Therapeutic Strategies for Mitigating Driving Risk in Patients with Narcolepsy

References

• American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders - Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller DE, Hornfeldt CS. From club drug to orphan drug: sodium oxybate (Xyrem) for the treatment of cataplexy. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(9I):1205–1209. doi:10.1592/phco.23.10.1205.32756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshaikh MK, Tricco AC, Tashkandi M, Mamdani M, Straus SE, BaHammam AS. Sodium oxybate for narcolepsy with cataplexy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8(4):451–458. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broughton R, Ghanem Q, Hishikawa Y, Sugita Y, Nevsimalova S, Roth B. Life effects of narcolepsy in 180 patients from North America, Asia and Europe compared to matched controls. Can J Neurol Sci. 1981;8(4):299–304. doi:10.1017/S0317167100043419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valley V, Broughton R. Daytime performance deficits and physiological vigilance in untreated patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy compared to controls. Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin. 1981;11(1):133–139. doi:10.1016/S0370-4475(81)80044-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pizza F, Jaussent I, Lopez R, et al. Car crashes and central disorders of hypersomnolence: a french study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129386. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S-Y, Perez MA, Lau N. The impact of sleep disorders on driving safety—findings from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program naturalistic driving study. Sleep. 2018;41(4). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip P, Sagaspe P, Lagarde E, et al. Sleep disorders and accidental risk in a large group of regular registered highway drivers. Sleep Med. 2010;11(10):973–979. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich MS. Automobile accidents in patients with sleep disorders. Sleep. 1989;12(6):487–494. doi:10.1093/sleep/12.6.487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Review Board, U.S. Department of transportation federal motor carrier safety administration meeting summary, January 6, 2010. Available from: https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/Final_Jan_6_2010_MRB_Meeting_Summary.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002;58(12):1826–1833. doi:10.1212/WNL.58.12.1826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longstreth WJ, Koepsell T, Ton T, Hendrickson A, van Belle G. The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2007;30(1):13–26. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.1.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–545. doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard ME, Desai AV, Grunstein RR, et al. Sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing, and accident risk factors in commercial vehicle drivers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(9):1014–1021. doi:10.1164/rccm.200312-1782OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip P, Chaufton C, Taillard J, et al. Maintenance of Wakefulness Test scores and driving performance in sleep disorder patients and controls. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013;89(2):195–202. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell N, Shechtman K, Riley R, Guilleminault C, Chiang R, Weaver E. Sleepy driver near-misses may predict accident risks. Sleep. 2007;30:331–342. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.3.331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotterba S, Mueller N, Leidag M, et al. Comparison of driving simulator performance and neuropsychological testing in Narcolepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004;106(4):275–279. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2003.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagaspe P, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Coste O, et al. Maintenance of wakefulness test, real and simulated driving in patients with narcolepsy/hypersomnia. Sleep Med. 2019;55:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findley L, Suratt P, Dinges D. Time-on-task decrements in “Steer Clear” performance of patients with sleep apnea and narcolepsy | sleep | oxford academic. Sleep. 1999;22(6):804–809. doi:10.1093/sleep/22.6.804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotterba S, Rasche K, Widdig W, Blombach S, Duchna K, Duchna H-W. Vigilance and neuropsychological capacity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Somnologie. 1998;2:117–122. doi:10.1007/s11818-998-0016-x
   Google Scholar
• Kotterba S, Rasche K, Widdig W, et al. Neuropsychological investigations and event-related potentials in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and during CPAP-therapy. J Neurol Sci. 1998;159(1):45–50. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00131-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dongen HPA, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003;26(2):117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyner LA, Horne JA. Falling asleep whilst driving: are drivers aware of prior sleepiness? Int J Legal Med. 1998;111(3):120–123. doi:10.1007/s004140050131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat A, Marciarille AM, Stevens D, Ingram DG. Drowsy driving considerations in non-commercial drivers for the sleep physician. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(7):1069–1071. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littner M, Kushida C, Wise M, et al. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep. 2005;28(1):113–121. doi:10.1093/sleep/28.1.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip P, Chaufton C, Taillard J, et al. Modafinil improves real driving performance in patients with hypersomnia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Sleep. 2014;37(3):483–487. doi:10.5665/sleep.3480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram DG, Marciarille AM, Ehsan Z, Perry GV, Schneider T, Al-Shawwa B. Assessing readiness to drive in adolescents with narcolepsy: what are providers doing? Sleep Breath. 2019;23(2):611–617. doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01799-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangal RB, Thomas L, Mitler MM. Maintenance of wakefulness test and multiple sleep latency test; measurement of different abilities in patients with sleep disorders. Chest. 1992;101(4):898–902. doi:10.1378/chest.101.4.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry G, Satz P, Heilbronner R. Evidence of a perceptual-encoding deficit in narcolepsy?. Sleep. 1993;16(2):123–127. doi:10.1093/sleep/16.2.123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findley L, Unverzagt M, Guchu R, Fabrizio M, Buckner J, Suratt P. Vigilance and automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea or narcolepsy. Chest. 1995;108(3):619–624. doi:10.1378/chest.108.3.619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. Neurological disorders: assessing fitness to drive. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/neurological-disorders-assessing-fitness-to-drive#primarycentral-hypersomnias–including-narcolepsy-type-1-and-type-2-narcolepsy-with-cataplexy. Accessed September 28, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, Zarcone VP. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994;17(suppl_8):352–371. doi:10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin DB, Montplaisir J, Petit D, Lambert C, Lubin S. Effects of modafinil on symptomatology of human narcolepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993;16(1):46–53. doi:10.1097/00002826-199302000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenoshita S, Nishino S. Pharmacologic management of excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med Clin. 2017;12(3):461–478. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng NS, Hsing SC, Chung CH, et al. The risk of hospitalization for motor vehicle accident injury in narcolepsy and the benefits of stimulant use: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(6):881–889. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth T, Schwartz JRL, Hirshkowitz M, Erman MK, Dayno JM, Arora S. Evaluation of the safety of modafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(6):595–602. doi:10.5664/jcsm.26970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard BE, McCartan D, White J, King DJ. Methylphenidate: a review of its neuropharmacological, neuropsychological and adverse clinical effects. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(3):151–180. doi:10.1002/hup.579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plazzi G, Pizza F, Vandi S, et al. Impact of acute administration of sodium oxybate on nocturnal sleep polysomnography and on multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep Med. 2014;15(9):1046–1054. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogan RK, Roth T, Schwartz J, Miloslavsky M. Time to response with sodium oxybate for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(4):427–432. doi:10.5664/jcsm.4598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liakoni E, Dempsey DA, Meyers M, et al. Effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) on driving as measured by a driving simulator. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(11):3223–3232. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5025-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centola C, Giorgetti A, Zaami S, Giorgetti R. Effects of GHB on psychomotor and driving performance. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(13):1065–1072. doi:10.2174/1389200219666180124113802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace DM, Maze T, Shafazand S. Sodium oxybate-induced sleep driving and sleep-related eating disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(3):310–311. doi:10.5664/JCSM.1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosman IJ, Lusthof KJ. Forensic cases involving the use of GHB in The Netherlands. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;133(1–2):17–21. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00044-6
   Google Scholar
• Al-Samarraie MS, Karinen R, Mørland J, Stokke Opdal M. Blood GHB concentrations and results of medical examinations in 25 car drivers in Norway. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66(10):987–998. doi:10.1007/s00228-010-0870-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couper FJ, Logan BK. GHB and driving impairment. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46(4):15070J. doi:10.1520/jfs15070j
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechti ME, Quednow BB, Liakoni E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of γ-hydroxybutyrate in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(5):980–988. doi:10.1111/bcp.12863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reading P. Cataplexy. Pract Neurol. 2019;19(1):21–27. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2018-002001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houghton WC, Scammell TE, Thorpy M. Pharmacotherapy for cataplexy. Sleep Med Rev. 2004;8(5):355–366. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2004.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szakacs Z, Dauvilliers Y, Mikhaylov V, et al. Safety and efficacy of pitolisant on cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(3):200–207. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30333-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyznicki JM, Doege TC, Davis RM, Williams MA. Sleepiness, driving, and motor vehicle crashes. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA. 1998;279(23):1908–1913. doi:10.1001/jama.279.23.1908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis J, Hess CW. Sleepiness and vigilance tests. Swiss Med Wkly. 2009;139(15–16):214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scammel T Treatment of narcolepsy in adults - UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-narcolepsy-in-adults. Accessed July 12, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Safety | narcolepsy. Available from: http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/narcolepsy/living-with-narcolepsy/safety. Accessed July 12, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Garma L, Marchand F. Non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994;17(suppl_8):97–102. doi:10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullington J, Broughton R. Scheduled naps in the management of daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Sleep. 1993;16(5):444–456. doi:10.1093/sleep/16.5.444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinges DF, Orne MT, Whitehouse WG, Orne EC. Temporal placement of a nap for alertness: contributions of circadian phase and prior wakefulness. Sleep. 1987;10(4):313–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz AT, Ronda JM, Czeisler CA, Wright KP. Effects of sleep inertia on cognition. JAMA. 2006;295(2):163–164. doi:10.1001/jama.295.2.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyner LA, Horne JA. Suppression of sleepiness in drivers: combination of caffeine with a short nap. Psychophysiology. 1997;34(6):721–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A. Daytime somnolence: therapeutic approaches. Neurophysiol Clin. 1993;23(1):23–33. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80280-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers A, Aldrich M. The effect of regularly scheduled naps on sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Nurs Res. 1993;42:111–117. doi:10.1097/00006199-199303000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin C, Khalesi S, Desbrow B, McCartney D. Effects of acute caffeine consumption following sleep loss on cognitive, physical, occupational and driving performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;108:877–888. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldosari MS, Olaish AH, Nashwan SZ, Abulmeaty MMA, BaHammam AS. The effects of caffeine on drowsiness in patients with narcolepsy: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study. Sleep Breath. 2020. doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02065-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne R, Reyner LA. Driver sleepiness. J Sleep Res. 1995;4(S2):23–29. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00222.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redelmeier DA, Tibshirani RJ. Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(7):453–458. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702133360701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotterba S, Muller N, Stener G, Mayer G. Driving in narcolepsy: analysis by questionnaire among patients. Somnologie. 2002;6:39–50. doi:10.1046/j.1439-054x.2002.02003.x
   Google Scholar
• Chakravorty SS, Rye DB. Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(5):361–376. doi:10.2165/00002512-200320050-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefft B. Prevalence of Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving Drowsy Drivers, United States, 2009–2013. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety; 2015.
   Google Scholar