2,791
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The effect of cannabis use on memory function: an update

&
Pages 11-27 | Published online: 23 Jan 2013

References

  • DegenhardtLChiuWTSampsonNToward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health SurveysPLoS Med200857e14118597549
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeWorld Drug Report 2012Accessed December 1, 2012 Available from: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf
  • Terry-McElrathYMJohnstonLDO’MalleyPMYamaguchiRSubstance abuse counseling services in secondary schools: a national study of schools and students, 1999–2003J Sch Health200575933434116255719
  • MechoulamRGaoniYThe absolute configuration of delta-1- tetrahydrocannabinol, the major active constituent of hashishTetrahedron Lett196712110911116039537
  • MurrayRMMorrisonPDHenquetCDi FortiMCannabis, the mind and society: the hash realitiesNat Rev Neurosci200781188589517925811
  • ZanettiniCPanlilioLVAlickiMGoldbergSRHallerJYasarSEffects of endocannabinoid system modulation on cognitive and emotional behaviorFront Behav Neurosci201155721949506
  • LeonardBETherapeutic Uses of cannabis. British Medical Association (BMA). Harwood Academic Publishers, UK. 1997. £11.99. ISBN 90-5702-318-0Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental1998138592
  • CurranHVBrignellCFletcherSMiddletonPHenryJCognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Delta 9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis usersPsychopharmacology (Berl)20021641617012373420
  • HunaultCCMensingaTTBöckerKBCognitive and psychomotor effects in males after smoking a combination of tobacco and cannabis containing up to 69 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)Psychopharmacology (Berl)20092041859419099294
  • BhattacharyyaSAtakanZMartin-SantosRPreliminary report of biological basis of sensitivity to the effects of cannabis on psychosis: AKT1 and DAT1 genotype modulates the effects of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on midbrain and striatal functionMol Psychiatry201217121152115522290123
  • BhattacharyyaSCrippaJAP AllenPInduction of psychosis by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol reflects modulation of prefrontal and striatal function during attentional salience processingArch Gen Psychiatry2012691273622213786
  • D’SouzaDCPerryEMacDougallLThe psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosisNeuropsychopharmacology20042981558157215173844
  • MorrisonPDZoisVMcKeownDAThe acute effects of synthetic intravenous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioningPsychol Med200939101607161619335936
  • LargeMSharmaSComptonMTSladeTNielssenOCannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: a systematic meta-analysisArch Gen Psychiatry201168655556121300939
  • LuziSMorrisonPDPowellJdi FortiMMurrayRMWhat is the mechanism whereby cannabis use increases risk of psychosis?Neurotox Res2008142–310511219073418
  • BhattacharyyaSFusar-PoliPBorgwardtSModulation of mediotemporal and ventrostriatal function in humans by Delta9- tetrahydrocannabinol: a neural basis for the effects of Cannabis sativa on learning and psychosisArch Gen Psychiatry200966444245119349314
  • CrippaJALacerdaALAmaroEBusatto FilhoGZuardiAWBressanRABrain effects of cannabis – neuroimaging findingsRev Bras Psiquiatr20052717078 Portuguese15867988
  • Fusar-PoliPCrippaJABhattacharyyaSDistinct effects of {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processingArch Gen Psychiatry20096619510519124693
  • BhattacharyyaSMorrisonPDFusar-PoliPOpposite effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathologyNeuropsychopharmacology201035376477419924114
  • MorganCJSchaferGFreemanTPCurranHVImpact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study: naturalistic study [corrected]Br J Psychiatry2010197428529020884951
  • ElSohlyMAQuarterly Report Potency Monitoring Project #85University, MSNational Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi2004
  • PijlmanFTRigterSMHoekJGoldschmidtHMNiesinkRJStrong increase in total delta-THC in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shopsAddict Biol200510217118016191670
  • PotterDJClarkPBrownMBPotency of delta 9-THC and other cannabinoids in cannabis in England in 2005: implications for psychoactivity and pharmacologyJ Forensic Sci2008531909418279244
  • AshtonCHPharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief reviewBr J Psychiatry200117810110611157422
  • HardwickSKingLHome Office Cannabis Potency Study 2008Sandridge, UKHome Office Scientific Development Branch2008
  • ChenCYO’BrienMSAnthonyJCWho becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000–2001Drug Alcohol Depend2005791112215943940
  • SmartRGOgborneACDrug use and drinking among students in 36 countriesAddict Behav200025345546010890301
  • ArseneaultLCannonMPoultonRMurrayRCaspiAMoffittTECannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective studyBMJ200232573741212121312446537
  • MeierMHCaspiAAmblerAPersistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlifeProc Natl Acad Sci U S A201210940E2657E266422927402
  • BollaKIBrownKEldrethDTateKCadetJLDose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana useNeurology20025991337134312427880
  • SolowijNJonesKARozmanMEVerbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-usersPsychopharmacology (Berl)2011216113114421328041
  • GruberSASagarKADahlgrenMKRacineMLukasSEAge of onset of marijuana use and executive functionPsychol Addict Behav201126349650622103843
  • SolowijNStephensRSRoffmanRAfor Marijuana Treatment Project Research GroupCognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatmentJAMA200228791123113111879109
  • KandelERIn Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of MindNew York, NYWW Norton & Company2007
  • OwenAMMcMillanKMLairdARBullmoreEN-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studiesHum Brain Mapp2005251465915846822
  • KimHNeural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: a meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studiesNeuroimage20115432446246120869446
  • TulvingEEpisodic and Semantic MemoryOrganization of MemoryNew York, NYAcademic Press1972381402
  • BaddeleyAWorking memory: the interface between memory and cognitionJ Cogn Neurosci19924328128823964884
  • BhattacharyyaSAtakanZMartin-SantosRCrippaJAMcGuirePKNeural mechanisms for the cannabinoid modulation of cognition and affect in man: a critical review of neuroimaging studiesCurr Pharm Des201218325045505422716136
  • LaneSDCherekDRLievingLMTcheremissineOVMarijuana effects on human forgetting functionsJ Exp Anal Behav2005831678315762381
  • WeinsteinABricknerOLermanHA study investigating the acute dose-response effects of 13 mg and 17 mg Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cognitive-motor skills, subjective and autonomic measures in regular users of marijuanaJ Psychopharmacol200822444145118635724
  • HenquetCRosaAKrabbendamLAn experimental study of catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met moderation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced effects on psychosis and cognitionNeuropsychopharmacology200631122748275716936704
  • IlanABGevinsAColemanMElSohlyMAde WitHNeurophysiological and subjective profile of marijuana with varying concentrations of cannabinoidsBehav Pharmacol2005165–648749616148455
  • MorrisonPDNottageJStoneJMDisruption of frontal θ coherence by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is associated with positive psychotic symptomsNeuropsychopharmacology201136482783621150914
  • RamaekersJGTheunissenELde BrouwerMToennesSWMoellerMRKauertGTolerance and cross-tolerance to neurocognitive effects of THC and alcohol in heavy cannabis usersPsychopharmacology (Berl)2011214239140121049267
  • Silva de MeloLCCruzAPRios ValentimSJJrMarinhoARMendonçaJBNakamura-PalaciosEMDelta(9)-THC administered into the medial prefrontal cortex disrupts the spatial working memoryPsychopharmacology (Berl)20051831546416163518
  • LichtmanAHVarvelSAMartinBREndocannabinoids in cognition and dependenceProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids2002662–326928512052042
  • VarvelSRHammBMartinBRLichtmanAHDifferential effects of a delta 9-THC on spatial reference and working memory in micePsychopharmacology (Berl)2001157214215011594438
  • HartCLvan GorpWHaneyMFoltinRWFischmanMWEffects of acute smoked marijuana on complex cognitive performanceNeuropsychopharmacology200125575776511682259
  • TheunissenELKauertGFToennesSWNeurophysiological functioning of occasional and heavy cannabis users during THC intoxicationPsychopharmacology (Berl)2012220234135021975580
  • DeadwylerSAHeyserCJHampsonREComplete adaptation to the memory disruptive effects of delta-9-THC following 35 days of exposureNeurosci Res Commun199517918
  • DelatteMSWinsauerPJMoerschbaecherJMTolerance to the disruptive effects of Delta(9)-THC on learning in ratsPharmacol Biochem Behav200274112914012376160
  • HampsonRESimeralJDKellyEJDeadwylerSATolerance to the memory disruptive effects of cannabinoids involves adaptation by hippocampal neuronsHippocampus200313554355612921345
  • RamaekersJGMoellerMRvan RuitenbeekPTheunissenELSchneiderEKauertGCognition and motor control as a function of Delta9-THC concentration in serum and oral fluid: limits of impairmentDrug and Alcohol Depend2006852114122
  • RamaekersJGKauertGTheunissenELToennesSWMoellerMRNeurocognitive performance during acute THC intoxication in heavy and occasional cannabis usersJ Psychopharmacol200923326627718719045
  • HartCLIlanABGevinsANeurophysiological and cognitive effects of smoked marijuana in frequent usersPharmacol Biochem Behav201096333334120600251
  • BöckerKBHunaultCCGerritsenJKruidenierMMensingaTTKenemansJLCannabinoid modulations of resting state EEG θ power and working memory are correlated in humansJ Cogn Neurosci20102291906191619803687
  • VadhanNPSerperMRHaneyMEffects of Δ-THC on working memory: implications for schizophrenia?Prim psychiatry2009164519920351792
  • NordstromBRHartCLAssessing cognitive functioning in cannabis users: cannabis use history an important considerationNeuropsychopharmacology200631122798279917109017
  • FaddaPRobinsonLFrattaWPertweeRGRiedelGDifferential effects of THC- or CBD-rich cannabis extracts on working memory in ratsNeuropharmacology20044781170117915567426
  • EnglundAMorrisonPDNottageJCannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairmentJ Psychopharmacol Epub1052012
  • HayakawaKMishimaKHazekawaMCannabidiol potentiates pharmacological effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol via CB(1) receptor-dependent mechanismBrain Res2008118815716418021759
  • FarhangBDiazSTangSLWagnerEJSex differences in the cannabinoid regulation of energy homeostasisPsychoneuroendocrinology200934Suppl 1S237S24619427130
  • TangSLTranVWagnerEJSex differences in the cannabinoid modulation of an A-type K+ current in neurons of the mammalian hypothalamusJ Neurophysiol20059442983298615901756
  • CraftRMSex differences in behavioral effects of cannabinoidsLife Sci200577202471247815958268
  • TsengAHCraftRMSex differences in antinociceptive and motoric effects of cannabinoidsEur J Pharmacol20014301414711698061
  • FattoreLFrattaWHow important are sex differences in cannabinoid action?Br J Pharmacol2010160354454820590564
  • HaneyMOpioid antagonism of cannabinoid effects: differences between marijuana smokers and nonmarijuana smokersNeuropsychopharmacology20073261391140317091128
  • MakelaPWakeleyJGijsmanHRobsonPJBhagwagarZRogersRDLow doses of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have divergent effects on short-term spatial memory in young, healthy adultsNeuropsychopharmacology200631246247016177808
  • PopeHGJrJacobsAMialetJPYurgelun-ToddDGruberSEvidence for a sex-specific residual effect of cannabis on visuospatial memoryPsychother Psychosom19976641791849259040
  • ChaYMJonesKHKuhnCMWilsonWASwartzwelderHSSex differences in the effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spatial learning in adolescent and adult ratsBehav Pharmacol2007185–656356917762524
  • GrantIGonzalezRCareyCLNatarajanLWolfsonTNon-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: a meta-analytic studyJ Int Neuropsychol Soc20039567968912901774
  • PopeHGJrGruberAJHudsonJIHuestisMAYurgelun-ToddDNeuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis usersArch Gen Psychiatry2001581090991511576028
  • FriedPAWatkinsonBGrayRNeurocognitive consequences of marihuana – a comparison with pre-drug performanceNeurotoxicol Teratol200527223123915734274
  • HansonKLWinwardJLSchweinsburgADMedinaKLBrownSATapertSFLongitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinenceAddict Behav2010351197097620621421
  • TaitRJMackinnonAChristensenHCannabis use and cognitive function: 8-year trajectory in a young adult cohortAddiction2011106122195220321749524
  • JagerGKahnRSVan Den BrinkWVan ReeJMRamseyNFLong-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: an fMRI studyPsychopharmacology (Berl)2006185335836816521034
  • JagerGVan HellHHDe WinMMEffects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory taskEur Neuropsychopharmacol200717428929717137758
  • SchweinsburgADSchweinsburgBCCheungEHBrownGGBrownSATapertSFfMRI response to spatial working memory in adolescents with comorbid marijuana and alcohol use disordersDrug Alcohol Depend200579220121016002029
  • SchweinsburgADSchweinsburgBCMedinaKLMcQueenyTBrownSATapertSFThe influence of recency of use on fMRI response during spatial working memory in adolescent marijuana usersJ Psychoactive Drugs201042340141221053763
  • SolowijNBattistiRThe chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a reviewCurr Drug Abuse Rev200811819819630708
  • FontesMABollaKICunhaPJCannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioningBr J Psychiatry2011198644244721628706
  • MessinisLKyprianidouAMalefakiSPapathanasopoulosPNeuropsychological deficits in long-term frequent cannabis usersNeurology200666573773916534113
  • BattistiRARoodenrysSJohnstoneSJRespondekCHermensDFSolowijNChronic use of cannabis and poor neural efficiency in verbal memory abilityPsychopharmacology (Berl)2010209431933020217055
  • PopeHGJrGruberAJHudsonJICohaneGHuestisMAYurgelun-ToddDEarly-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association?Drug Alcohol Depend200369330331012633916
  • BeckerBWagnerDGouzoulis-MayfrankESpuentrupEDaumannJAltered parahippocampal functioning in cannabis users is related to the frequency of usePsychopharmacology (Berl)2010209436137420300735
  • Lopez-LarsonMPBogorodzkiPRogowskaJAltered prefrontal and insular cortical thickness in adolescent marijuana usersBehav Brain Res2011220116417221310189
  • YücelMZaleskyATakagiMJWhite-matter abnormalities in adolescents with long-term inhalant and cannabis use: a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging studyJ Psychiatry Neurosci201035640941220731960
  • WilsonWMathewRTurkingtonTHawkTColemanREProvenzaleJBrain morphological changes and early marijuana use: a magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography studyJ Addict Dis200019112210772599
  • MooreNLGreenleafALAchesonSKWilsonWASwartzwelderHSKuhnCMRole of cannabinoid receptor type 1 desensitization in greater tetrahydrocannabinol impairment of memory in adolescent ratsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther2010335229430120668056
  • QuinnHRMatsumotoICallaghanPDAdolescent rats find repeated Delta(9)-THC less aversive than adult rats but display greater residual cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal protein expression following exposureNeuropsychopharmacology20083351113112617581536
  • MedinaKLHansonKLSchweinsburgADCohen-ZionMNagelBJTapertSFNeuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinenceJ Int Neuropsychol Soc200713580782017697412
  • SchneiderMSchömigELewekeFMAcute and chronic cannabinoid treatment differentially affects recognition memory and social behavior in pubertal and adult ratsAddict Biol2008133–434535718782382
  • SchneiderMKochMChronic pubertal, but not adult chronic cannabinoid treatment impairs sensorimotor gating, recognition memory, and the performance in a progressive ratio task in adult ratsNeuropsychopharmacology200328101760176912888772
  • PadulaCBSchweinsburgADTapertSFSpatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana usersPsychol Addict Behav200721447848718072830
  • KanayamaGRogowskaJPopeHGGruberSAYurgelun-ToddDASpatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: a functional magnetic resonance imaging studyPsychopharmacology (Berl)20041763–423924715205869
  • AshtariMAvantsBCyckowskiLMedial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis useJ Psychiatr Res20114581055106621296361
  • HermannDSartoriusAWelzelHDorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) loss in male recreational cannabis usersBiol Psychiatry200761111281128917239356
  • DemirakcaTSartoriusAEndeGDiminished gray matter in the hippocampus of cannabis users: possible protective effects of cannabidiolDrug Alcohol Depend20111142–324224521050680
  • MorganCJCurranHVEffects of cannabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in people who use cannabisBr J Psychiatry2008192430630718378995
  • SalomoneAGeraceED’UrsoFDi CorciaDVincentiMSimultaneous analysis of several synthetic cannabinoids, THC, CBD and CBN, in hair by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation and application to real samplesJ Mass Spectrom201247560461022576873
  • JagerGBlockRILuijtenMRamseyNFCannabis use and memory brain function in adolescent boys: a cross-sectional multicenter functional magnetic resonance imaging studyJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2010496561572572.e1e320494266
  • JacobsenLKPughKRConstableRTWesterveldMMenclWEFunctional correlates of verbal memory deficits emerging during nicotine withdrawal in abstinent adolescent cannabis usersBiol Psychiatry2007611314016631130
  • SchweinsburgADNagelBJSchweinsburgBCParkATheilmannRJTapertSFAbstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memoryPsychiatry Res20081631405118356027
  • AbushHAkiravIShort- and long-term cognitive effects of chronic cannabinoids administration in late-adolescence ratsPLoS One201272e3173122348124
  • SpreenOStraussEA Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary2nd edOxford, UKOxford University Press1998
  • ReyAL’examen Clinique en Psychologie. [Clinical tests in psychology]ParisPresses Universitaires de France1964
  • PowellJBCripeLIDodrillCBAssessment of brain impairment with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: a comparison with other neuropsychological measuresArch Clin Neuropsychol19916424124914589516
  • BlockRIO’LearyDSHichwaRDEffects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flowPharmacol Biochem Behav2002721–223725011900794
  • BuschkeHSelective reminding for analysis of memory and learningJournal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior1973125543550
  • GrantJEChamberlainSRSchreiberLOdlaugBLNeuropsychological deficits associated with cannabis use in young adultsDrug Alcohol Depend20121211–215916221920674
  • SmithAMLongoCAFriedPAHoganMJCameronIEffects of marijuana on visuospatial working memory: an fMRI study in young adultsPsychopharmacology (Berl)2010210342943820401748
  • HarveyMASellmanJDPorterRJFramptonCMThe relationship between non-acute adolescent cannabis use and cognitionDrug Alcohol Rev200726330931917454021
  • Martín-SantosRFagundoABCrippaJANeuroimaging in cannabis use: a systematic review of the literaturePsychol Med201040338339819627647
  • DaviesSNPertweeRGRiedelGFunctions of cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampusNeuropharmacology2002428993100712128000
  • IversenLCannabis and the brainBrain2003126Pt 61252127012764049
  • HerkenhamMLynnABLittleMDCannabinoid receptor localization in brainProc Natl Acad Sci U S A1990875193219362308954
  • PattijTWiskerkeJSchoffelmeerANCannabinoid modulation of executive functionsEur J Pharmacol20085852–345846318423599
  • PertweeRGThe pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overviewInt J Obes (Lond)200630Suppl 1S13S1816570099
  • HeifetsBDCastilloPEEndocannabinoid signaling and long-term synaptic plasticityAnnu Rev Physiol20097128330619575681
  • HowlettACBreivogelCSChildersSRDeadwylerSAHampsonREPorrinoLJCannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progressNeuropharmacology200447Suppl 134535815464149
  • HoffmanAFOzMYangRLichtmanAHLupicaCROpposing actions of chronic Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinoid antagonists on hippocampal long-term potentiationLearn Mem2007141–2637417202425
  • RiedelGDaviesSNCannabinoid function in learning, memory and plasticityHandb Exp Pharmacol200516844547716596784
  • HampsonRESweattAJGoonawardenaAVMemory encoding in hippocampal ensembles is negatively influenced by cannabinoid CB1 receptorsBehav Pharmacol201122433534621558844
  • TerranovaJPStormeJJLafonNImprovement of memory in rodents by the selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR 141716Psychopharmacology (Berl)199612621651728856836
  • ZuardiAWCrippaJAHallakJEMoreiraFAGuimarãesFSCannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drugBraz J Med Biol Res200639442142916612464
  • RobinsonLGoonawardenaAVPertweeRGHampsonRERiedelGThe synthetic cannabinoid HU210 induces spatial memory deficits and suppresses hippocampal firing rate in ratsBr J Pharmacol2007151568870017502849
  • LawstonJBorellaARobinsonJKWhitaker-AzmitiaPMChanges in hippocampal morphology following chronic treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2Brain Res2000877240741010986361
  • HanJKesnerPMetna-LaurentMAcute cannabinoids impair working memory through astroglial CB1 receptor modulation of hippocampal LTDCell201214851039105022385967
  • WiseLEThorpeAJLichtmanAHHippocampal CB1 receptors mediate the memory impairing effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolNeuropsychopharmacology20093492072208019322169
  • MatochikJAEldrethDACadetJLBollaKIAltered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana usersDrug Alcohol Depend2005771233015607838
  • YücelMSolowijNRespondekCRegional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis useArch Gen Psychiatry200865669470118519827
  • QuickfallJCrockfordDBrain neuroimaging in cannabis use: a reviewJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci200618331833216963581
  • O’LearyDSBlockRIKoeppelJAEffects of smoking marijuana on focal attention and brain blood flowHum Psychopharmacol200722313514817397099
  • LundqvistTCognitive consequences of cannabis use: comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functionsPharmacol Biochem Behav200581231933015925403
  • BossongMGvan BerckelBNBoellaardRDelta 9- tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatumNeuropsychopharmacology200834375976618754005
  • SneiderJTPopeHGJrSilveriMMSimpsonNSGruberSAYurgelun-ToddDADifferences in regional blood volume during a 28-day period of abstinence in chronic cannabis smokersEur Neuropsychopharmacol200818861261918571388
  • NestorLRobertsGGaravanHHesterRDeficits in learning and memory: parahippocampal hyperactivity and frontocortical hypoactivity in cannabis usersNeuroimage20084031328133918296071
  • EldrethDAMatochikJACadetJLBollaKIAbnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana usersNeuroimage200423391492015528091
  • JansmaJMRamseyNFvan der WeeNJKahnRSWorking memory capacity in schizophrenia: a parametric fMRI studySchizophr Res2004682–315917115099600
  • JacobsenLKMenclWEWesterveldMPughKRImpact of cannabis use on brain function in adolescentsAnn N Y Acad Sci2004102138439015251914
  • IlanABSmithMEGevinsAEffects of marijuana on neurophysiological signals of working and episodic memoryPsychopharmacology (Berl)2004176221422215502936
  • BossongMGJagerGvan HellHHEffects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on human encoding and recall memory function: a pharmacological FMRI studyJ Cogn Neurosci201224358859922066583
  • BossongMGJansmaJMvan HellHHEffects of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on human working memory functionBiol Psychiatry201271869369922341370
  • HampsonREDeadwylerSACannabinoids reveal the necessity of hippocampal neural encoding for short-term memory in ratsJ Neurosci200020238932894211102504
  • GrantIAtkinsonJHGouauxBWilseyBMedical marijuana: clearing away the smokeOpen Neurol J20126182522629287