Strategies to Improve Patient Outcomes and QOL: Current Complications of the Design and Placements of Ureteric Stents

References

• Staubli SE, Mordasini L, Engeler DS, Sauter R, Schmid HP, Abt D. Economic Aspects of Morbidity Caused by Ureteral Stents. Urol Int. 2016;97(1):91–97. doi:10.1159/00044337926795568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New F, Somani BK. A complete world literature review on quality of life (QOL) in patients with kidney stone disease (KSD). Curr Urol Rep. 2016;17(12):88. doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0647-627771854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosayyebi A, Vijayakumar A, Yue QY, et al. Engineering solutions to ureteral stents: material, coating and design. Central Eur j Urol. 2017;70(3):270–274. doi:10.5173/ceju.2017.1520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rukin NJ, Siddiqui ZA, Chedgy ECP, et al. Trends in upper tract stone disease in England: evidence from the hospital episodes statistics database. Urol Int. 2017;98(4):391–396. doi:10.1159/00044951027694759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sali GM, Joshi HB. Ureteric stents: overview of current clinical applications and economic implications. Int J Urol. 2020;27(1):7–15. doi:10.1111/iju.1411931549458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingeman JE, Preminger GM, Goldfischer ER, Krambeck AE. Assessing the Impact of Ureteral Stent Design on Patient Comfort. J Urol. 2009;181(6):2581–2587. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.01919375088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport K, Kumar V, Collins J, Melotti R, Timoney AG, Keeley FX Jr. New ureteral stent design does not improve patient quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial. J Urol. 2011;185(1):175–178. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.08921074809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harber M. Management of the Nephrotic Patient: the Overall Approach to the Patient with Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). In: Harber M, editor. Practical Nephrology. London: Springer; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Mosayyebi A, Somani B, Zhang X, et al. Particle Accumulation in Ureteral Stents Is Governed by Fluid Dynamics: in Vitro Study Using a “Stent-on-Chip” Model. J Endourol. 2018;32(7):639–646. doi:10.1089/end.2017.094629699424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehinde EO, Rotimi VO, Al-Hunayan A, Abdul-Halim H, Boland F, Al-Awadi KA. Bacteriology of urinary tract infection associated with indwelling J ureteral stents. J Endourol. 2004;18(9):891–896. doi:10.1089/end.2004.18.89115659928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Grazia A, Somani BK, Soria F, Carugo D, Mosayyebi A. Latest advancements in ureteral stent technology. Transl Androl Urol. 2019;8(Suppl 4):S436–S41. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.08.1631656749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams KGBA, Kumar P, Kumar P. Ureteric stents: the past, present and future. J Clin Urol. 2018;11(4):280–284. doi:10.1177/2051415817722934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundeen CJ, Forbes CM, Wong VKF, Lange D, Chew BH. Ureteral stents: the good the bad and the ugly. Curr Opin Urol. 2020;30(2):166–170. doi:10.1097/MOU.000000000000070131834083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynard J, Brewster SF, Biers S, Neal NL. Oxford Handbook of Urology. Oxford Univercity Press 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi HB, Newns N, Stainthorpe A, MacDonagh RP, Keeley FX, Timoney AG. Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire: development and Validation of a Multidimensional Quality of Life Measure. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1060–1064. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000049198.53424.1d12576846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi HB, Chitale SV, Nagarajan M, et al. A prospective randomized single-blind comparison of ureteral stents composed of firm and soft polymer. J Urol. 2005;174(6):2303–2306. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000181815.63998.5f16280829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweny EO, Portis AJ, Sundaram CP, et al. Evaluation of a chronic indwelling prototype mesh ureteral stent in a porcine model. Urology. 2000;56(5):857–862. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00734-211068323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darren T, Beiko BEK, John D. Denstedt. Advances in Ureteral Stent Design. J Endourol. 2003;17(4):195–199. doi:10.1089/08927790376544429412816579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharwat M, Elsaadany MM, Lashin AM, El-Nahas AR. A randomized controlled trial evaluating sildenafil citrate in relieving ureteral stent-related symptoms. World J Urol. 2018;36(11):1877–1881. doi:10.1007/s00345-018-2339-y29766318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Aown A, Iason K, Panagiotis K, Liatsikos E. Clinical experience with ureteral metal stents. Indian J Urol. 2010;26(4):474–479. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.7443221369375
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby RS, Heard SR, Miller P, et al. Use of the ASI Titanium Stent in the Management of Bladder Outflow Obstruction Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Urol. 1992;148(4):1195–1197. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36858-11383573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasios G, Papatsoris NB. A Novel Thermo-Expandable Ureteral Metal Stent for the Minimally Invasive Management of Ureteral Strictures. J Endourol. 2010;24(3):487–491. doi:10.1089/end.2009.013820105033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo CC, Abboudi H, Cartwright R, El-Husseiny T, Dasgupta R. Metallic Ureteric Stents in Malignant Ureteric Obstruction: A Systematic Review. Urology. 2018;118:12–20. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2018.01.01929408390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song H-Y, Park H, Suh T-S, et al. Recurrent Traumatic Urethral Strictures near the External Sphincter: treatment with a Covered, Retrievable, Expandable Nitinol Stent—Initial Results. Radiology. 2003;226(2):433–440. doi:10.1148/radiol.226201216012563137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel C, Loughran D, Jones R, Abdulmajed M, Shergill I. The resonance® metallic ureteric stent in the treatment of chronic ureteric obstruction: a safety and efficacy analysis from a contemporary clinical series. BMC Urol. 2017;17(1):16. doi:10.1186/s12894-017-0204-828283031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wah TM, Irving HC, Cartledge J. Initial Experience with the Resonance Metallic Stent for Antegrade Ureteric Stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(4):705–710. doi:10.1007/s00270-007-9043-417508238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben H, Chew KAR, Ryan F, McDougall E, Paterson RF, Lange D. Percuflex Helical Ureteral Stents Significantly Reduce Patient Analgesic Requirements Compared to Control Stents. J Endourol. 2017;31(12):1321–1325. doi:10.1089/end.2017.034929048209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew D, Dunn AJP, Scott A, et al. Clinical Effectiveness of New Stent Design: randomized Single-Blind Comparison of Tail and Double-Pigtail Stents. J Endourol. 2000;14(2):195–202. doi:10.1089/end.2000.14.19510772515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport K, Kumar V, Collins J, Melotti R, Keeley FX, Timoney AG. Prospective randomised trial comparing the Bard Inlay™ ureteric stent with the boston scientific polaris™ ureteric stent using the validated ureteric stent symptom questionnaire. Eur Urol Supp. 2008;7(3):107. doi:10.1016/S1569-9056(08)60145-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria F, Morcillo E, de la Cruz JE, et al. Antireflux ureteral stent proof of concept assessment after minimally invasive treatment of obstructive uropathy in animal model. Arch Esp Urol. 2018;71(7):607–613.30198852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellman J. Ureteral Stents: impact of Diameter and Composition on Patient Symptoms. J Endourol. 1997;11(1):45–47. doi:10.1089/end.1997.11.459048298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdal Erturk AS, Joseph JV, Joseph JV. Impact of Ureteral Stent Diameter on Symptoms and Tolerability. J Endourol. 2003;17(2):59–62. doi:10.1089/0892779036058734212689395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen-Hsun Ho S-C-C, Shiu-Dong C, Yuan-Ju L, et al. Determining the Appropriate Length of a Double-Pigtail Ureteral Stent by Both Stent Configurations and Related Symptoms. J Endourol. 2008;22(7):1427–1432. doi:10.1089/end.2008.003718613783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed M, Al-Kandari TFA-S, Hamdy M, et al. Rapid Communication: effects of Proximal and Distal Ends of Double-J Ureteral Stent Position on Postprocedural Symptoms and Quality of Life: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endourol. 2007;21(7):698–702. doi:10.1089/end.2007.994917705753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cubuk A, Yanaral F, Ozgor F, et al. Comparison of 4.8 Fr and 6 Fr ureteral stents on stent related symptoms following ureterorenoscopy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2018;34(12):695–699. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2018.07.00130527204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafron J, Ost MC, Tan BJ, et al. Novel dual-lumen ureteral stents provide better ureteral flow than single ureteral stent in ex vivo porcine kidney model of extrinsic ureteral obstruction. Urology. 2006;68(4):911–915. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.05.02517070391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros AA, Oliveira C, Ribeiro AJ, et al. In vivo assessment of a novel biodegradable ureteral stent. World J Urol. 2018;36(2):277–283. doi:10.1007/s00345-017-2124-329128964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver R, Wells H, Traxer O, et al. Ureteric stents on extraction strings: a systematic review of literature. Urolithiasis. 2018;46(2):129–136. doi:10.1007/s00240-016-0898-127324264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria F, Morcillo E, Serrano A, et al. Evaluation of a New Design of Antireflux-biodegradable Ureteral Stent in Animal Model. Urology. 2018;115:59–64. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2018.02.00429470998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steven L, Pendleton GLN, Benjamin T. Biltz, inventor; Cook Medical Technologies LLC, assignee. Telescoping Ureteral Stent. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Mosayyebi A, Manes C, Carugo D, Somani BK. Advances in Ureteral Stent Design and Materials. Curr Urol Rep. 2018;19(5):35. doi:10.1007/s11934-018-0779-y29637309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimberly DeGraaf TPH, Mark W. BodenJan Seppala, inventor; Boston Scientific Scimed Inc, assignee. Controlled Extension Stent. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel Yachia VP, inventor; INNOVENTIONS Ltd, assignee. Stent and Method of Use; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Charles Wesley McMahon CAN, Danielle Rae S, Lisa Jin C, Maria Guadalupe A, Sara L. Pelayo, inventor; Baylor University, assignee. Ureteral stent and method2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kurt G, Shelton AEP, inventor; Gyrus ACMI Inc, assignee. Ureteral stent with anti-migration features2015.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks AJ, Mahoney PF, Rowlands B. ABC of Tubes, Drains, Lines and Frames. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lennon GM, Thornhill JA, Grainger R, McDermott TED, Butler MR. Double Pigtail Ureteric Stent versus Percutaneous Nephrostomy: effects on Stone Transit and Ureteric Motility. Eur Urol. 1997;31(1):24–29. doi:10.1159/0004744139032530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althaus A, Li K, Pattison E, Eisner B, Pais V, Steinberg P. PD7-03 Rate of accidental dislodgement of ureteral stents when utilizing an extraction string after endoscopic urologic surgery. J Urol. 2014;191(4S):e184–e. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew BH, Seitz C. Impact of ureteral stenting in ureteroscopy. Curr Opin Urol. 2016;26(1):76–80. doi:10.1097/MOU.000000000000023426626886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netto NR Jr, Ikonomidis J, Zillo C. Routine ureteral stenting after ureteroscopy for ureteral lithiasis: is it really necessary? J Urol. 2001;166(4):1252–1254. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65747-311547052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor WN, McDougall IT. Minimally invasive ureteral stent retrieval. J Urol. 2002;168(5):2020–2023. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64286-312394699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie-Claire Rassweiler M-SM, Manuel R, Honeck P, Honeck P. Magnetic Ureteral Stent Removal Without Cystoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endourol. 2017;31(8):762–766. doi:10.1089/end.2017.005128478732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehinde EO, Rotimi VO, Al-Awadi KA, et al. Factors predisposing to urinary tract infection after j ureteral stent insertion. J Urol. 2002;167(3):1334–1337. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65294-911832726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klis R, Korczak-Kozakiewicz E, Denys A, Sosnowski M, Rozanski W. Relationship between urinary tract infection and self-retaining Double-J catheter colonization. J Endourol. 2009;23(6):1015–1019. doi:10.1089/end.2008.051819496725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paick SH, Park HK, Oh S-J, Kim HH. Characteristics of bacterial colonization and urinary tract infection after indwelling of double-J ureteral stent. Urology. 2003;62(2):214–217. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00325-X12893321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilks SA, Fader MJ, Keevil CW. Novel Insights into the Proteus mirabilis Crystalline Biofilm Using Real-Time Imaging. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141711. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014171126516766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin K, Canales LH, Qin A, Anderson L, Li QA, Monga M. Presence of Five Conditioning Film Proteins Are Highly Associated with Early Stent Encrustation. J Endourol. 2009;23(9):1437–1442. doi:10.1089/end.2009.038919698053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alex M, Acosta-Miranda JM, Thomas M. The FECal Double-J: A Simplified Approach in the Management of Encrusted and Retained Ureteral Stents. J Endourol. 2009;23(3):409–415. doi:10.1089/end.2008.021419265471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brian A, Vanderbrink ARR, Michael C, Smith AD. Encrusted Urinary Stents: evaluation and Endourologic Management. J Endourol. 2008;22(5):905–912. doi:10.1089/end.2006.038218643720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelaziz AY, Fouda WB, Mosharafa AA, Abelrasoul MA, Fayyad A, Fawzi K. Forgotten ureteral stents: risk factors, complications and management. Afr J Urol. 2018;24(1):28–33. doi:10.1016/j.afju.2017.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szell TFFD, Goelz H, Bluemel B, et al. In Vitro Effects of a Novel Coating Agent on Bacterial Biofilm Development on Ureteral Stents. J Endourol. 2019;33(3):225–231. doi:10.1089/end.2018.061630458115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WS, Chen K, Chong TW, et al. A bilayer swellable drug-eluting ureteric stent: localized drug delivery to treat urothelial diseases. Biomaterials. 2018;165:25–38. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.03529501967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anis RR, Karsch KR. The future of drug eluting stents. Heart. 2006;92(5):585–588. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.06828816216857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liatsikos EN, Karnabatidis D, Kagadis GC, et al. Application of Paclitaxel-Eluting Metal Mesh Stents within the Pig Ureter: an Experimental Study. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):217–223. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.05416814926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucksavage P, Pick D, Haydel D, et al. An In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Spiral Cut Flexible Ureteral Stent. Urology. 2012;79(3):733–737. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.10.06222386429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liatsikos E, Karnabatidis D, Kallidonis P, Siablis D. 5 - Metal stents in the upper urinary tract In: Denstedt J, Atala A, editors. Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering in Urology. Woodhead Publishing; 2009:104–133.
   Google Scholar
• Cauda FVC, Fiori C, Onida B, et al. Heparin Coating on Ureteral Double J Stents Prevents Encrustations: an in Vivo Case Study. J Endourol. 2008;22(3):465–472. doi:10.1089/end.2007.021818307380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo J, Lange D, Chew BH. Ureteral stents and foley catheters-associated urinary tract infections: the role of coatings and materials in infection prevention. Antibiotics. 2014;3(1):87–97. doi:10.3390/antibiotics301008727025736
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raad I, Hanna H, Jiang Y, et al. Comparative Activities of Daptomycin, Linezolid, and Tigecycline against Catheter-Related Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteremic Isolates Embedded in Biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(5):1656–1660. doi:10.1128/AAC.00350-0617353249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose WE, Poppens PT. Impact of biofilm on the in vitro activity of vancomycin alone and in combination with tigecycline and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chem. 2008;63(3):485–488. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minardi D, Cirioni O, Ghiselli R, et al. Efficacy of Tigecycline and Rifampin Alone and in Combination against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Infection in a Rat Model of Ureteral Stent. J Surg Res. 2012;176(1):1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.05.00221704328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange D, Elwood CN, Choi K, Hendlin K, Monga M, Chew BH. Uropathogen Interaction With the Surface of Urological Stents Using Different Surface Properties. J Urol. 2009;182(3):1194–1200. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.00819625060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowatzki PJ, Koepsel RR, Stoodley P, et al. Salicylic acid-releasing polyurethane acrylate polymers as anti-biofilm urological catheter coatings. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(5):1869–1880. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.03222342353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson RP, Taffs R, Davison WM, Stewart PS. Anti-biofilm properties of chitosan-coated surfaces. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008;19(8):1035–1046. doi:10.1163/15685620878490937218644229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S-H, Lee Y-SJ, Lin F-H, Yang J-M, Chen K-S. Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blending hydrogel coating improves the surface characteristics of segmented polyurethane urethral catheters. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007;83B(2):304–313. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer RB, Chen MY, Zagoria RJ, Regan JD, Hood CG, Kavanagh PV. Complications of Ureteral Stent Placement. RadioGraphics. 2002;22(5):1005–1022. doi:10.1148/radiographics.22.5.g02se08100512235330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach Christian DD. Chapter-30 Prostate Stents: Indications. Handbook of Urinary Stents: Basic Science and Clinical Applications; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Bergqvist D, Pärsson H, Sherif A. Arterio-ureteral fistula–a systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;22(3):191–196. doi:10.1053/ejvs.2001.143211506509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RB. Ureteral Common Iliac Artery Fistula: A Complication of Internal Double-J Ureteral Stent. J Urol. 1984;132(1):113. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)49490-06726935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assimos D, Krambeck A, Miller NL, et al. Surgical Management of Stones: american Urological Association/Endourological Society Guideline, PART I. J Urol. 2016;196(4):1153–1160. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.05.09027238616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Yu Y, Gao Y, Yang X, Pang Z. Decreased urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion following alfuzosin treatment on ureteral stent-related symptoms: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Urolithiasis. 2016;44(2):185–190. doi:10.1007/s00240-015-0810-426242466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C-J, Huang S-W, Chang C-H. Effects of specific α-1A/1D blocker on lower urinary tract symptoms due to double-J stent: a prospectively randomized study. Urol Res. 2009;37(3):147–152. doi:10.1007/s00240-009-0182-819277623
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta M, Patel T, Xavier K, et al. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Periureteral Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for Ureteral Stent Pain Reduction. J Urol. 2010;183(2):598–602. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.02120018320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y-J, Huang K-H, Yang H-J, Chang H-C, Chen J, Yang T-K. Solifenacin improves double-J stent-related symptoms in both genders following uncomplicated ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Urolithiasis. 2013;41(3):247–252. doi:10.1007/s00240-013-0554-y23515684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tae BS, Cho S, Jeon BJ, et al. Does mirabegron relieve ureteric stent-related discomfort? A prospective, randomized, multicentre study. BJU Int. 2018;122(5):866–872. doi:10.1111/bju.1441629802800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragab M, Soliman MG, Tawfik A, et al. The role of pregabalin in relieving ureteral stent-related symptoms: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017;49(6):961–966. doi:10.1007/s11255-017-1561-728260223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nahas AR, Tharwat M, Elsaadany M, Mosbah A, Gaballah MA. A randomized controlled trial comparing alpha blocker (tamsulosin) and anticholinergic (solifenacin) in treatment of ureteral stent-related symptoms. World J Urol. 2016;34(7):963–968. doi:10.1007/s00345-015-1704-326453222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Avila M, Garduño-Arteaga L, Jungfermann-Guzman R, et al. Efficacy of Tamsulosin, Oxybutynin, and their combination in the control of double-j stent-related lower urinary tract symptoms. Int Braz j Urol. 2016;42(3):487–493. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.018627286111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y-M, Chu P, Wang W-J. PRISMA-combined α-blockers and antimuscarinics for ureteral stent-related symptoms: A meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(7):e6098. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000609828207522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevo A, Mano R, Baniel J, et al. Ureteric stent dwelling time: A risk factor for post-ureteroscopy sepsis. BJUI. 2017;120(1):117–122. doi:10.1111/bju.13796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telescopic insertion or removal of a stent from the ureter. https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Ureteric%20stent%20insertion.pdf. (accessed 6 2020)..
   Google Scholar
• The British Association of Urological Surgeons Stent registry. https://www.baus.org.uk/professionals/sections/endourology/stent_registry.aspx. Accessed 720, 2020 ( accessed 6 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh A, Oliver R, Way C, White L, Somani BK. Results of day-case ureterorenoscopy (DC-URS) for stone disease: prospective outcomes over 4.5 years. World J Urol. 2017;35(11):1757–1764. doi:10.1007/s00345-017-2061-128620694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraghty RM, Proiett S, Traxer O, et al. Worldwide impact of warmer seasons on the incidence of renal colic and kidney stone disease: evidence from a systematic review of literature. J Endourol. 2017;31(8):729–735. doi:10.1089/end.2017.012328338351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baston EL, Wellum S, Bredow Z, et al. Office-based ureteric stent removal is achievable, improves clinical flexibility and quality of care, whilst also keeping surgeons close to their patients. Cent Eur J Urol. 2018;71(2):196–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nahas AR, El-Assmy AM, Shoma AM, et al. Self-retaining ureteral stents: analysis of factors responsible for patients’ discomfort. J Endourol. 2006;20(1):33–37. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.3316426130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nahas AR, Lachine M, Elsawy E, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing antimicrobial (silver sulfadiazine)-coated ureteral stents with non-coated stents. Scan J Urol. 2018;52(1):76–80. doi:10.1080/21681805.2017.1376353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar