Transplant surgery and the obese patient: special considerations

References

• Friedman AN, Miskulin DC, Rosenberg IH, Levey AS. Demographics and trends in overweight and obesity in patients at time of kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(2):480–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Gallagher-Lepak S, Zhu YR, et al. Factors influencing weight gain after renal transplantation. Transplantation. 1993;56(4):822–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(15):1097–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovesdy CP, Czira ME, Rudas A, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2010;10(12):2644–2651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz T, Hudjetz H, Roske AE, et al. Weight gain in long-term survivors of kidney or liver transplantation – another paradigm of sarcopenic obesity? Nutrition. 2012;28(4):378–383.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Cadwell BL, et al. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults. JAMA. 2005;293(15):1868–1874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French SA, Story M, Jeffery RW. Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:309–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann EH, Bower JD, Salahudeen AK. Risk factor paradox in hemodialysis: better nutrition as a partial explanation. ASAIO J. 2001;47(1):74–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Wu DY, et al. Associations of body fat and its changes over time with quality of life and prospective mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(2):202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Streja E, et al. Body mass index and mortality in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40(4):315–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler TH, Cardenas J, Prior JO, et al. Relationship between increasing body weight, insulin resistance, inflammation, adipocytokine leptin, and coronary circulatory function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(6):1188–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet F, Deprele C, Sassolas A, et al. Excessive body weight as a new independent risk factor for clinical and pathological progression in primary IgA nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(4):720–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Valeri AM, Lin J, D’Agati VD. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: an emerging epidemic. Kidney Int. 2001;59(4):1498–1509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praga M, Hernández E, Herrero JC, et al. Influence of obesity on the appearance of proteinuria and renal insufficiency after unilateral nephrectomy. Kidney Int. 2000;58(5):2111–2118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner BM, Cohen RA, Milford EL. In renal transplantation, one size may not fit all. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3(2):162–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan B, Srinivas TR, Meier-Kriesche HU. Factors associated with long-term renal allograft survival. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24(1):36–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore JL, Pham PT, Danovitch GM, et al. Obesity and outcome following renal transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(2):357–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, Mucsi I, et al. Higher recipient body mass index is associated with post-transplant delayed kidney graft function. Kidney Int. 2011;80(2):218–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinbokel T, Floerchinger B, Schmiderer A, et al. Obesity and its impact on transplantation and alloimmunity. Transplantation. 2013;96(1):10–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn TE, Ludwig EA, Slaughter RL, Camara DS, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylprednisolone in obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991 May;49(5):536–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo E, de Cos MA, Sánchez B, et al. High initial blood levels of tacrolimus in overweight renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(3):1453–1454.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata N, Hoshino N, Minouchi T, et al. Relationship between area under the concentration versus time curve of cyclosporin A, creatinine clearance, hematocrit value, and other clinical factors in Japanese renal transplant patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;36(4):202–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson DW, Isbel NM, Brown AM, et al. The effect of obesity on renal transplant outcomes. Transplantation. 2002;74(5):675–681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humar A, Ramcharan T, Denny R, Gillingham KJ, Payne WD, Matas AJ. Are wound complications after a kidney transplant more common with modern immunosuppression? Transplantation. 2001;72(12):1920–1923.
   Google Scholar
• Chung H, Lam VW, Yuen LP, et al. Renal transplantation: better fat than thin. J Surg Res. 2015;194(2):644–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett WM, McEvoy KM, Henell KR, Valente JF, Douzdjian V. Morbid obesity does not preclude successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2004;18(1):89–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill IS, Hodge EE, Novick AC, Steinmuller DR, Garred D. Impact of obesity on renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1993;25(1 Pt 2):1047–1048.
   Google Scholar
• Modlin CS, Flechner SM, Goormastic M, et al. Should obese patients lose weight before receiving a kidney transplant? Transplantation. 1997;64(4):599–604.
   Google Scholar
• Howard RJ, Thai VB, Patton PR, et al. Obesity does not portend a bad outcome for kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2002;73(1):53–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier-Kriesche HU, Arndorfer JA, Kaplan B. The impact of body mass index on renal transplant outcomes: a significant independent risk factor for graft failure and patient death. Transplantation. 2002;73(1):70–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran SP, Famure O, Li Y, Kim SJ. Increased recipient body mass index is associated with acute rejection and other adverse outcomes after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2014;97(1):64–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoletto BB, Fonseca NK, Manfro RC, Gonçalves LF, Leitão CB, Souza GC. Effects of obesity on kidney transplantation outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation. 2014;98(2):167–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier-Kriesche HU, Vaghela M, Thambuganipalle R, Friedman G, Jacobs M, Kaplan B. The effect of body mass index on long-term renal allograft survival. Transplantation. 1999;68(9):1294–1297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merion RM, Twork AM, Rosenberg L, et al. Obesity and renal transplantation. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;172(5):367–376.
   Google Scholar
• Kasiske BL, Anjum S, Shah R, et al. Hypertension after kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(6):1071–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasiske BL; K/DOQI Dyslipidemia Work Group. Clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in kidney transplant patients. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(6):1576.
   Google Scholar
• Rao KV, Andersen RC. Long-term results and complications in renal transplant recipients. Observations in the second decade. Transplantation. 1988;45(1):45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho MF, Soares V. Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor of renal allograft function impairment. Clin Transplant. 2001;15(1):48–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaas H, Fellström B, Cole E, et al. Long-term cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients receiving fluvastatin: the ALERT extension study. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(12):2929–2936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjelmesaeth J, Jenssen T, Hagen M, Egeland T, Hartmann A. Determinants of insulin secretion after renal transplantation. Metabolism. 2003;52(5):573–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson D, Matas AJ. Diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2003;3(2):178–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosio FG, Pesavento TE, Kim S, Osei K, Henry M, Ferguson RM. Patient survival after renal transplantation: IV. Impact of post-transplant diabetes. Kidney Int. 2002;62(4):1440–1446.
   Google Scholar
• Cosio FG, Kudva Y, van der Velde M, et al. New onset hyperglycemia and diabetes are associated with increased cardiovascular risk after kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 2005;67(6):2415–2421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad GV, Huang M, Silver SA, et al. Metabolic syndrome definitions and components in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2015;28(1):79–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira TR, Bassani T, de Souza G, Manfro RC, Gonçalves LF. Obesity in kidney transplant recipients: association with decline in glomerular filtration rate. Ren Fail. 2013;35(9):1199–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon RM, Jones CM, Hughes MG, Eng M, Marvin MR. The impact of recipient obesity on outcomes after renal transplantation. Ann Surg. 2013;257(5):978–984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong KA, Campbell SB, Hawley CM, Nicol DL, Johnson DW, Isbel NM. Obesity is associated with worsening cardiovascular risk factor profiles and proteinuria progression in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(11):2710–2718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum CL, Thielke K, Westin E, Kogan E, Cicalese L, Benedetti E. Predictors of weight gain and cardiovascular risk in a cohort of racially diverse kidney transplant recipients. Nutrition. 2002;18(2):139–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Ham EC, Kooman JP, Christiaans MH, Nieman FH, van Hooff JP. Weight changes after renal transplantation: a comparison between patients on 5-mg maintenance steroid therapy and those on steroid-free immunosuppressive therapy. Transpl Int. 2003;16(5):300–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodle ES, First MR, Pirsch J, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing early (7 day) corticosteroid cessation versus long-term, low-dose corticosteroid therapy. Ann Surg. 2008;248(4):564–577.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman HI, Fazio I, Roth D, et al. Recipient body size and cadaveric renal allograft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(1):151–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streja E, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, et al. Associations of pretransplant weight and muscle mass with mortality in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(6):1463–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar MZ, Streja E, Kovesdy CP, et al. Associations of body mass index and weight loss with mortality in transplant-waitlisted maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Transplant. 2011;11(4):725–736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segev DL, Massie AB, Schold JD, Kaplan B. If you’re not fit, you mustn’t quit: observational studies and weighing the evidence. Am J Transplant. 2011;11(4):652–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huml AM, Sehgal AR. BMI, sex, and access to transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(5):843–844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanton CW, Kao TC, Cruess D, Agodoa LY, Abbott KC. Impact of renal transplantation on survival in end-stage renal disease patients with elevated body mass index. Kidney Int. 2003;63(2):647–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson WK, Houghton SG, Milliner DS, Lieske JC, Sarr MG. Enteric hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and oxalate nephropathy: potentially serious and unappreciated complications of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2005;1(5):481–485.
   Google Scholar
• Evans S, Michael R, Wells H, et al. Drug interaction in a renal transplant patient: cyclosporin-Neoral and orlistat. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(2):493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praga M, Hernández E, Andrés A, León M, Ruilope LM, Rodicio JL. Effects of body-weight loss and captopril treatment on proteinuria associated with obesity. Nephron. 1995;70(1):35–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers CC, Alloway RR, Alexander JW, Cardi M, Trofe J, Vinks AA. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus and sirolimus after gastric bypass surgery in end-stage renal disease and transplant patients: a pilot study. Clin Transplant. 2008;22(3):281–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar