References
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Krüger N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
- Fischer F, Raiber L, Boscher C, et al. COVID-19 and the elderly: who cares? Front Public Health. 2020;8:151. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00151
- Vahia IV, Blazer DG, Smith GS, et al. COVID-19, mental health and aging: a need for new knowledge to bridge science and service. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(7):695. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.03.007
- COVID-19. Tracker India; 2020. Available from: https://www.COVID19india.org/. Accessed April 15, 2020.
- Census-India. 2011. Available from: https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html. Accessed April 15, 2020.
- Mishra VK. India’s projected aged population (65?), projected life expectancy at birth and insecurities faced by aged population. Ageing International. 2020;45:72–84.
- De Witt Huberts J, Greenland K, Schmidt W-P, et al. Exploring the potential of antimicrobial hand hygiene products in reducing the infectious burden in low-income countries: an integrative review. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(7):764–771. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.045
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Temporary policy for preparation of certain alcoholbased hand sanitizer products during the public health emergency (COVID-19). Guidance for Industry; March, 2020. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136289/download. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Edwards J, Patel G, Wareham DW. Low concentrations of commercial alcohol hand rubs facilitate growth of and secretion of extracellular proteins by multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(12):1595–1599. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47442-0
- healthcare-in-europe.com [Internet]. Will resistant bacteria be the end of alcohol hand sanitizers? 2018. Available from: https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/will-resistant-bacteria-be-the-end-of-alcohol-hand-sanitizers.html#. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Lan J, Song Z, Miao X, et al. Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease-2019. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(5):1215–1216. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.014
- The Government of India issues simple guidelines, for controlling spread of COVID-19 in densely populated areas. Available from: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1614064. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- TIFAC explores best methods to revive Indian economy post COVID-19. Available from: https://dst.gov.in/tifac-explores-best-methods-revive-indian-economy-post-COVID-19. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- TDB approves support for indigenous company for ramping up production of COVID-19 diagnostic kits. Available from: https://dst.gov.in/tdb-approves-support-indigenous-company-ramping-production-COVID-19-diagnostic-kits. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- NBRI scientists develop herbal hand-sanitiser. Available from: https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/isw/NBRI-scientists-develop-herbal-hand-sanitiser.html. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Indian researchers to go for clinical trial of sepsis drug against novel coronavirus. Available from: https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/Indian-researchers-to-go-for-clinical-trial-of-sepsis-drug-against-novel-coronavirus-21apr20.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Advisory_on_Cepheid_Xpert_Xpress_SARS_CoV2_testing. Available from: https://icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/upload_documents/Advisory_on_Cepheid_Xpert_Xpress_SARS_CoV2_testing.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- AMU alumnus develops COVID-19 testing kit, approved by ICMR. Available from: https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=2495. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Bione launches rapid COVID-19 at-home screening test kit after ICMR approval. Available from: https://zeenews.india.com/india/bione-launches-rapid-COVID-19-at-home-screening-test-kit-after-icmr-approval-2273752.html. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. Complete genome characterisation of a novel coronavirus associated with severe human respiratory disease in Wuhan, China. bioRxiv. 2020;2020:919183. doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919183
- Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418–423. doi:10.1002/jmv.25681
- Fung TS, Liu DX. Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:296. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00296
- Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, et al. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(11):722–727. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5
- Devaux CA, Rolain J-M, Colson P, et al. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105938. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938
- Li R, Yin K, Zhang K, et al. Application prospects of virtual autopsy in forensic pathological investigations on covid-19. Fa yi xue za zhi. 2020;36(2):149-156. Chinese.
- Gao J, Hu S. Update on use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). BioSci Trends. 2020;14(2):156–158. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03072
- Quiros Roldan E, Biasiotto G, Magro P, et al. The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): a role for iron homeostasis? Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104904. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104904
- Fantini J, Di Scala C, Chahinian H, et al. Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105960. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960
- Zhou D, Dai SM, Tong Q. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020:75:1667–1670. doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa114
- Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, et al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):732–739. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237
- Jain U. Risk of COVID-19 due to shortage of personal protective equipment. Cureus. 2020;12:6 e8837. doi:10.7759/cureus.8837
- Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):105949. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
- Chen J, Liu D, Liu L, et al. A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). J Zhejiang Univ. 2020. doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03
- McMichael TM, Currie DW, Clark S, et al. Public Health-Seattle and King County, evergreen health, and CDC COVID-19 Investigation Team. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in a long-term care facility in King County, Washington. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):2005–2011. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2005412
- Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, et al; HKU/UCH SARS Study Group. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59(3):252–256. doi:10.1136/thorax.2003.012658
- de Wilde AH, Jochmans D, Posthuma CC, et al. Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(8):4875–4884. doi:10.1128/AAC.03011-14
- Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1787–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
- Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
- Rossignol J-F. Nitazoxanide, a new drug candidate for the treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(3):227–230. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.001
- Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res. 2020;81(5):537–540. doi:10.1002/ddr.21656
- Totura AL, Bavari S. Broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2019;14(4):397–412. doi:10.1080/17460441.2019.1581171
- Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(3):149–150. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
- Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P, Low D. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e343. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343
- Morra ME, Van Thanh L, Kamel MG, et al. Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2018;28(3):e1977. doi:10.1002/rmv.1977
- National Health Commission and State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia. Accessed March 18, 2020.
- Kadam RU, Wilson IA. Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug arbidol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(2):206–214. doi:10.1073/pnas.1617020114
- Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, et al. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Biol Chem. 2020:013056. doi:10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056
- Agostini ML, Andres EL, Sims AC, et al. Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. mBio. 2018;9(2):e00221–e00318. doi:10.1128/mBio.00221-18
- Sharma D, Kunamneni A. Recent progress in the repurposing of drugs/molecules for the management of COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(7):889–897. doi:10.1080/14787210.2021.1860020
- Amirian ES, Levy JK. Current knowledge about the antivirals remdesivir (GS-5734) and GS-441524 as therapeutic options for coronaviruses. One Health. 2020;9:100128. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100128
- Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threateningRNA virus infections. PharmacolTher. 2020:209;107512.
- Calling all coronavirus researchers: keep sharing, stay open. Nature. 2020;578(7793):7. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00307-x
- Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Sacramento CQ, Lima CR, et al. Atazanavir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. bioRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.020925
- Khamitov RA, Loginova S, Shchukina VN, et al. Antiviral activity of arbidol and its derivatives against the pathogen of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the cell cultures. Vopr Virusol. 2008;53(4):9–13. [in Russian]
- Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, et al. Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):769–777.
- de Wilde AH, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, et al. Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses. J Gen Virol. 2011;92(11):2542–2548. doi:10.1099/vir.0.034983-0
- Foolad F, Aitken SL, Shigle TL, et al. Oral versus aerosolized ribavirin for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):1641–1649. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy760
- Arabi YM, Shalhoub S, Mandourah Y, et al. Ribavirin and interferon therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome: a multicenter observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(9):1837–1844.
- ClinicalTrials.gov. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed March 18, 2020.
- Sharma D, Sharma J, Singh A, Anand V. Exploring the mystery of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II (ACE2) in the battle against SARS-CoV-2. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2021;2021:1–5. doi:10.1155/2021/9939929
- Resources for Researchers. Available from: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/resources?search=COVID%20VACCINE. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Lurie N, Saville M, Hatchett R, et al. Developing COVID-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1969–1973.
- Le TT, Cramer JP, Chen R, et al. Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Dis. 2020;19(10):667–668. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8
- Shieber J. Codagenix raises $20 million for a new flu vaccine and other therapies. Tech Crunch. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/13/codagenix-raises-20-million-for-a-new-flu-vaccine-and-othertherapies/. Accessed February 28, 2020.
- Jiang S, Bottazzi ME, Du L, et al. Roadmap to developing a recombinant coronavirus S protein receptor-binding domain vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(12):1405–1413. doi:10.1586/erv.12.126
- Coleman CM, Liu YV, Mu H, et al. Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine. 2014;32(26):3169–3174. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.016
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals. Clover Initiates Development of Recombinant Subunit-Trimer Vaccine for Wuhan Coronavirus (2019- nCoV); 2020.
- Bharat Biotech [homepage]. Available from: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Available from: https://zyduscadila.com/public/pdf/pressrelease/Zydus_Cadila_launches_a_fast_tracked_programme_to_develop_vaccine_for_the_novel_coronavirus_2019-nCoVCOVID-19).pdf. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- IIL in the News; 2020. Available from: https://www.indimmune.com/mediia/iil-news. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Schaffer DeRoo S, Pudalov NJ, Fu LY. Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination program. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2458. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8711
- Ball P. Anti-vaccine movement could undermine efforts to end coronavirus pandemic, researchers warn. Nature. 2020;581(7808):251. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01423-4
- The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. Expectations for a COVID-19 vaccine. NORC at the University of Chicago. 2020. Available from: http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/Expectations-for-a-COVID-19-Vaccine.aspx. Accessed 31, 2020.
- Feleszko W, Lewulis P, Czarnecki A, Waszkiewicz P. Flattening the curve of COVID-19 vaccine rejection—a global overview. SSRN Electron J. 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3631972
- Randolph HE, Barreiro LB. Herd immunity: understanding COVID-19. Immunity. 2020;52(5):737–741. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012
- The Lancet Infectious D. Political casualties of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(7):755
- Omer SB, Salmon DA, Orenstein WA, et al. Vaccine refusal, mandatory immunization, and the risks of vaccine-preventable diseases. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(19):1981–1988. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0806477
- Lu M. These are the occupations with the highest COVID-19 risk. World Economic Forum; April 20, 2020 Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/occupations-highest-COVID19-risk/. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Sanders M, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, et al. Pharmacologic treatments for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) a review. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1824–1836.
- Jain A, Bodicherla KP, Raza Q, Sahu KK. Impact on mental health by “living in isolation and quarantine” during COVID-19 pandemic. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(10):5415–5418. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1572_20
- Sur J, Sharma J, Sharma D. Diabetes might augment the severity of COVID-19: a current prospects. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;7:613255. PMID: 33409238; PMCID: PMC7773080. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.613255
- Sharma J, Sharma D. Prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the health care workers. Coronaviruses. 2021. doi:10.2174/2666796702666210216143134
- Business Today. Coronavirus in UK: Boris Johnson admitted to hospital for testing positive; 2020. Available from: https://www.businesstoday.in/current/world/coronavirus-in-uk-boris-johnson-admitted-to-hospital-for-testing-positive/story/400221.html. Accessed April 10, 2020.
- Rume T, Islam SD. Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon. 2020;6(9):e04965.
- Pal RK, Naik G, Rathore V, Sahu KK, Kumar R. Comparison between two different successful approaches to COVID-19 pandemic in India (Dharavi versus Kerala). J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(12):5827–5832. PMID: 33681002; PMCID: PMC7928144. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1860_20
- COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-COVID-19-candidate-vaccines. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Sharma D. Repurposing of the childhood vaccines: could train the immune system against the SARS-CoV-2. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021. doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1960161
- The effects of virus variants on COVID-19 vaccines. WHO; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-effects-of-virus-variants-on-COVID-19-vaccines?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIge68zrva8AIVjgkrCh29ewUxEAAYASAAEgJMSvD_BwE. Accessed July 21, 2021.
- Available from: https://thefederal.com/news/government-issues-dos-and-donts-for-mucormycosis-in-covid-19-patients/. Accessed July 21, 2021.