Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD): Current Clinical Perspectives

References

• Administration SAaMHS. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• SAMHSA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health; National Findings. SAMHSA; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson KJ, Moran MT, McCall KL, et al. Increasing heroin, cocaine, and buprenorphine arrests reported to the Maine Diversion Alert Program. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;303:109924. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KE, Krawczyk N, Xuan Z, Johnson RM. Past 15-year trends in lifetime cocaine use among US high school students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;183:69–72. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John WS, Wu LT. Trends and correlates of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder in the United States from 2011 to 2015. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:376–384. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedegaard H, Bastian BA, Trinidad JP, Spencer M, Warner M. Drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2011–2016. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2018;67(9):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiels MS, Freedman ND, Thomas D, Berrington de gonzalez A. Trends in U.S. drug overdose deaths in non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white persons, 2000–2015. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(6):453–455. doi:10.7326/M17-1812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane EH. Highlights of the 2011 Drugs Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Findings on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Nnadi CU, Mimiko OA, McCurtis HL, Cadet JL. Neuropsychiatric effects of cocaine use disorders. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(11):1504–1515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khalsa JH, Elkashef A. Interventions for HIV and hepatitis C virus infections in recreational drug users. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(11):1505–1511. doi:10.1086/652447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson DD, Joe GW, Broome KM. A national 5-year follow-up of treatment outcomes for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(6):538–544. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.6.538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CT, Latkin CA. Neighborhood socioeconomic status, personal network attributes, and use of heroin and cocaine. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(6 Suppl):S203–S210. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar JJ, Davies S, Ompad DC, Cleland CM, Weitzman M. Powder cocaine and crack use in the United States: an examination of risk for arrest and socioeconomic disparities in use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;149:108–116. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein A. The notorious 100: 1 crack: powder disparity–the data tell us that it is time to restore the balance. Federal Sentencing Reporter. 2003;16(1):87–92. doi:10.1525/fsr.2003.16.1.87
   Google Scholar
• Childress S, Reitzel LR, Maria DS, Kendzor DE, Moisiuc A, Businelle MS. Mental illness and substance use problems in relation to homelessness onset. Am J Health Behav. 2015;39(4):549–555. doi:10.5993/AJHB.39.4.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampman KM. The treatment of cocaine use disorder. Sci Adv. 2019;5(10):eaax1532. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan B, Kondo K, Freeman M, Ayers C, Montgomery J, Kansagara D. Pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(12):2858–2873. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05074-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt L, Chao T, Comer SD, Levin FR. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treating cocaine use disorder-what do we have to offer? Addiction. 2021;116(4):694–710. doi:10.1111/add.15242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchholz J, Saxon AJ. Medications to treat cocaine use disorders: current options. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019;32(4):275–281. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Dennis M, Scott CK. Managing addiction as a chronic condition. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2007;4(1):45–55. doi:10.1151/ascp074145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson J, Bundoc-Baronia R, Comiskey G, McGovern TF. Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health. Mental Health Services Administration (US); Office of the Surgeon General (US); 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Quality CfBHSa. Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; Department of Health and Human Services; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Quintero C, Cobos JP, Hasin DS. Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;115(1–2):120–130. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Cheong J, Vaddiparti K, Cottler LB. The association between quantity, frequency and duration of cocaine use during the heaviest use period and DSM-5 cocaine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108114. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner FA, Anthony JC. From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;26(4):479–488. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00367-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce RC, Fant B, Swinford-Jackson SE, Heller EA, Berrettini WH, Wimmer ME. Environmental, genetic and epigenetic contributions to cocaine addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(7):1471–1480. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0008-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(7):521–532. doi:10.1038/nrg1635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Neale MC, Prescott CA. Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population-based sample of male twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(3):261–269. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Cocaine use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:345–350. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.4.345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deak JD, Miller AP, Gizer IR. Genetics of alcohol use disorder: a review. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;27:56–61. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Harley RM, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on transitions in drug use. Behav Genet. 1999;29(6):473–479. doi:10.1023/A:1021635223370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ystrom E, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic and environmental risk factors for illicit substance use and use disorders: joint analysis of self and co-twin ratings. Behav Genet. 2014;44(1):1–13. doi:10.1007/s10519-013-9626-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K, Kandel D. Relationship between extent of cocaine use and dependence among adolescents and adults in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;68(1):65–85. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00086-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillie-Blanton M, Anthony JC, Schuster CR. Probing the meaning of racial/ethnic group comparisons in crack cocaine smoking. JAMA. 1993;269(8):993–997. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500080041029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis B, Hoffman L, Garcia CC, Nixon SJ. Race and socioeconomic status in substance use progression and treatment entry. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2018;17(2):150–166. doi:10.1080/15332640.2017.1336959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Barratt ES, Schmitz JM, Swann AC, Grabowski J. The impact of impulsivity on cocaine use and retention in treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2001;21(4):193–198. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(01)00202-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K, Liu R, Glass K. Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(3):328–341. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang S, Jones CM, Wisdom A, Lin HC, Bacon S, Houry D. Adverse childhood experiences and stimulant use disorders among adults in the United States. Psychiatry Res. 2021;299:113870. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dokkedal-Silva V, Fernandes GL, Morelhao PK, et al. Sleep, psychiatric and socioeconomic factors associated with substance use in a large population sample: a cross-sectional study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2021;210:173274. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar JJ, Ompad DC. Demographic and socioeconomic correlates of powder cocaine and crack use among high school seniors in the United States. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):37–43. doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.838961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Elliott AL, Serdarevic M, Leeman RF, Cottler LB. A latent class analysis of the past-30-day substance use patterns among lifetime cocaine users: findings from a community sample in North Central Florida. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;9:100170. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Florez-Salamanca L, Secades-Villa R, Hasin DS, et al. Probability and predictors of transition from abuse to dependence on alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2013;39(3):168–179. doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.772618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Strang J. Cocaine: patterns of use, route of administration, and severity of dependence. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164(5):660–664. doi:10.1192/bjp.164.5.660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Anton SF, Carroll K, Budde D, Prusoff BA, Gawin F. Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(1):43–51. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810250045005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergara-Moragues E, Gonzalez-Saiz F, Lozano OM, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in cocaine users treated in therapeutic community: substance-induced versus independent disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200(2–3):734–741. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(2):247–257. doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel DB, Huang FY, Davies M. Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;64(2):233–241. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00126-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt GE, Malhi GS, Cleary M, Lai HM, Sitharthan T. Comorbidity of bipolar and substance use disorders in national surveys of general populations, 1990–2015: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;206:321–330. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedia S, Sell MA, Relyea G. Mono- versus polydrug abuse patterns among publicly funded clients. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007;2:33. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-2-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariisa M, Scholl L, Wilson N, Seth P, Hoots B. Drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential - United States, 2003–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(17):388–395. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6817a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings EJ, Leccese AP, Wolff FA. Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine. Addiction. 2002;97(7):773–783. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00158.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Hughes JR, Bickel WK. Nicotine and caffeine use in cocaine-dependent individuals. J Subst Abuse. 1993;5(2):117–130. doi:10.1016/0899-3289(93)90056-H
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richter KP, Ahluwalia HK, Mosier MC, Nazir N, Ahluwalia JS. A population-based study of cigarette smoking among illicit drug users in the United States. Addiction. 2002;97(7):861–869. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00162.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA. 1990;264(19):2511–2518. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ. Treatment of cocaine dependence and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56(10):803–809. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poling J, Kosten TR, Sofuoglu M. Treatment outcome predictors for cocaine dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2007;33(2):191–206. doi:10.1080/00952990701199416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Power ME, Bryant K, Rounsaville BJ. One-year follow-up status of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Psychopathology and dependence severity as predictors of outcome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(2):71–79. doi:10.1097/00005053-199302000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Kalaydjian A. Magnitude and impact of comorbidity of mental disorders from epidemiologic surveys. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(4):353–358. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3281c61dc5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton TF, Kalechstein AD, Tervo KE, Ling W. Irritability following abstinence from cocaine predicts euphoric effects of cocaine administration. Addict Behav. 2003;28(4):817–821. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00273-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uslaner J, Kalechstein A, Richter T, Ling W, Newton T. Association of depressive symptoms during abstinence with the subjective high produced by cocaine. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):1444–1446. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman I, Karlsgodt KH, Gastfriend DR, Chabris CF, Breiter HC. Cocaine-primed craving and its relationship to depressive symptomatology in individuals with cocaine dependence. J Psychopharmacol. 2002;16(2):163–167. doi:10.1177/026988110201600207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmus TC, Downey KK, Wang LM, Rhodes GL, Schuster CR. The relationship between self-reported cocaine withdrawal symptoms and history of depression. Addict Behav. 2001;26(3):461–467. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00105-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay JR, Pettinati HM, Morrison R, Feeley M, Mulvaney FD, Gallop R. Relation of depression diagnoses to 2-year outcomes in cocaine-dependent patients in a randomized continuing care study. Psychol Addict Behav. 2002;16(3):225–235. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.16.3.225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla RR, Miguel AC, Brietzke E, Caetano R, Laranjeira R, Madruga CS. Suicidal behavior among substance users: data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS). Braz J Psychiatry. 2019;41(5):437–440. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnert KM, Ilgen MA, Louzon S, McCarthy JF, Katz IR. Substance use disorders and the risk of suicide mortality among men and women in the US Veterans Health Administration. Addiction. 2017;112(7):1193–1201. doi:10.1111/add.13774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavarin RM, Fioritti A. Mortality trends among cocaine users treated between 1989 and 2013 in Northern Italy: results of a longitudinal study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2018;50(1):72–80. doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1365976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(11):1259–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian EJ. Self-regulation and self-medication factors in alcoholism and the addictions. Similarities and differences. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1990;8:255–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendler KS, Jacobson KC, Prescott CA, Neale MC. Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):687–695. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1):39–47. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz EF, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Gender differences in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers–implications for treatment and prognosis. Am J Addict. 1999;8(4):300–311. doi:10.1080/105504999305703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedraz M, Araos P, Garcia-Marchena N, et al. Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and plasma biomarkers for cocaine addiction in abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects in outpatient settings. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:17. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najavits LM, Lester KM. Gender differences in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;97(1–2):190–194. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Requena-Ocana N, Flores-Lopez M, Martin AS, et al. Influence of gender and education on cocaine users in an outpatient cohort in Spain. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20928. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00472-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CJ, Badger GJ, Sigmon SC, Higgins ST. Examining possible gender differences among cocaine-dependent outpatients. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;10(3):316–323. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.10.3.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry-McElrath YM, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD. Reasons for drug use among American youth by consumption level, gender, and race/ethnicity: 1976–2005. J Drug Issues. 2009;39(3):677–714. doi:10.1177/002204260903900310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutrel B, Koob GF. What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications. Sleep. 2004;27(6):1181–1194. doi:10.1093/sleep/27.6.1181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harzke AJ, Williams ML, Bowen AM. Binge use of crack cocaine and sexual risk behaviors among African-American, HIV-positive users. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(6):1106–1118. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9450-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy E, Arruda N, Jutras-Aswad D, et al. Examining the link between cocaine binging and individual, social and behavioral factors among street-based cocaine users. Addict Behav. 2017;68:66–72. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Dudish-Poulsen S, Brown SB, Hatsukami DK. Association of cocaine withdrawal symptoms with more severe dependence and enhanced subjective response to cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69(3):273–282. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00328-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuckit MA, Daeppen JB, Danko GP, et al. Clinical implications for four drugs of the DSM-IV distinction between substance dependence with and without a physiological component. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(1):41–49. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Am Psychol. 2016;71(8):670–679. doi:10.1037/amp0000059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox WM, Fadardi JS, Intriligator JM, Klinger E. Attentional bias modification for addictive behaviors: clinical implications. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(3):215–224. doi:10.1017/S1092852914000091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potvin S, Stavro K, Rizkallah E, Pelletier J. Cocaine and cognition: a systematic quantitative review. J Addict Med. 2014;8(5):368–376. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Lane SD, Schmitz JM, Waters AJ, Cunningham KA, Moeller FG. Relationship between attentional bias to cocaine-related stimuli and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2011;37(2):117–122. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.543204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeman RF, Robinson CD, Waters AJ, Sofuoglu M. A critical review of the literature on attentional bias in cocaine use disorder and suggestions for future research. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;22(6):469–483. doi:10.1037/a0037806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovski D, Erb S, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficits in cocaine users: a quantitative review of the evidence. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27(2):189–204. doi:10.1080/13803390490515694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RZ, Leskovjan AC, Hoff AL, et al. Severity of neuropsychological impairment in cocaine and alcohol addiction: association with metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42(11):1447–1458. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolla K, Ernst M, Kiehl K, et al. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16(4):456–464. doi:10.1176/jnp.16.4.456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Mullani N, Gould KL, Adler S, Krajewski K. Cerebral blood flow in chronic cocaine users: a study with positron emission tomography. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:641–648. doi:10.1192/bjp.152.5.641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, et al. Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(5):621–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner M, Schulze-Rauschenbach S, Petrovsky N, et al. Neurocognitive impairments in non-deprived smokers–results from a population-based multi-center study on smoking-related behavior. Addict Biol. 2013;18(4):752–761. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00429.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolla KI, Rothman R, Cadet JL. Dose-related neurobehavioral effects of chronic cocaine use. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;11(3):361–369. doi:10.1176/jnp.11.3.361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharonovich E, Nunes E, Hasin D. Cognitive impairment, retention and abstinence among cocaine abusers in cognitive-behavioral treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;71(2):207–211. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00092-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdejo-Garcia A, Betanzos-Espinosa P, Lozano OM, et al. Self-regulation and treatment retention in cocaine dependent individuals: a longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122(1–2):142–148. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers CD, Garavan H, Bellgrove MA. Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(5):631–646. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Morales M. The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell. 2015;162(4):712–725. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS. Imaging studies of cocaine in the human brain and studies of the cocaine addict. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;820:41–54; discussion 54–45. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb46188.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pani PP, Trogu E, Vecchi S, Amato L, Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD002950. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002950.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronsley C, Nolan S, Knight R, et al. Treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review of reviews. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234809. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller FG, Schmitz JM, Steinberg JL, et al. Citalopram combined with behavioral therapy reduces cocaine use: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2007;33(3):367–378. doi:10.1080/00952990701313686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveto A, Poling J, Mancino MJ, et al. Sertraline delays relapse in recently abstinent cocaine-dependent patients with depressive symptoms. Addiction. 2012;107(1):131–141. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03552.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castells X, Cunill R, Perez-Mana C, Vidal X, Capella D. Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD007380. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007380.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poling J, Oliveto A, Petry N, et al. Six-month trial of bupropion with contingency management for cocaine dependence in a methadone-maintained population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(2):219–228. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Stotts A, et al. Agonist-like or antagonist-like treatment for cocaine dependence with methadone for heroin dependence: two double-blind randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(5):969–981. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuijten M, Blanken P, van de Wetering B, Nuijen B, van den Brink W, Hendriks VM. Sustained-release dexamfetamine in the treatment of chronic cocaine-dependent patients on heroin-assisted treatment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10034):2226–2234. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00205-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares BG, Lima MS, Reisser AA, Farrell M, Dopamine agonists for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD003352. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minozzi S, Amato L, Pani PP, et al. Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD003352. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003352.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handelsman L, Limpitlaw L, Williams D, Schmeidler J, Paris P, Stimmel B. Amantadine does not reduce cocaine use or craving in cocaine-dependent methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):173–180. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(95)01154-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampman KM, Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Cornish J, O’Brien CP. Amantadine in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with severe withdrawal symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(12):2052–2054. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.2052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Logan J, et al. Effects of modafinil on dopamine and dopamine transporters in the male human brain: clinical implications. JAMA. 2009;301(11):1148–1154. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalechstein AD, Mahoney JJ, Yoon JH, Bennett R, De la Garza R. Modafinil, but not escitalopram, improves working memory and sustained attention in long-term, high-dose cocaine users. Neuropharmacology. 2013;64:472–478. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson AL, Reid MS, Li SH, et al. Modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;104(1–2):133–139. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dackis CA, Kampman KM, Lynch KG, Pettinati HM, O’Brien CP. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(1):205–211. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dackis CA, Kampman KM, Lynch KG, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for cocaine dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(3):303–312. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangroula D, Motiwala F, Wagle B, Shah VC, Hagi K, Lippmann S. Modafinil treatment of cocaine dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(10):1292–1306. doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1276597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indave BI, Minozzi S, Pani PP, Amato L. Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD006306. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006306.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Green AI. The effects of clozapine on alcohol and drug use disorders among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(2):441–449. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet SV, Strous RD, Burgess ES, Kohnstamm S, Green AI. Effects of clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a retrospective survey. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(1):94–98. doi:10.1097/00004714-200002000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minozzi S, Cinquini M, Amato L, et al. Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(4):CD006754.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baldacara L, Cogo-Moreira H, Parreira BL, et al. Efficacy of topiramate in the treatment of crack cocaine dependence: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(3):398–406. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis IL, Carroll KM, Nich C, et al. Disulfiram treatment for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained opioid addicts. Addiction. 2000;95(2):219–228. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9522198.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, Lynch KG, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial that combines disulfiram and naltrexone for treating co-occurring cocaine and alcohol dependence. Addict Behav. 2008;33(5):651–667. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Fenton LR, Ball SA, et al. Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive behavior therapy in cocaine-dependent outpatients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(3):264–272. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakwar E, Nunes EV, Hart CL, et al. A single ketamine infusion combined with mindfulness-based behavioral modification to treat cocaine dependence: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(11):923–930. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM. Therapy Manuals for Drug Addiction, Manual 1: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1998:55–65.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Delaney DD, Budney AJ, et al. A behavioral approach to achieving initial cocaine abstinence. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(9):1218–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Kurti AN, Davis DR. Voucher-based contingency management is efficacious but underutilized in treating addictions. Perspect Behav Sci. 2019;42(3):501–524. doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00216-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitzer M, Bigelow G. Contingency management in a methadone maintenance program: availability of reinforcers. Int J Addictions. 1978;13(5):737–746. doi:10.3109/10826087809039299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Alessi SM, Ledgerwood DM. Contingency management delivered by community therapists in outpatient settings. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122(1–2):86–92. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Nich C, Gordon LT, Wirtz PW, Gawin F. One-year follow-up of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. Delayed emergence of psychotherapy effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(12):989–997. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950120061010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA, McCance E, Rounsavile BJ. Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulfiram. Addiction. 1998;93(5):713–727. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9357137.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitzer ML, Bickel WK, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Effect of methadone dose contingencies on urinalysis test results of polydrug-abusing methadone-maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986;18(4):341–348. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(86)90097-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM. Lost in translation? Moving contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy into clinical practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1327(1):94. doi:10.1111/nyas.12501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitzer ML, Grabowski J, Henningfield JE. Behavioral intervention techniques in drug abuse treatment: summary of discussion. NIDA research monograph. 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Budney AJ, Higgins ST. Therapy Manual for Drug Addiction Manual 2: A Community Reinforcement Plus Vouchers Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Heil SH, Davis DR, Arger CA, Higgins ST. Contingency management and the community reinforcement approach. In: Miller SC, Fiellin DA, Rosenthal RN, Saitz R, editors. The ASAM Principles of Addiction Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018:934–950.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Foerg FE, Donham R, Badger GJ. Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(7):568–576. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070060011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM. Contingency Management for Substance Abuse Treatment: A Guide to Implementing This Evidence-Based Practice. Routledge; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Martin B, Cooney JL, Kranzler HR. Give them prizes and they will come: contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(2):250. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Barry D, Alessi SM, Rounsaville BJ, Carroll KM. A randomized trial adapting contingency management targets based on initial abstinence status of cocaine-dependent patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(2):276. doi:10.1037/a0026883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Weinstock J, Alessi SM. A randomized trial of contingency management delivered in the context of group counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011;79(5):686. doi:10.1037/a0024813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussier JP, Heil SH, Mongeon JA, Badger GJ, Higgins ST. A meta‐analysis of voucher‐based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders. Addiction. 2006;101(2):192–203. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01311.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Heil SH, Dantona R, Donham R, Matthews M, Badger GJ. Effects of varying the monetary value of voucher‐based incentives on abstinence achieved during and following treatment among cocaine‐dependent outpatients. Addiction. 2007;102(2):271–281. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01664.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Wong CJ, Badger GJ, Ogden DEH, Dantona RL. Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(1):64. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentzley BS, Han SS, Neuner S, Humphreys K, Kampman KM, Halpern CH. Comparison of treatments for cocaine use disorder among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(5):e218049–e218049. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Crescenzo F, Ciabattini M, D’Alò GL, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for individuals with cocaine and amphetamine addiction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002715. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePhilippis D, Petry NM, Bonn-Miller MO, Rosenbach SB, McKay JR. The national implementation of Contingency Management (CM) in the department of veterans affairs: attendance at CM sessions and substance use outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:367–373. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farronato NS, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM, Wiesbeck GA, Petitjean SA. A systematic review comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy and contingency management for cocaine dependence. J Addict Dis. 2013;32(3):274–287. doi:10.1080/10550887.2013.824328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Alessi SM, Hanson T, Sierra S. Randomized trial of contingent prizes versus vouchers in cocaine-using methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(6):983. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rash CJ, Alessi SM, Petry NM. Cocaine abusers with and without alcohol dependence respond equally well to contingency management treatments. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;16(4):275. doi:10.1037/a0012787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss LM, Petry NM. Interaction effects of age and contingency management treatments in cocaine-dependent outpatients. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;19(2):173. doi:10.1037/a0023031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Peirce JM, Stitzer ML, et al. Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1148–1156. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM. Contingency management treatments: controversies and challenges. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Roman P, Blum T. National Treatment Center Study: Summary Report. Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Roman PM, Johnson J. National Treatment Center Study Summary Report: Private Treatment Centers. Athens, GA: Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Rash CJ, Petry NM, Kirby KC, Martino S, Roll J, Stitzer ML. Identifying provider beliefs related to contingency management adoption using the contingency management beliefs questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;121(3):205–212. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutra L, Stathopoulou G, Basden SL, Leyro TM, Powers MB, Otto MW. A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(2):179–187. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendergast M, Podus D, Finney J, Greenwell L, Roll J. Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2006;101(11):1546–1560. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01581.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Wong CJ, Badger GJ, Ogden DE, Dantona RL. Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(1):64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson RA, Huber A, McCann M, et al. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance treatment for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(9):817–824. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson RA, McCann MJ, Flammino F, et al. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive‐behavioral approaches for stimulant‐dependent individuals. Addiction. 2006;101(2):267–274. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01312.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Tedford J, Austin M, Nich C, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Prize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine users: how low can we go, and with whom? Addiction. 2004;99(3):349–360. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00642.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaney EF, O’Leary MR, Marlatt GA. Skill training with alcoholics. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1978;46(5):1092. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.46.5.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlatt GA, Donovan DM. Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. Guilford Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• DeMarce J, Gnys M, Raffa S, Karlin B. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Among Veterans: Therapist Manual. Washington, DC: US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• McHugh RK, Kim J, Perrins SP, Weiss RD. Group therapy for substance use disorders. In: Textbook of Addiction Treatment. Springer; 2021:433–446.
   Google Scholar
• Petitjean SA, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM, Krokar MC, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of combined cognitive-behavioral therapy plus prize-based contingency management for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;145:94–100. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll K, Nich C, Rounsaville B. Use of observer and therapist ratings to monitor delivery of coping skills treatment for cocaine abusers: utility of therapist session checklists. Psychother Res. 1998;8:307–320. doi:10.1093/ptr/8.3.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez VM, Schmitz JM, DeLaune KA. The role of homework in cognitive-behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(3):633. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA. Practice makes progress? Homework assignments and outcome in treatment of cocaine dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(4):749. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.4.749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker SE, Kiluk BD, Frankforter T, Babuscio T, Nich C, Carroll KM. Just showing up is not enough: homework adherence and outcome in cognitive–behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84(10):907. doi:10.1037/ccp0000126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, Sifry RL, et al. A general system for evaluating therapist adherence and competence in psychotherapy research in the addictions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;57(3):225–238. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00049-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholomskas DE, Syracuse-Siewert G, Rounsaville BJ, Ball SA, Nuro KF, Carroll KM. We don’t train in vain: a dissemination trial of three strategies of training clinicians in cognitive-behavioral therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(1):106. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santa Ana EJ, Martino S, Ball SA, Nich C, Frankforter TL, Carroll KM. What is usual about “treatment-as-usual”? Data from two multisite effectiveness trials. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008;35(4):369–379. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Ball SA, Martino S, et al. Computer-assisted delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapy for addiction: a randomized trial of CBT4CBT. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(7):881–888. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM. CBT4CBT, LLC: developers of computer based training for cognitive behavioral therapy; 2019. Available from: https://cbt4cbt.com/. Accessed August 25, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Kiluk BD, DeVito EE, Buck MB, Hunkele K, Nich C, Carroll KM. Effect of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy on acquisition of coping skills among cocaine-dependent individuals enrolled in methadone maintenance. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;82:87–92. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiluk BD, Nich C, Buck MB, et al. Randomized clinical trial of computerized and clinician-delivered CBT in comparison with standard outpatient treatment for substance use disorders: primary within-treatment and follow-up outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(9):853–863. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17090978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Ball SA, Martino S, Nich C, Babuscio TA, Rounsaville BJ. Enduring effects of a computer-assisted training program for cognitive behavioral therapy: a 6-month follow-up of CBT4CBT. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;100(1–2):178–181. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Kiluk BD, Nich C, et al. Computer-assisted delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapy: efficacy and durability of CBT4CBT among cocaine-dependent individuals maintained on methadone. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(4):436–444. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, DeVito EE, Shi JM, Sofuoglu M. Galantamine and computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(1):17m11669. doi:10.4088/JCP.17m11669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVito EE, Kiluk BD, Nich C, Mouratidis M, Carroll KM. Drug stroop: mechanisms of response to computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence in a randomized clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;183:162–168. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmstead TA, Ostrow CD, Carroll KM. Cost-effectiveness of computer-assisted training in cognitive-behavioral therapy as an adjunct to standard care for addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110(3):200–207. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsfall J, Cleary M, Hunt GE, Walter G. Psychosocial treatments for people with co-occurring severe mental illnesses and substance use disorders (dual diagnosis): a review of empirical evidence. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009;17(1):24–34. doi:10.1080/10673220902724599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake RE, Essock SM, Shaner A, et al. Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(4):469–476. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangrum LF, Spence RT, Lopez M. Integrated versus parallel treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006;30(1):79–84. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt GE, Siegfried N, Morley K, Brooke-Sumner C, Cleary M. Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12:CD001088. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001088.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Torrey WC, Lynde D, Singer P, Drake RE. Implementing evidence-based practices for people with severe mental illness. Behav Modif. 2003;27(3):387–411. doi:10.1177/0145445503027003007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert-Harris C, Saunders EC, McGovern MP, Xie H. Organizational capacity to address co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders: assessing variation by level of care. J Addict Med. 2013;7(1):25–32. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e318276e7a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovern MP, Lambert-Harris C, Gotham HJ, Claus RE, Xie H. Dual diagnosis capability in mental health and addiction treatment services: an assessment of programs across multiple state systems. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2014;41(2):205–214. doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0449-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten T, Oliveto A, Feingold A, et al. Desipramine and contingency management for cocaine and opiate dependence in buprenorphine maintained patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;70(3):315–325. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00032-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz JM, Rhoades HM, Elk R, Creson D, Hussein I, Grabowski J. Medication take-home doses and contingency management. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;6(2):162–168. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.2.162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, DeVito EE, Waters AJ, Carroll KM. Cognitive function as a transdiagnostic treatment target in stimulant use disorders. J Dual Diagn. 2016;12(1):90–106. doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1146383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumann G, Binder EB, Holte A, et al. Stratified medicine for mental disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(1):5–50. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers RW, Gladwin TE, Hofmann W, Salemink E, Ridderinkhof KR. Cognitive bias modification and cognitive control training in addiction and related psychopathology: mechanisms, clinical perspectives, and ways forward. Clin Psychol Sci. 2013;1:912–212. doi:10.1177/2167702612466547
   Google Scholar
• Mayer AR, Wilcox CE, Dodd AB, et al. The efficacy of attention bias modification therapy in cocaine use disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(4):459–468. doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1151523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marhe R, Waters AJ, van de Wetering BJ, Franken IH. Implicit and explicit drug-related cognitions during detoxification treatment are associated with drug relapse: an ecological momentary assessment study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81(1):1–12. doi:10.1037/a0030754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi Bolin B, Alcorn JL, Lile JA, et al. N-Acetylcysteine reduces cocaine-cue attentional bias and differentially alters cocaine self-administration based on dosing order. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:452–460. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Mooney M. Cholinergic functioning in stimulant addiction: implications for medications development. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(11):939–952. doi:10.2165/11310920-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Waters AJ, Poling J, Carroll KM. Galantamine improves sustained attention in chronic cocaine users. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;19(1):11–19. doi:10.1037/a0022213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney JJ, Kalechstein AD, Verrico CD, Arnoudse NM, Shapiro BA, De La Garza R. Preliminary findings of the effects of rivastigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on working memory in cocaine-dependent volunteers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;50:137–142. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Carroll KM. Effects of galantamine on cocaine use in chronic cocaine users. Am J Addict. 2011;20(3):302–303. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00130.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, DeVito EE, Yip SW, Nich C, Sofuoglu M. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of galantamine for methadone-maintained individuals with cocaine use disorder: secondary analysis of effects on illicit opioid use. Am J Addict. 2019;28(4):238–245. doi:10.1111/ajad.12904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVito EE, Carroll KM, Babuscio T, Nich C, Sofuoglu M. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in individuals with cocaine use disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;107:29–37. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RZ, Woicik PA, Maloney T, et al. Oral methylphenidate normalizes cingulate activity in cocaine addiction during a salient cognitive task. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(38):16667–16672. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011455107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CS, Morgan PT, Matuskey D, et al. Biological markers of the effects of intravenous methylphenidate on improving inhibitory control in cocaine-dependent patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(32):14455–14459. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002467107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dursteler KM, Berger EM, Strasser J, et al. Clinical potential of methylphenidate in the treatment of cocaine addiction: a review of the current evidence. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2015;6:61–74. doi:10.2147/SAR.S50807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin FR, Evans SM, Brooks DJ, Garawi F. Treatment of cocaine dependent treatment seekers with adult ADHD: double-blind comparison of methylphenidate and placebo. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;87(1):20–29. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans SM, Haney M, Foltin RW. The effects of smoked cocaine during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women. Psychopharmacology. 2002;159(4):397–406. doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0944-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Mouratidis M, Mooney M. Progesterone improves cognitive performance and attenuates smoking urges in abstinent smokers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(1):123–132. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Dudish-Poulsen S, Nelson D, Pentel PR, Hatsukami DK. Sex and menstrual cycle differences in the subjective effects from smoked cocaine in humans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;7(3):274–283. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.7.3.274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltier MR, Sofuoglu M. Role of exogenous progesterone in the treatment of men and women with substance use disorders: a narrative review. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(5):421–435. doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0525-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back SE, Brady KT, Jackson JL, Salstrom S, Zinzow H. Gender differences in stress reactivity among cocaine-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology. 2005;180(1):169–176. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2129-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman BJ, Baker NL, Brady KT, Joseph JE, Nunn LM, McRae-Clark A. The effect of oxytocin, gender, and ovarian hormones on stress reactivity in individuals with cocaine use disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2020;237(7):2031–2042. doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05516-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potenza MN, Hong KI, Lacadie CM, Fulbright RK, Tuit KL, Sinha R. Neural correlates of stress-induced and cue-induced drug craving: influences of sex and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(4):406–414. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer JA, Sinha R, Chen JA, et al. Mindfulness training and stress reactivity in substance abuse: results from a randomized, controlled stage I pilot study. Substance Abuse. 2009;30(4):306–317. doi:10.1080/08897070903250241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diana M, Raij T, Melis M, Nummenmaa A, Leggio L, Bonci A. Rehabilitating the addicted brain with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(11):685–693. doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolloni C, Badas P, Corona G, Diana M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of cocaine addiction: evidence to date. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2018;9:11–21. doi:10.2147/SAR.S161206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachid F. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of cocaine dependence: a review of the literature. Addict Behav. 2018;76:145–155. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupi M, Martinotti G, Santacroce R, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review of scientific literature. J ECT. 2017;33(3):203–209. doi:10.1097/YCT.0000000000000401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terraneo A, Leggio L, Saladini M, Ermani M, Bonci A, Gallimberti L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cocaine use: a pilot study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(1):37–44. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapinesi C, Kotzalidis GD, Ferracuti S, et al. Add-on high frequency deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to bilateral prefrontal cortex in depressive episodes of patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder I, and major depressive with alcohol use disorders. Neurosci Lett. 2018;671:128–132. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Politi E, Fauci E, Santoro A, Smeraldi E. Daily sessions of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex gradually reduce cocaine craving. Am J Addict. 2008;17(4):345–346. doi:10.1080/10550490802139283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camprodon JA, Martinez-Raga J, Alonso-Alonso M, Shih MC, Pascual-Leone A. One session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the right prefrontal cortex transiently reduces cocaine craving. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;86(1):91–94. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batista EK, Klauss J, Fregni F, Nitsche MA, Nakamura-Palacios EM. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of targeted prefrontal cortex modulation with bilateral tDCS in patients with crack-cocaine dependence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;18(12):pyv066. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorini A, Lucchiari C, Russell-Edu W, Pravettoni G. Modulation of risky choices in recently abstinent dependent cocaine users: a transcranial direct-current stimulation study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:661. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Ward HB. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroimaging for cocaine use disorder: review and future directions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021;47(2):144–153. doi:10.1080/00952990.2020.1841784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey BM, Kosten TR, Orson FM. Anti-cocaine vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010;9(9):1109–1114. doi:10.1586/erv.10.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen XY, Orson FM, Kosten TR. Vaccines against drug abuse. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91(1):60–70. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martell BA, Orson FM, Poling J, et al. Cocaine vaccine for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(10):1116–1123. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Domingo CB, Shorter D, et al. Vaccine for cocaine dependence: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;140:42–47. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JD, Comer SD. A review of pharmacogenetic studies of substance-related disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz JM, Mooney ME, Green CE, et al. Baseline neurocognitive profiles differentiate abstainers and non-abstainers in a cocaine clinical trial. J Addict Dis. 2009;28(3):250–257. doi:10.1080/10550880903028502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (SAHMSA) SAaMHSA. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. SAaMHSA; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mee-Lee D, Shulman G, Fishman M. The ASAM criteria. In: Treatment Criteria for Addictive, Substance-Related, and Co-Occurring Conditions. 3rd ed. American Society of Addiction Medicine; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• (SAMHSA) SAaMHSA. SAMHSA working definition of recovery: 10 guiding principles of recovery. In: Services DoHaH. Rockville: SAaMHSA; 2012.
   Google Scholar