751
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 45-55 | Published online: 15 Apr 2020

References

  • HR2- agriculture Improvement Act of 2018. House-Agriculture, H. Rept. 115–661; H Rept 115–1072, 12/20/2018 Became Law No: 115–334.
  • Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd?fbclid=IwAR0YsxJ-2NI1rJtEbu3Hy6-sP3vlE_xBDrSe6yfoueKNtI3KIqYiTHlv6AQ#legaltosell. Accessed 327, 2020.
  • S.784 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994, Senate -Labor and Human Resouces Committee- Energy and Commerce, S. Rept 103–410; 10/25/1994 Became Public Law No: 103–417.
  • Kogan LR, Hellyer PW, Robinson NG. Consumers perceptions of hemp products for animals. Amer Hol Vet Med Assoc J. 2016;42:41–48.
  • Kogan LR, Hellyer PW, Silcox S, Schoenfeld-Tacher R. Canadian dog owners’ use and perceptions of cannabis products. Can Vet J. 2019;60:749–755.31281193
  • Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Capasso R, DiMarzo V, Mechoulam R. Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb. Trends Pharma Sci. 2009;30:515–527. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.006
  • White CM. A review of human studies assessing cannabidiol’s therapeutic actions and potential. J Clin Pharm.2019;59:1–31. doi:10.1002/jcph.1387
  • Landa L, Sulcova A, Gbelec P. The use of cannabinoids in animals and therapeutic implications for veterinary medicine: a review. Vet Med. 2016;61:111–122. doi:10.17221/8762-VETMED
  • Mastinu A, Ribaudo G, Ongaro A, Bonini SA, Memo M, Gianoncielli A. Critical Review on the Chemical Aspects of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Harmonization of Computational Bioactivity Data. Curr Med Chem. 2020. doi:10.2174/0929867327666200210144847
  • Premoli M, Aria F, Bonini S, et al. Cannabidiol: recent advanced and new insights for neuropsychiatric disorders treatment. Life Sci. 2019;224:120–127. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.05330910646
  • Pavlovuc R, Neena G, Calvi L, et al. Quality traits of “cannabidiol oils”: cannabinoid content, terpene fingerprint and oxidation stability of European commercially available preparations. Molecules. 2018;23:1–22.
  • Meng Q, Buchanan B, Zuccolo J, Poulin MM, Gabriele J, Baranowski DC. A reliable and validated LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of 4 cannabinoids in 40 consumer products. PLoS One. 2018;13:1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196396
  • Bonn-Miller MO, Loflin MJ, Thomas BF, Marcu JP, Hypke T, Vandrey R. Labeling accuracy of cannabidiol extracts sold online. J Am Med Assoc. 2017;318:1708–1709. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11909
  • Hazekamp A. The trouble with CBD oil. Med Cannabis Cannabin. 2018;1:65–72. doi:10.1159/000489287
  • Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Stefanelli F, Chericoni S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Bedrocan®, a cannabis oil extract, in fasting and fed dogs: an explorative study. Res Vet Sci. 2019;123:26–28. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.00330580232
  • Gamble LJ, Boesch JM, Frye CW, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:165. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.0016530083539
  • Bartner LR, McGrath S, Rao S, Hyatt LK, Wittenburg LA. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered by 3 delivery methods at 2 different dosages to healthy dogs. Can J Vet Res. 2018;82:178–183.30026641
  • McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Packer RA, Gustafson DL. Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of oral cannabidiol administration in addition to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;254:1301–1308. doi:10.2460/javma.254.11.130131067185
  • Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety assessment with use of CBD-rich hemp nutraceutical in healthy dogs and cats. Animals. 2019;9. doi:10.3390/ani9100832
  • Citti C, Pacchetti B, Vandelli MA, Forni F, Cannazza G. Analysis of cannabinoids in commercial hemp seed oil and decarboxylation kinetics studies of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018;149:532–540. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.04429182999
  • Hine B, Toreelio M, Gershon S. Analgesic, heart rate, and temperature effects of delta8-THC during acute and chronic administration to conscious rats. Pharmacology. 1977;15:63–72. doi:10.1159/00013666414347
  • Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, et al. Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: a novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry.cannabis. Cannabinoid Res. 2016;1:262–271. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0020
  • Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Parker LA. Effect of cannabidiolic acid and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in a rodent model of inflammatory pain. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2018;235:3259–3271. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5034-1
  • Takeda S, Misawa K, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Cannabidiolic acid as a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory component in cannabis. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36:1917–1921. doi:10.1124/dmd.108.02090918556441
  • Eichler M, Spinedi L, Unfer-Grauwiler S, et al. Heat exposure of Cannabis sativa extracts affects the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile in healthy male subjects. Planta Med. 2012;78:686–691. doi:10.1055/s-0031-129833422411724
  • USDA Hemp Testing Guidelines. Available from: https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/hemp/information-laboratories.
  • The Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR), Hemp program; M.G.L.c. 128 Section 116–123 in Massachusetts.
  • Richins RD, Rodriguez-Uribe L, Lowe K, Ferral R, O’Connell MA. Accumulation of bioactive metabolites in cultivated medical cannabis. PLoS One. 2018;13(7)):e0201119Jul 23 eCollection 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.020111930036388
  • Baron EP. Medicinal properties of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids in cannabis, and benefits in migraine, headache, and pain: an update on current evidence and cannabis science. Headache. 2018;58:1139–1186. doi:10.1111/head.1334530152161
  • Russo EB. The case for the entourage effect and conventional breeding of clinical cannabis: no “strain,” no gain. Front Plant Sci. 2019;9:1969. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.0196930687364
  • Huntsman RJ, Tang-Wai R, Alcorn J, et al. Dosage related efficacy and tolerability of cannabidiol in children with treatment-resistant epileptic encephalopathy: preliminary results of the CARE-E study. Front Neurol. 2019;10:716. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.0071631333569
  • Pamplona FA, da Silva LR, AC C. Potential clinical benefits of CBD-rich cannabis extracts over purified CBD in treatment-resistant epilepsy: observational data meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:759. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.0075930258398
  • Craven CB, Wawryk N, Jiang P, Liu Z, Li XF. Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities. J Environ Sci. 2019;85:82–93. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.028
  • Linger P, Mussig J, Fischer H, Kobert J. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growing on heavy metal contaminated soil: fibre quality and phytoremediation potential. Indust Crops Prod. 2012;16:33–42. doi:10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00005-5
  • Antonkiewicz J, Jasiewicz C. The use of plants accumulating heavy metals for detoxification of chemically polluted soils. Elec J Polish Agric Univers. 2002;5:1–18.
  • Dryburgh LM, Bolan NS, Grof CPL, et al. Cannabis contaminants: sources, distribution, human toxicity and pharmacologic effects. Br J Clin Pharm. 2018;84:2468–2476. doi:10.1111/bcp.13695