Pediatric kidney transplantation: a review

References

• Starzl T, Marchioro T, Porter K. The role of the organ transplantation in pediatrics. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1966;13:381–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies. NAPRTCS 2010 Annual Transplant Report. Available from: https://web.emmes.com/study/ped/annlrept/2010_Report.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• US Renal Data System. USRDS 2009 annual data report: atlas of endstage renal disease in the United States, National Institutes Of Health. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2009. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/atlas09.aspx. Accessed May 23, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Moudgil A. Primer on renal transplantation. Indian J Pediatr. 2012;79: 1076–1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EBPG Expert Group on Renal Transplantation. European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: Long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV11 Paediatrics (specific problems). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 Suppl 4:55–58.
   Google Scholar
• United States Organ Transplantation. OPTN and SRTR annual data report 2011. Available from: http://srtr.transplant.hrsa.gov/annual_reports/2011/pdf/00_intro_12.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Chava SP, Singh B, Pal S, Dhawan A, Heaton ND. Indications for combined liver and kidney transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant. 2009;13:661–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnadoux MF, Lacaille F, Niaudet P, et al. Long term results of liver-kidney transplantation in children with primary hyperoxaluria. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16:946–950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson NV; European PHI Transplantation Study Group. A 20-year experience of combined liver/kidney transplantation for primary hyperoxaluria (PH1): the European PH1 Transplant Registry experience 1984–2004. Am J Nephrol. 2005;25:282–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millan MT, Berquist WE, So SK, et al. One hundred percent patient and kidney allograft survival with simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation in infants with primary hyperoxaluria: a single-center experience. Transplantation. 2003;76:1458–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson N, Cho YW, Cicciarelli JC, Selby RR, Fong TL. Comparison of renal allograft outcomes in combined liver-kidney transplantation versus subsequent kidney transplantation in liver transplant recipients: analysis of UNOS database. Transplantation. 2006;82:1298–1303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JM, Martz K, Blydt-Hansen TD. Pediatric kidney transplant practice patterns and outcome benchmarks, 1987–2010: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies. Pediatr Transplant. 2013;17:149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaral S, Patzer RE, Kutner N, McClellan W. Racial disparities in access to pediatric kidney transplantation since Share 35. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:1069–1077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal S, Oak N, Siddique J, Harland RC, Abbo ED. Changes in pediatric renal transplantation after implementation of the revised deceased donor kidney allocation policy. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:1237–1242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moudgil A, Dharnidharka VR, Lamb KE, Meier-Kriesche HU. Best allograft survival from Share-35 kidney donors occurs in middle-aged adults and young children – an analysis of OPTN data. Transplantation. 2013;95:319–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual J, Zamora J, Galeano C, Royuela A, Quereda C. Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD005632.
   Google Scholar
• Gallinat A, Sotiropoulos GC, Witzke O, et al. Kidney grafts from donors </=5 yr of age: single kidney transplantation for pediatric recipients or en bloc transplantation for adults? Pediatr Transplant. 2013;17:179–184.
   Google Scholar
• Butani L, Troppmann C, Perez RV. Outcomes of children receiving en bloc renal transplants from small pediatric donors. Pediatr Transplant. 2013;17:55–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Fisher RA, Cotterell AH, King AL, Maluf DG, Posner MP. En bloc kidney transplantation from pediatric donors: comparable outcomes with living donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2011;92:564–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Ramanathan R, Behnke M, Fisher R, Posner M. Single pediatric kidney transplantation in adult recipients: comparable outcomes with standard-criteria deceased-donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation. March 26, 2013. [Epub ahead of print.]
   Google Scholar
• Fonseca-Aten M, Michaels MG. Infections in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2006;15:153–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eneriz-Wiemer M, Sarwal M, Donovan D, Costaglio C, Concepcion W, Salvatierra O, Jr. Successful renal transplantation in high-risk small children with a completely thrombosed inferior vena cava. Transplantation. 2006;82:1148–1152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvatierra O Jr, Concepcion W, Sarwal MM. Renal transplantation in children with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava requires careful assessment and planning. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:2107–2109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghane Sharbaf F, Bitzan M, Szymanski KM, et al. Native nephrectomy prior to pediatric kidney transplantation: biological and clinical aspects. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:1179–1188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dharamsi N, Sheldon C, Goebel J. Kidney transplantation. In: Docimo S, Canning D, Khoury A, editors. The Kelalis-King-Belman Textbook of Clinical Pediatric Urology, 5th ed. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Sarwal M, Pascual J. Immunosuppression minimization in pediatric transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2227–2235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro R, Sarwal MM. Pediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010;57:393–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo AA, Lukovsky M, Toyoda M, et al. Rituximab and intravenous immune globulin for desensitization during renal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:242–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentini RP, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Gruber SA, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin, HLA allele typing and HLAMatchmaker facilitate successful transplantation in highly sensitized pediatric renal allograft recipients. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11:77–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly JA, Miller B, Bretan PN. Renal transplantation in patients with posterior urethral valves: favorable long-term outcome. J Urol. 1995;154:1153–1155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontaine E, Salomon L, Gagnadoux MF, Niaudet P, Broyer M, Beurton D. Long-term results of renal transplantation in children with the prune-belly syndrome. J Urol. 1997;158(3 Pt 1):892–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otukesh H, Sharifian M, Simfroosh N, et al. Outcome of renal transplantation in children with low urinary tract abnormality. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:3071–3074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon L, Fontaine E, Gagnadoux MF, Broyer M, Beurton D. Posterior urethral valves: long-term renal function consequences after transplantation. J Urol. 1997;157:992–995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J, Mehls O, Wiesel M. Pediatric renal transplantation and the dysfunctional bladder. Transpl Int. 2004;17:596–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghizadeh AK, Desai D, Ledermann SE, et al. Renal transplantation or bladder augmentation first? A comparison of complications and outcomes in children. BJU Int. 2007;100:1365–1370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley P, Marks SD, Desai DY, Mushtaq I, Koffman G, Mamode N. Challenges facing renal transplantation in pediatric patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Transplantation. 2010;89: 1299–1307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorou C, Kostakis A, Bokos J, Plastiras D, Vosnides G. Lower urinary tract reconstruction in association with renal transplantation. Int Urol Nephrol. 1997;29:695–699.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell ME. Bladder augmentation in children: where have we been and where are we going? BJU Int. 2003;92 Suppl 1:29–34.
   Google Scholar
• Landau EH, Jayanthi VR, McLorie GA, Churchill BM, Khoury AE. Renal transplantation in children following augmentation ureterocystoplasty. Urology. 1997;50:260–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch DA. Kidney transplantation in patients with an abnormal lower urinary tract. Urol Clin North Am. 1994;21:311–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvatierra O Jr, Sarwal M, Alexander S, et al. A new, unique and simple method for ureteral implantation in kidney recipients with small, defunctionalized bladders. Transplantation. 1999;68:731–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvatierra O Jr, Millan M, Concepcion W. Pediatric renal transplantation with considerations for successful outcomes. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2006;15:208–217.
   Google Scholar
• Salvatierra O Jr, Singh T, Shifrin R, et al. Successful transplantation of adult-sized kidneys into infants requires maintenance of high aortic blood flow. Transplantation. 1998;66:819–823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swiatecka-Urban A, Garcia C, Feuerstein D, et al. Basiliximab induction improves the outcome of renal transplants in children and adolescents. PediatrNephrol. 2001;16:693–696.
   Google Scholar
• Offner G, Broyer M, Niaudet P, et al. A multicenter, open-label, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety, and tolerability study of basiliximab (Simulect) in pediatric de novo renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2002;74:961–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pape L, Strehlau J, Henne T, et al. Single centre experience with basiliximab in paediatric renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:276–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenda R, Watson A, Vondrak K, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of tacrolimus-based therapy with or without basiliximab in pediatric renal transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:1666–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb NJ, Prokurat S, Vondrak K, et al. Multicentre prospective randomised trial of tacrolimus, azathioprine and prednisolone with or without basiliximab: two-year follow-up data. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:177–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kari JA, Trompeter RS. What is the calcineurin inhibitor of choice for pediatric renal transplantation? Pediatr Transplant. 2004;8:437–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll GA, Bell RC. Tacrolimus versus cyclosporin for immunosuppression in renal transplantation: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 1999;318:1104–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margreiter R; European Tacrolimus vs Ciclosporin Microemulsion Renal Transplantation Study Group. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin microemulsion in renal transplantation: a randomised multicentre study. Lancet. 2002;359:741–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer AD, Dmitrewski J, Squifflet JP, et al. Multicenter randomized trial comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine in the prevention of renal allograft rejection: a report of the European Tacrolimus Multicenter Renal Study Group. Transplantation. 1997;64:436–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trompeter R, Fitzpatrick M, Hutchinson C, Johnston A. Longitudinal evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin microemulsion (Neoral) in pediatric renal transplant recipients and assessment of C2 level as a marker for absorption. Pediatr Transplant. 2003;7:282–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon W, Meyers K, Ingelfinger J, et al. Safety and efficacy of a calcineurin inhibitor avoidance regimen in pediatric renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1735–1745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub L, Li L, Kambham N, et al. Patient selection critical for calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal in pediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2008;12:541–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein DM, Aviles DH, LeBlanc PM, Jung FF, Vehaskari VM. Results of one-year follow-up of steroid-free immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant patients. Pediatr Transplant. 2005 ;9 : 589–597.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland S, Li L, Concepcion W, Salvatierra O, Sarwal MM. Steroidfree immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplantation: rationale for and [corrected] outcomes following conversion to steroid based therapy. Transplantation. 2009;87:1744–1748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benfield MR, Bartosh S, Ikle D, et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial of steroid withdrawal after pediatric renal transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delucchi A, Valenzuela M, Ferrario M, et al. Early steroid withdrawal in pediatric renal transplant on newer immunosuppressive drugs. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11:743–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocker B, Tonshoff B. Treatment strategies to minimize or prevent chronic allograft dysfunction in pediatric renal transplant recipients: an overview. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11:381–396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamiwka LA, Burns A, Bell L. Prednisone withdrawal in pediatric kidney transplant recipients on tacrolimus-based immunosuppression: four-year data. Pediatr Transplant. 2006;10:337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen S, Jackson EC, Riley L, Reddy S, Goebel J. Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression with steroid withdrawal in pediatric kidney transplantation – 4-year experience at a moderate-volume center. Pediatr Transplant. 2003;7:119–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Chang A, Naesens M, et al. Steroid-free immunosuppression since 1999: 129 pediatric renal transplants with sustained graft and patient benefits. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:1362–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavers BM, Chang YC, Gillingham KJ, Matas A. Pediatric kidney transplantation using a novel protocol of rapid (6-day) discontinuation of prednisone: 2-year results. Transplantation. 2009;88:237–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati A, Sarwal MM. Pediatric renal transplantation: an overview and update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010;22:189–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birk PE, Stannard KM, Konrad HB, et al. Surveillance biopsies are superior to functional studies for the diagnosis of acute and chronic renal allograft pathology in children. Pediatr Transplant. 2004;8: 29–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwal M, Chua MS, Kambham N, et al. Molecular heterogeneity in acute renal allograft rejection identified by DNA microarray profiling. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:125–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargah T, Abidi K, Rajhi H, Ben Abdallah T, Chebil M, Lakhoua MR. Vascular complications after pediatric kidney transplantation. Tunis Med. 2011;89:458–461.
   Google Scholar
• Keller AK, Jorgensen TM, Jespersen B. Identification of risk factors for vascular thrombosis may reduce early renal graft loss: a review of recent literature. J Transplant. 2012;2012:793461.
   Google Scholar
• Afanetti M, Niaudet P, Niel O, Saint Faust M, Cochat P, Berard E. Pediatric en bloc kidney transplantation into pediatric recipients: the French experience. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;16:183–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail H, Kalicinski P, Drewniak T, et al. Primary vascular thrombosis after renal transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant. 1997;1: 43–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kamel MH, Mohan P, Conlon PJ, Little DM, O’Kelly P, Hickey DP Rabbit antithymocyte globulin related decrease in platelet count reduced risk of pediatric renal transplant graft thrombosis. Pediatr Transplant. 2006;10:816–821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lieburg AF, de Jong MC, Hoitsma AJ, Buskens FG, Schroder CH, Monnens LA. Renal transplant thrombosis in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:615–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickelson JJ, MacNeily AE, Leblanc J, White C, Gourlay WA. Renal transplantation in children 15 kg or less: the British Columbia Children’s Hospital experience. J Urol. 2006;176(4 Pt 2):1797–1800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranz B, Vester U, Nadalin S, Paul A, Broelsch CE, Hoyer PF. Outcome after kidney transplantation in children with thrombotic risk factors. Pediatr Transplant. 2006;10:788–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu WP. Ultrasonography diagnosis of renal arterial thrombosis: an important cause of renal allograft loss in children. Hong Kong Med J. 2011;17:421–422.
   Google Scholar
• Routh JC, Yu RN, Kozinn SI, Nguyen HT, Borer JG. Urological complications and vesicoureteral reflux following pediatric kidney transplantation. J Urol. 2013;189:1071–1076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuininga JE, Feitz WF, van Dael KC, de Gier RP, Cornelissen EA. Urological complications in pediatric renal transplantation. Eur Urol. 2001;39:598–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgic A, Boyvat F, Karakayali H, Moray G, Emiroglu R, Haberal M. Urologic complications in 1523 renal transplantations: the Baskent University experience. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:543–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englesbe MJ, Lynch RJ, Heidt DG, et al. Early urologic complications after pediatric renal transplant: a single-center experience. Transplantation. 2008;86:1560–1564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khositseth S, Askiti V, Nevins TE, et al. Increased urologic complications in children after kidney transplants for obstructive and reflux uropathy. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2152–2157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam S, Sheldon C. Urological issues in pediatric renal transplantation. Curr Opin Urol. 2008;18:413–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrero R, Fijo J, Fernandez-Hurtado M, Garcia-Merino F, Leon E, Torrubia F. Vesicoureteral reflux after kidney transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11:498–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allain-Launay E, Roussey-Kesler G, Ranchin B, et al. Mortality in pediatric renal transplantation: a study of the French Pediatric Kidney database. Pediatr Transplant. 2009;13:725–730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Chaudhuri A, Weintraub LA, et al. Subclinical cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus viremia are associated with adverse outcomes in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2007 ;11: 187–195.
   Google Scholar
• Kranz B, Vester U, Wingen AM, et al. Acute rejection episodes in pediatric renal transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Transplant. 2008;12:474–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JM, Corey L, Bittner R, et al. Subclinical viremia increases risk for chronic allograft injury in pediatric renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:1579–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Khasawneh E, Araya CE, Dharnidharka VR. Missed viral surveillance testing visits associate with full blown viral diseases in children receiving kidney transplants. Pediatr Transplant. 2013;17: 129–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JM, Dharnidharka VR, Talley L, Martz K, McDonald RA. BK virus nephropathy in pediatric renal transplant recipients: an analysis of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) registry. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2: 1037–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogeda M, Munoz P, Luque A, Morales MD, Bouza E; BKV Study Group. Cross-sectional study of BK virus infection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11:394–401.
   Google Scholar
• Dharnidharka VR, Abdulnour HA, Araya CE. The BK virus in renal transplant recipients – review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:1763–1774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egli A, Infanti L, Dumoulin A, et al. Prevalence of polyomavirus BK and JC infection and replication in 400 healthy blood donors. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:837–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buell JF, Gross TG, Woodle ES. Malignancy after transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80(Suppl 2):S254–S264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald RA, Smith JM, Ho M, et al. Incidence of PTLD in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving basiliximab, calcineurin inhibitor, sirolimus and steroids. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:984–989.
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen LJ, Fisher RI. OKT3 monoclonal antibodies induce interleukin-6 and interleukin-10: a possible cause of lymphoprolif-erative disorders associated with transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1993;2:670–678.
   Google Scholar
• Cherikh WS, Kauffman HM, McBride MA, Maghirang J, Swinnen LJ, Hanto DW. Association of the type of induction immunosuppression with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, graft survival, and patient survival after primary kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2003;76:1289–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleper R, Ben Shalom E, Landau D, et al. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric kidney-transplant recipients – a national study. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;16:619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenda R, Webb NJ. Steroid minimization in pediatric renal transplantation: early withdrawal or avoidance? Pediatr Transplant. 2010;14:961–967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman HM, Cherikh WS, Cheng Y, Hanto DW, Kahan BD. Maintenance immunosuppression with target-of-rapamycin inhibitors is associated with a reduced incidence of de novo malignancies. Transplantation. 2005;80:883–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepomuceno RR, Balatoni CE, Natkunam Y, Snow AL, Krams SM, Martinez OM. Rapamycin inhibits the interleukin 10 signal transduction pathway and the growth of Epstein Barr virus B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res. 2003;63:4472^480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green M, Michaels MG, Webber SA, Rowe D, Reyes J. The management of Epstein-Barr virus associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant. 1999;3:271–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dharnidharka VR, Araya CE. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:731–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choquet S, Leblond V Herbrecht R, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in B-cell post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood. 2006;107: 3053–3057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghobrial IM, Habermann TM, Ristow KM, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) in the rituximab era. Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;46:191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw RJ, Palmer L, Blasey C, Sarwal M. A typology of non-adherence in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant. 2003;7: 489–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshy SM, Hebert D, Lam K, Stukel TA, Guttmann A. Renal allograft loss during transition to adult healthcare services among pediatric renal transplant patients. Transplantation. 2009;87:1733–1736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarkhin V Kambham N, Li L, et al. Characterization of intra-graft B cells during renal allograft rejection. Kidney Int. 2008;74:664–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy BE, Shah T, Cicciarelli J, Lemley KV Hutchinson IV Cho YW, Kidney transplantation in children and adolescents: an analysis of united network for organ sharing database. Transplant Proc. 2009;41: 1533–1535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejani A, Fine R, Alexander S, Harmon W, Stablein D. Factors predictive of sustained growth in children after renal transplantation. the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. J Pediatr. 1993;122:397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuqua JS. Growth after organ transplantation. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2006;15:162–169.
   Google Scholar
• Turenne MN, Port FK, Strawderman RL, et al. Growth rates in pediatric dialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30:193–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenda R, Watson A, Trompeter R, et al. A randomized trial to assess the impact of early steroid withdrawal on growth in pediatric renal transplantation: the TWIST study. Am J Transplant. 2010;10: 828–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klare B, Montoya CR, Fischer DC, Stangl MJ, Haffner D. Normal adult height after steroid-withdrawal within 6 months of pediatric kidney transplantation: a 20 years single center experience. Transpl Int. 2012;25:276–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motoyama O, Hasegawa A, Aikawa A, et al. Final height in a prospective trial of late steroid withdrawal after pediatric renal transplantation treated with cyclosporine and mizoribine. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;16: 78–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2: CD003264.
   Google Scholar
• Lledo-Garcia E, Hernandez-Fernandez C, Subira-Rios D, et al. Cadaver donor kidney retransplantation in the pediatric patient: complications and long-term outcome. J Urol. 2011;185(Suppl 6):2582–2585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar