298
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Migraine Prevention with Erenumab: Focus on Patient Selection, Perspectives and Outcomes

, &
Pages 359-378 | Published online: 05 Apr 2022

References

  • Deuschl G, Beghi E, Fazekas F, et al. The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(10):e551–e67. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30190-0
  • Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(2):553–622. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2015
  • De Matteis E, Guglielmetti M, Ornello R, Spuntarelli V, Martelletti P, Sacco S. Targeting CGRP for migraine treatment: mechanisms, antibodies, small molecules, perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(6):627–641. doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1772758
  • Markham A. Erenumab: first global approval. Drugs. 2018;78(11):1157–1161. doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0944-0
  • Shi L, Lehto SG, Zhu DX, et al. Pharmacologic characterization of AMG 334, a potent and selective human monoclonal antibody against the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016;356(1):223–231. doi:10.1124/jpet.115.227793
  • Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN. CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies - successful translation from bench to clinic. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(6):338–350. doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1
  • Yuan H, Lauritsen CG, Kaiser EA, Silberstein SD. CGRP monoclonal antibodies for migraine: rationale and progress. BioDrugs. 2017;31(6):487–501. doi:10.1007/s40259-017-0250-5
  • Barbanti P, Fofi L, Aurilia C, Egeo G. Does the migraine attack start in the cortex and is the cortex critical in the migraine process? Neurol Sci. 2019;40(Suppl 1):31–37. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03838-y
  • Goadsby PJ, Holland PR. An update: pathophysiology of migraine. Neurol Clin. 2019;37(4):651–671. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2019.07.008
  • Stoker K, Baker DE. Erenumab-aooe. Hosp Pharm. 2018;53(6):363–368. doi:10.1177/0018578718797295
  • European Medicine Agencies. Aimovig, INN-erenumab; 2020.
  • Rubio-Beltrán E, Labastida-Ramírez A, Haanes KA, et al. Characterisation of vasodilatory responses in the presence of the CGRP receptor antibody erenumab in human isolated arteries. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(14):1735–1744. doi:10.1177/0333102419863027
  • Saely S, Croteau D, Jawidzik L, Brinker A, Kortepeter C. Hypertension: a new safety risk for patients treated with erenumab. Headache. 2021;61(1):202–208. doi:10.1111/head.14051
  • Kudrow D, Pascual J, Winner PK, et al. Vascular safety of erenumab for migraine prevention. Neurology. 2020;94(5):e497–e510. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008743
  • González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Villalón CM. Side effects associated with current and prospective antimigraine pharmacotherapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14(1):25–41. doi:10.1080/17425255.2018.1416097
  • Sun H, Dodick DW, Silberstein S, et al. Safety and efficacy of AMG 334 for prevention of episodic migraine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(4):382–390. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00019-3
  • Sakai F, Takeshima T, Tatsuoka Y, et al. A randomized Phase 2 study of erenumab for the prevention of episodic migraine in Japanese adults. Headache. 2019;59(10):1731–1742. doi:10.1111/head.13652
  • Tepper S, Ashina M, Reuter U, et al. Safety and efficacy of erenumab for preventive treatment of chronic migraine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(6):425–434. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30083-2
  • Dodick DW, Ashina M, Brandes JL, et al. ARISE: a Phase 3 randomized trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(6):1026–1037. doi:10.1177/0333102418759786
  • Lanteri-Minet M, Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, et al. Effect of erenumab on functional outcomes in patients with episodic migraine in whom 2–4 preventives were not useful: results from the LIBERTY study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021;92(5):466–472. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-324396
  • Goadsby PJ, Paemeleire K, Broessner G, et al. Efficacy and safety of erenumab (AMG334) in episodic migraine patients with prior preventive treatment failure: a subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):817–826. doi:10.1177/0333102419835459
  • Ashina M, Tepper S, Brandes JL, et al. Efficacy and safety of erenumab (AMG334) in chronic migraine patients with prior preventive treatment failure: a subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(10):1611–1621. doi:10.1177/0333102418788347
  • Lipton RB, Tepper SJ, Reuter U, et al. Erenumab in chronic migraine: patient-reported outcomes in a randomized double-blind study. Neurology. 2019;92(19):e2250–e60. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007452
  • Tepper SJ, Diener HC, Ashina M, et al. Erenumab in chronic migraine with medication overuse: subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Neurology. 2019;92(20):e2309–e20. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007497
  • Tepper SJ, Ashina M, Reuter U, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of erenumab in patients with chronic migraine: results from a 52-week, open-label extension study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(6):543–553. doi:10.1177/0333102420912726
  • Brandes JL, Diener HC, Dolezil D, et al. The spectrum of response to erenumab in patients with chronic migraine and subgroup analysis of patients achieving ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% response. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(1):28–38. doi:10.1177/0333102419894559
  • Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallström Y, et al. A Controlled Trial of Erenumab for Episodic Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2123–2132. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705848
  • Reuter U, Goadsby PJ, Lanteri-Minet M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of erenumab in patients with episodic migraine in whom two-to-four previous preventive treatments were unsuccessful: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b study. Lancet. 2018;392(10161):2280–2287. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32534-0
  • Ashina M, Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab in migraine prevention: results from a 5-year, open-label treatment phase of a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(5):1716–1725. doi:10.1111/ene.14715
  • Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallström Y, et al. One-year sustained efficacy of erenumab in episodic migraine: results of the STRIVE study. Neurology. 2020;95(5):e469–e79. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000010019
  • Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Lanteri-Minet M, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab: results from 64 weeks of the LIBERTY Study. Neurology. 2021;96(22):e2724–e2735. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012029
  • Pavlovic JM, Paemeleire K, Göbel H, et al. Efficacy and safety of erenumab in women with a history of menstrual migraine. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):95. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01167-6
  • Raffaelli B, Mussetto V, Israel H, Neeb L, Reuter U. Erenumab and galcanezumab in chronic migraine prevention: effects after treatment termination. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):66. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1018-8
  • Reuter U, Ehrlich M, Gendolla A, et al. Erenumab versus topiramate for the prevention of migraine - A randomised, double-blind, active-controlled phase 4 trial. Cephalalgia. 2021;4:3331024211053571.
  • Sacco S, Bendtsen L, Ashina M, et al. European headache federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies acting on the calcitonin gene related peptide or its receptor for migraine prevention. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):6. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0955-y
  • American Headache Society. The American Headache Society position statement on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2019;59(1):1–18.
  • Barbanti P, Aurilia C, Egeo G, Fofi L. Erenumab: from scientific evidence to clinical practice-the first Italian real-life data. Neurol Sci. 2019;40(Suppl 1):177–179. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03839-x
  • Lambru G, Hill B, Murphy M, Tylova I, Andreou AP. A prospective real-world analysis of erenumab in refractory chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):61. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01127-0
  • Russo A, Silvestro M, Scotto Di Clemente F, et al. Multidimensional assessment of the effects of erenumab in chronic migraine patients with previous unsuccessful preventive treatments: a comprehensive real-world experience. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):69. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01143-0
  • Ornello R, Casalena A, Frattale I, et al. Real-life data on the efficacy and safety of erenumab in the Abruzzo region, central Italy. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):32. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01102-9
  • Scheffler A, Messel O, Wurthmann S, et al. Erenumab in highly therapy-refractory migraine patients: first German real-world evidence. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):84. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01151-0
  • Kanaan S, Hettie G, Loder E, Burch R. Real-world effectiveness and tolerability of erenumab: a retrospective cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1511–1522. doi:10.1177/0333102420946725
  • Robbins L. Special report: CGRP monoclonal antibodies for chronic migraine. Practical Pain Managemen. 2020;19:45–52.
  • Ranieri A, Alfieri G, Napolitano M, et al. One year experience with erenumab: real-life data in 30 consecutive patients. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(Suppl 2):505–506. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04677-y
  • Pensato U, Favoni V, Pascazio A, et al. Erenumab efficacy in highly resistant chronic migraine: a real-life study. Neurol Sci. 2020;41:457–459. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04658-1
  • Barbanti P, Aurilia C, Egeo G, et al. Erenumab in the prevention of high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine: erenumab in Real Life in Italy (EARLY), the first Italian multicenter, prospective real-life study. Headache. 2021;61(2):363–372. doi:10.1111/head.14032
  • Barbanti P, Aurilia C, Cevoli S, et al. Long-term (48 weeks) effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of erenumab in the prevention of high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine in a real world: results of the EARLY 2 study. Headache. 2021;61:1351–1363. doi:10.1111/head.14194
  • Pensato U, Baraldi C, Favoni V, et al. Real-life assessment of erenumab in refractory chronic migraine with medication overuse headache. Neurol Sci. 2021;43:1273–1280.
  • Eghtesadi M, Leroux E, Pagé G. Real-life response to erenumab in a therapy-resistant case series of migraine patients from the Province of Québec, Eastern Canada. Clin Drug Investig. 2021;41(8):733–739. doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01059-w
  • Cainazzo MM, Baraldi C, Ferrari A, Lo Castro F, Pani L, Guerzoni S. Erenumab for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine complicated with medication overuse headache: an observational, retrospective, 12-month real-life study. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(10):4193–4202. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05105-5
  • Storch P, Burow P, Möller B, et al. Pooled retrospective analysis of 70 mg erenumab in episodic and chronic migraine: a two tertiary headache centers experience during clinical practice. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021. doi:10.1007/s13760-021-01770-7
  • de Vries Lentsch S, Verhagen IE, van den Hoek TC, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Terwindt GM. Treatment with the monoclonal calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antibody erenumab: a real-life study. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(12):4194–4203. doi:10.1111/ene.15075
  • Matteo E, Favoni V, Pascazio A, et al. Erenumab in 159 high frequency and chronic migraine patients: real-life results from the Bologna Headache Center. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(Suppl 2):483–484. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04667-0
  • Valle ED, Di Falco M, Mancioli A, Corbetta S, La Spina I. Efficacy and safety of erenumab in the real-life setting of S. Antonio Abate Hospital’s Headache Center (Gallarate). Neurol Sci. 2020;41(Suppl 2):465. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04752-4
  • Robblee J, Devick KL, Mendez N, Potter J, Slonaker J, Starling AJ. Real-world patient experience with erenumab for the preventive treatment of migraine. Headache. 2020;60(9):2014–2025. doi:10.1111/head.13951
  • Raffaelli B, Kalantzis R, Mecklenburg J, et al. Erenumab in chronic migraine patients who previously failed five first-line oral prophylactics and onabotulinumtoxina: a Dual-Center Retrospective Observational Study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:417. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00417
  • Ornello R, Casalena A, Frattale I, et al. Conversion from chronic to episodic migraine in patients treated with erenumab: real-life data from an Italian region. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):102. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01171-w
  • Ornello R, Frattale I, Caponnetto V, De Matteis E, Pistoia F, Sacco S. Menstrual headache in women with chronic migraine treated with erenumab: an observational case series. Brain Sci. 2021;11(3):370. doi:10.3390/brainsci11030370
  • De Matteis E, Affaitati G, Frattale I, et al. Early outcomes of migraine after erenumab discontinuation: data from a real-life setting. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(8):3297–3303. doi:10.1007/s10072-020-05022-z
  • Gantenbein AR, Agosti R, Gobbi C, et al. Impact on monthly migraine days of discontinuing anti-CGRP antibodies after one year of treatment - A real-life cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(11–12):1181–1186. doi:10.1177/03331024211014616
  • de Vries T, MaassenVanDenBrink A. CGRP-targeted antibodies in difficult-to-treat migraine. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(12):688–689. doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0275-0
  • Rothrock JF, Adams AM, Lipton RB, et al. FORWARD Study: evaluating the comparative effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxina and topiramate for headache prevention in adults with chronic migraine. Headache. 2019;59(10):1700–1713. doi:10.1111/head.13653
  • Tiseo C, Ornello R, Pistoia F, Sacco S. How to integrate monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor in daily clinical practice. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):49. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1000-5
  • Kokoti L, Drellia K, Papadopoulos D, Mitsikostas DD. Placebo and nocebo phenomena in anti- CGRP monoclonal antibody trials for migraine prevention: a meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2020;267(4):1158–1170. doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09673-7
  • Ruscheweyh R, Athwal B, Gryglas-Dworak A, et al. Wear-off of onabotulinumtoxina effect over the treatment interval in chronic migraine: a retrospective chart review with analysis of headache diaries. Headache. 2020;60(8):1673–1682. doi:10.1111/head.13925
  • Pak AT, Üstün İ, Sengul Y. Botulinum toxin type A wear-off phenomenon in chronic migraine patients: how long does the maximum efficiency last? Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021;79(10):886–890. doi:10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0542
  • Martelletti P, Edvinsson L, Ashina M. Shaping the future of migraine targeting calcitonin-gene-related-peptide with the Disease-Modifying Migraine Drugs (DMMDs). J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):60. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1009-9
  • Torres-Ferrús M, Ursitti F, Alpuente A, et al. From transformation to chronification of migraine: pathophysiological and clinical aspects. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):42. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01111-8
  • Mahon R, Lang A, Vo P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of erenumab for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients with prior treatment failures in Sweden. Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39(3):357–372. doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00996-2
  • Giannouchos TV, Mitsikostas DD, Ohsfeldt RL, Vozikis A, Koufopoulou P. Cost-effectiveness analysis of erenumab versus OnabotulinumtoxinA for patients with chronic migraine attacks in Greece. Clin Drug Investig. 2019;39(10):979–990. doi:10.1007/s40261-019-00827-z
  • Sussman M, Benner J, Neumann P, Menzin J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of erenumab for the preventive treatment of episodic and chronic migraine: results from the US societal and payer perspectives. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(10):1644–1657. doi:10.1177/0333102418796842
  • Dodick DW, Tepper SJ, Ailani J, et al. Risk of hypertension in erenumab-treated patients with migraine: analyses of clinical trial and postmarketing data. Headache. 2021;61(9):1411–1420. doi:10.1111/head.14208
  • Mulder IA, Li M, de Vries T, et al. Anti-migraine calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists worsen cerebral ischemic outcome in mice. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(4):771–784. doi:10.1002/ana.25831
  • Altamura C, Viticchi G, Fallacara A, et al. Erenumab does not alter cerebral hemodynamics and endothelial function in migraine without aura. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(1):90–98. doi:10.1177/0333102420956692
  • Aradi S, Kaiser E, Cucchiara B. Ischemic stroke associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitor therapy for migraine: a Case Report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(10):104286. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.002
  • Frattale I, Ornello R, Pistoia F, Caponnetto V, Colangeli E, Sacco S. Paralytic ileus after planned abdominal surgery in a patient on treatment with erenumab. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;16:227–228. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02407-y
  • Ornello R, Tiseo C, Frattale I, et al. The appropriate dosing of erenumab for migraine prevention after multiple preventive treatment failures: a critical appraisal. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):99. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-1054-4
  • Wang X, He Q, Wen D, Ma L, You C. Efficacy and safety of erenumab in migraine prevention: evidences from direct and indirect comparisons. Neurol Sci. 2021;5:1–8.
  • Baraldi C, Castro FL, Cainazzo MM, Pani L, Guerzoni S. Predictors of response to erenumab after 12 months of treatment. Brain Behav. 2021;11(8):e2260. doi:10.1002/brb3.2260
  • Frattale I, Caponnetto V, Casalena A, et al. Association between response to triptans and response to erenumab: real-life data. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):1. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01213-3
  • Sacco S, Braschinsky M, Ducros A, et al. European headache federation consensus on the definition of resistant and refractory migraine: developed with the endorsement of the European Migraine & Headache Alliance (EMHA). J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):76. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01130-5
  • Raffaelli B, Terhart M, Overeem LH, et al. Migraine evolution after the cessation of CGRP(-receptor) antibody prophylaxis: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Cephalalgia;2021. 3331024211046617. doi:10.1177/03331024211046617
  • Dodick D, Silberstein S. Central sensitization theory of migraine: clinical implications. Headache. 2006;46(Suppl 4):S182–91. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00602.x
  • May A, Schulte LH. Chronic migraine: risk factors, mechanisms and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(8):455–464. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.93
  • Ornello R, Sacco S. The paradigm shift in long-term treatments for migraine prevention. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(5):1439–1440. doi:10.1111/ene.14768
  • de Tommaso M, Vecchio E, Quitadamo SG, et al. Pain-related brain connectivity changes in migraine: a narrative review and proof of concept about possible novel treatments interference. Brain Sci. 2021;11(2):234. doi:10.3390/brainsci11020234
  • Mullin K, Kudrow D, Croop R, et al. Potential for treatment benefit of small molecule CGRP receptor antagonist plus monoclonal antibody in migraine therapy. Neurology. 2020;94(20):e2121–e5. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008944
  • Berman G, Croop R, Kudrow D, et al. Safety of rimegepant, an oral CGRP receptor antagonist, plus CGRP monoclonal antibodies for migraine. Headache. 2020;60(8):1734–1742. doi:10.1111/head.13930
  • Jakate A, Blumenfeld AM, Boinpally R, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of ubrogepant when coadministered with calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeted monoclonal antibody migraine preventives in participants with migraine: a randomized phase 1b drug-drug interaction study. Headache. 2021;61(4):642–652. doi:10.1111/head.14095
  • Overeem LH, Peikert A, Hofacker MD, et al. Effect of antibody switch in non-responders to a CGRP receptor antibody treatment in migraine: a multi-center retrospective cohort study. Cephalalgia;2021. 3331024211048765. doi:10.1177/03331024211048765
  • Ziegeler C, May A. Non-responders to treatment with antibodies to the CGRP-receptor may profit from a switch of antibody class. Headache. 2020;60(2):469–470. doi:10.1111/head.13729
  • Briceño-Casado MDP, Gil-Sierra MD, De-la-calle-riaguas B. Switching of monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic migraine in clinical practice: a case series. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021;ejhpharm-2021-002946. doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002946
  • Patier Ruiz I, Sánchez-Rubio Ferrández J, Cárcamo Fonfría A, Molina García T. Early experiences in switching between monoclonal antibodies in patients with nonresponsive migraine in Spain: a Case Series. Eur Neurol. 2021;1–4. doi:10.1159/000518899
  • Sacco S, Russo A, Geppetti P, et al. What is changing in chronic migraine treatment? An algorithm for onabotulinumtoxinA treatment by the Italian chronic migraine group. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(12):1275–1286. doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1825077
  • Armanious M, Khalil N, Lu Y, Jimenez-Sanders R. Erenumab and onabotulinumtoxina combination therapy for the prevention of intractable chronic migraine without aura: a retrospective analysis. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2021;35(1):1–6. doi:10.1080/15360288.2020.1829249
  • Silvestro M, Tessitore A, Scotto Di Clemente F, Battista G, Tedeschi G, Russo A. Additive interaction between Onabotulinumtoxin-A and erenumab in patients with refractory migraine. Front Neurol. 2021;12:656294. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.656294
  • Toni T, Tamanaha R, Newman B, et al. Effectiveness of dual migraine therapy with CGRP inhibitors and onabotulinumtoxinA injections: case series. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(12):5373–5376. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05547-x
  • Clemow DB, Johnson KW, Hochstetler HM, Ossipov MH, Hake AM, Blumenfeld AM. Lasmiditan mechanism of action - review of a selective 5-HT(1F) agonist. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):71. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01132-3
  • NICE guidelines.Management of migraine (with or without aura); 2021; https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases/neurological-conditions/headaches.
  • Schwedt T, Reuter U, Tepper S, et al. Early onset of efficacy with erenumab in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):92. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0923-6
  • Ziegeler C, Mehnert J, Asmussen K, May A. Central effects of erenumab in migraine patients: an event-related functional imaging study. Neurology. 2020;95(20):e2794–e802. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000010740