Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5, favorably alters total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in low to moderate cardiovascular risk subjects eligible for statin therapy: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation

References

• WilsonPWFRalphBD’AgostinoRBLevyDBelangerAMSilbershatzHKannelWBPrediction of Coronary Heart Disease Using Risk Factor CategoriesCirculation199897183718479603539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMCleemanJIMerzCNBrewerHBJrClarkLTHunninghakeDBPasternakRCSmithSCJrStoneNJImplications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelinesCirculation200411022273915249516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMCleemanJIMerzCNCoordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education ProgramImplications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelinesArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2004248e149e16115297292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in AdultsExecutive summary of The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)JAMA2001285192486249711368702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchoberSECarrollMDLacherDAHirschRDivision of Health and Nutrition Examination SurveysHigh Serum Total Cholesterol – An Indicator for Monitoring Cholesterol Lowering Efforts: US Adults, 2005–2006. NCHS Data BriefHyattsville, MDUS Department of Health and Human Services2007
   Google Scholar
• AnandSSQuantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. BMJ 2003;326: 1407–408Vasc Med20038428929015125495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThavendiranathanPBagaiABrookhartMAChoudhryNKPrimary prevention of cardiovascular diseases with statin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsArch Intern Med2006166212307231317130382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GottoAMTreating hypercholesterolemia: looking forwardClin Cardiol2003261 Suppl 1I21I2812539819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannDReynoldsKSmithDMuntnerPTrends in statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among US adults: impact of the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelinesAnn Pharmacother20084291208121518648016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PreissDSeshasaiSRWelshPRisk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysisJAMA2011305242556256421693744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HodelCMyopathy and rhabdomyolysis with lipid-lowering drugsToxicol Lett20021281–315916811869826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavidsonMHCombination therapy for dyslipidemia: safety and regulatory considerationsAm J Cardiol20029010B50K60K
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CulverALOckeneISBalasubramanianRStatin use and risk of diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health InitiativeArch Intern Med2012172214415222231607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SattarNPreissDMurrayHMStatins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trialsLancet2010375971673574220167359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatersDDHoJEDeMiccoDAPredictors of new-onset diabetes in patients treated with atorvastatin: results from 3 large randomized clinical trialsJ Am Coll Cardiol201157141535154521453832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajpathakSNKumbhaniDJCrandallJBarzilaiNAldermanMRidkerPMStatin therapy and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisDiabetes Care200932101924192919794004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SabatineMSWiviottSDMorrowDAMcCabeCHCannonCPHigh-dose atorvastatin associated with worse glycemic control: a PROVE-IT TIMI 22 substudyCirculation2004110Suppl IIIS834
   Google Scholar
• KohKKQuonMJHanSHLeeYKimSJShinEKAtorvastatin causes insulin resistance and increases ambient glycemia in hypercholesterolemic patientsJ Am Coll Cardiol201055121209121620298928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CighettiGDel PuppoMParoniRGalli KienleMModulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity by pantetheine/pantethineBiochim Biophys Acta198896323893933196742
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HsuJCTanakaKInayamaIOhtaniSEffects of pantethine on lipogenesis and CO2 production in the isolated hepatocytes of the chick (Gallus domesticus)Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol199210235695721359945
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WittwerCTGahlWAButlerJDZatzMThoeneJGMetabolism of pantethine in cystinosisJ Clin Invest1985764166516724056044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrancaDScutariGSiliprandiNPantethine and pantothenate effect on the CoA content of rat liverInt J Vitam Nutr Res1984542–32112166500846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PriscoDRogasiPGMatucciMEffect of oral treatment with pantethine on platelet and plasma phospholipids in IIa hyperlipoproteinemiaAngiology19873832412473551695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GensiniGFPriscoDRogasiPGMatucciMNeri SerneriGGChanges in fatty acid composition of the single platelet phospholipids induced by pantethine treatmentInt J Clin Pharmacol Res1985553093184066081
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GuthikondaSHaynesWGHomocysteine: role and implications in atherosclerosisCurr Atheroscler Rep20068210010616510043
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MillerALKellyGShomocysteine metabolism: nutritional modulation and impact on health and diseaseAltern Med Rev199724234254
   Google Scholar
• ArsenioLBodriaPMagnatiGStrataATrovatoREffectiveness of long-term treatment with pantethine in patients with dyslipidemiaClin Ther1986855375453094958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaddiADescovichGCNosedaGControlled evaluation of pantethine, a natural hypolipidemic compound, in patients with different forms of hyperlipoproteinemiaAtherosclerosis198450173836365107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarraraPMatturriLGalbusseraMLovatiMRFranceschiniGSirtoriCRPantethine reduces plasma cholesterol and the severity of arterial lesions in experimental hypercholesterolemic rabbitsAtherosclerosis19845332552646442152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BertoliniSDonatiCElicioNLipoprotein changes induced by pantethine in hyperlipoproteinemic patients: adults and childrenInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol198624116306373098691
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MuraiAMiyaharaTTanakaTSakoYNishimuraNKameyamaMThe effects of pantethine on lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in survivors of cerebral infarctionArtery19851242342433935096
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McRaeMPTreatment of hyperlipoproteinemia with pantethine: a review and analysis of efficacy and tolerabilityNutr Res2005254319333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoronelFTorneroFTorrenteJTreatment of hyperlipemia in diabetic patients on dialysis with a physiological substanceAm J Nephrol199111132362048576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RumbergerJANapolitanoJAzumanoIKamiyaTEvansMPantethine, a derivative of vitamin B(5) used as a nutritional supple ment, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigationNutr Res201131860861521925346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YuhaszMSPhysical Fitness ManualUniversity of Western OntarioLondon, Canada1997
   Google Scholar
• MoscaFFattoriniDBompadreSLittarruGPAssay of Coenzyme Q10 in Plasma by a Single Dilution StepAnal Biochem3052002495412018945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PyöräläKDe BackerGGrahamIPoole-WilsonPWoodDPrevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology, European Atherosclerosis Society and European Society of HypertensionEur Heart J19941510130013317821306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastelliWPAndersonKWilsonPWLevyDLipids and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham StudyAnn Epidemiol199221–223281342260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VerschurenWMJacobsDRBloembergBPSerum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries studyJAMA199527421311367596000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuchwaldHVarcoRLMattsJPEffect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH)N Engl J Med1990323149469552205799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’KeefeJHCordainLHarrisWHMoeRMVogelROptimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dl: lower is better and physiologically normalJ Am Coll Cardiol200443112142214615172426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GolombBACriquiMHWhiteHDimsdaleJEConceptual foundations of the UCSD Statin Study: a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of statins on cognition, behavior, and biochemistryArch Intern Med2004164215316214744838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SchaeferEJLamon-FavaSCohnSDEffects of age, gender, and menopausal status on plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in the Framingham Offspring StudyJ Lipid Res19943557797928071601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative GroupMRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trialLancet2002360932672212114036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShepherdJBlauwGJMurphyMBPROSPER study groupPROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trialLancet200236093461623163012457784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research GroupThe Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT)JAMA2002288232998300712479764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeverPSDahlöfBPoulterNRASCOT investigatorsPrevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trialLancet200336193641149115812686036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)Lancet19943448934138313897968073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SacksFMPfefferMAMoyeLAThe effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigatorsN Engl J Med199633514100110098801446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study GroupN Engl J Med199833919134913579841303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShepherdJCobbeSMFordIPrevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study GroupN Engl J Med199533320130113077566020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DownsJRClearfieldMWeisSPrimary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention StudyJAMA199827920161516229613910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LawMRWaldNJThompsonSGBy how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?BMJ199430869253673728043072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RefsumHNurkESmithADThe Hordaland Homocysteine Study: a community-based study of homocysteine, its determinants, and associations with diseaseJ Nutr2006136Suppl 61731S1740S16702348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LonnEYusufSArnoldMJHeart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 InvestigatorsHomocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular diseaseN Engl J Med2006354151567157716531613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkeRHalseyJLewingtonSB-Vitamin Treatment Trialists’ CollaborationEffects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individualsArch Intern Med2010170181622163120937919
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MolyneuxSLYoungJMFlorkowskiCMLeverMGeorgePMCoenzyme Q10: is there a clinical role and a case for measurement?Clin Biochem Rev2008292718218787645
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GhirlandaGOradeiAMantoAEvidence of plasma CoQ10-lowering effect by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Clin Pharmacol19933332262298463436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SanzYSantacruzAGauffinPGut microbiota in obesity and metabolic disordersProc Nutr Soc201069343444120540826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RussellWRDuncanSHFlintHJThe gut microbial metabolome: modulation of cancer risk in obese individualsProc Nutr Soc201372117818823174203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesMLTomaro-DuchesneauCMartoniCJPrakashSCholesterol lowering with bile salt hydrolase-active probiotic bacteria, mechanism of action, clinical evidence, and future direction for heart health applicationsExpert Opin Biol Ther201313563164223350815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CraigJASnellEEThe comparative activities of pantethine, pantothenic acid, and coenzyme A for various microorganismsJ Bacteriol195161328329114824110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UedaMNakamotoSNakaiRTakagiAEstablishment of a defined minimal medium and isolation of auxotrophic mutants for Bifidobacterium Bifidium ES 5J Gen Appl Microbiol198329103114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GyörgyPRoseCFurther observations on the metabolic requirements of Lactobacillus bifidus var. pennsylvanicusJ Bacteriol195569548349014381364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SultanbawaYEffects of bifidogenic factors on growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum in cultured milk yoghurtJ Natn Sci Foundation Sri Lanka2006344205209
   Google Scholar