1–49.e9.
   Google Scholar
• Jong GW, Einarson T, Koren G, Einarson A. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN): a systematic review. Reprod Toxicol. 2012;34:293–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, et al. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade SE, McPhillips H, Loren D, et al. Antidepressant medication use and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferies AL. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and infant outcomes. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16:562–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar