References
- The Kennel ClubBreed Registration Statistics2014 Available from: http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/registration/breed-registration-statisticsAccessed September 1, 2014
- PollingerJPBustamanteCDFledel-AlonASchmutzSGrayMMWayneRKSelective sweep mapping of genes with large phenotypic effectsGenome Res200515121809181916339379
- StockardCRThe Genetic and Endocrinic Basis for Differences in form and Behavior: As Elucidated by Studies of Contrasted Pure-Line Dog Breeds and Their Hybrids19PhiladelphiaThe Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology1941
- PackerRMAHendricksABurnCCDo dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformational inherited disorders as ‘normal’ for the breed? A potential constraint to improving canine welfareAnim Welf201221Suppl 18193
- EvansHEMiller’s Anatomy of the DogPhiladelphiaSaunders1993
- BrehmHLoefflerKKomeyliHThe shapes of the canine skullAnat Histol Embryol1985143243312936276
- RegodonSVivoJFrancoACraniofacial angle in dolicho-, meso- and brachycephalic dogs: radiological determination and applicationAnn Anat19931753613638363043
- American Kennel ClubThe Complete Dog Book20 edNew York, NYBallatine Books2006
- EllisJLThomasonJKebreabEZubairKFranceJCranial dimensions and forces of biting in the domestic dogJ Anat2009214336237319245503
- NollerCHueberJPAupperleHNew Aspects of Brachycephalia in Dogs and Cats. Basics: Insights into Embryology, Anatomy and PathophysiologyUniversitat LeipzigLeipzig, Germany2008
- LorenzKFrom Studies in Animal and Human BehaviorIILondonMethuen and Co, Ltd1971
- The Kennel ClubPug Breed Standard2012 Available from: http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=6164Accessed November 1, 2012
- The Kennel ClubBulldog Breed Standard2010 Available from: http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084Accessed November 1, 2012
- The Kennel ClubPekingese Breed Standard2008 Available from: http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=6162Accessed November 1, 2012
- OechteringGUBrachycephalic syndrome: new information on an old congenital diseaseVet Focus201020229
- PackerRMAHendricksATiversMSBurnCCShort muzzle; short of breath? The effect of conformation on the risk of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in domestic dogsPaper presented at: UFAW International Animal Welfare Science Symposium4–5th July, 2013Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- SingletonWBPartial velum palatiectomy for relief of dyspnea in brachycephalic breedsJ Small Anim Pract19623215216
- RiecksTWBirchardSJStephensJASurgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991–2004)J Am Vet Med Assoc200723091324132817472557
- HendricksJCRecognition and treatment of congenital respiratory tract defects in brachycephalicsBonaguraJDKirk’s Veterinary Therapy XIIPhiladelphiaWB Saunders1995892
- DupreGPBrachycephalic syndrome: new knowledge, new treatments33rd World Small Animal Veterinary Association CongressAugust 20–24, 20082008Dublin, Ireland
- AronDNCroweDTUpper airway-obstruction – general-principles and selected conditions in the dog and catVet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract19851558919172416110
- HendricksJCKlineLRKovalskiRJO’BrienJAMorrisonARPackAIThe English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathingJ Appl Physiol1987634134413503693167
- KnechtCDUpper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogsComp Cont Educ Pract Vet197912530
- HarveyCEInherited and congenital airway conditionsJ Small Anim Pract1989303184187
- LorinsonDBrightRMWhiteRBrachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome – a review of 118 casesCanine Pract1997225–61821
- PoncetCMDupreGPFreicheVGEstradaMMPoubanneYABouvyBMPrevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndromeJ Small Anim Pract200546627327915971897
- TorrezCVHuntGBResults of surgical correction of abnormalities associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs in AustraliaJ Small Anim Pract200647315015416512847
- PoncetCMDupreGPFreicheVGBouvyBMLong-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment in 51 brachycephalic dogsJ Small Anim Pract200647313714216512845
- WykesPMBrachycephalic airway obstructive syndromeProbl Vet Med1991321881971802247
- HoltDEUpper airway obstruction, stertor, and stridorKingLGTextbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and CatsSt LouisElsevier20043542
- OhnishiTOguraJHPartitioning of pulmonary resistance in the dogLaryngoscope196979184718785361618
- LeonardHCSurgical relief for stenotic nares in a dogJ Am Vet Med Assoc195612853013319181
- De LorenziDBertoncelloDDrigoMBronchial abnormalities found in a consecutive series of 40 brachycephalic dogsJ Am Vet Med Assoc2009235783584019793013
- OechteringGUBrachycephalics – trapped in man-made misery?Paper presented at: XXIV Symposium on Current Diseases of Small Animals14–16th April 20112011Portoroz, Slovenia
- HendricksJCBrachycephalic airway syndromeVet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract1992225114511531523786
- GoldbergMLangmanVTaylorCPanting in dogs: paths of air flow in response to heat and exerciseRespir Physiol19814333273387280382
- Schmidt-NielsenKBretzWTaylorCPanting in dogs: unidirectional air flow over evaporative surfacesScience1970169110211045449323
- BaileEGuillemiSParéPTracheobronchial and upper airway blood flow in dogs during thermally induced pantingJ Appl Physiol1987636224022463436860
- BlattCTaylorCHabalMThermal panting in dogs: the lateral nasal gland, a source of water for evaporative coolingScience19721778048055052734
- OechteringGUSchluterCLippertJPBrachycephaly in dog and cat: a ‘human induced’ obstruction of the upper airwaysPneumologie20106445045220632241
- NegusVThe Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal SinusesLondonE and S Livingstone Ltd1958
- GinnJAKumarMSAMcKiernanBCPowersBENasopharyngeal turbinates in brachycephalic dogs and catsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc200844524324918762560
- HueberJSmithHReinholdPBrachycephalic airway syndrome: effects of partial turbinectomy on intranasal airway resistancePaper presented at: The 25th Symposium of the Veterinary Comparative Respiratory Society2009Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- OechteringGHueberJOechteringTLaser-assisted turbinectomy (LATE) – treating brachycephalic airway distress at its intranasal originVet Surg20073618
- WalterASeegerJOechteringGDolichocephalic versus brachycephalic conchae nasales – a microscopic anatomical analysis in dogsPaper presented at: XXVII Congress of the Association of Veterinary Anatomists2008Budapest, Hungary
- LippertJPReinholdPSmithHJGeometry and function of the canine nose: how does the function change when the form is changed?Pneumologie201064745245320632242
- HueberJImpulse oscillometric examination of intranasal airway resistance before and after laser-assisted turbinectomy for treatment of brachycephalic airway syndrome in the dog [Doctoral thesis]University of Leipzig;2008
- MonnetEBrachycephalic airway syndromeSlatterDTextbook of Small Animal SurgeryPhiladelphiaWB Saunders2003808813
- OrsherRJBrachycephalic airway diseaseBojrabJDisease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery2 edPhiladelphiaLea and Febiger1993369
- KochDAArnoldSHublerMMontavonPMBrachycephalic syndrome in dogsComp Cont Educ Pract Vet200325148
- LeonardHCCollapse of the larynx and adjacent structures in the dogJ Am Vet Med Assoc196013736036314415784
- CookWRObservations on the upper respiratory tract of the dog and catJ Small Anim Pract19645309329
- PinkJJDoyleRSHughesJMLTobinEBellengerCLaryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppiesJ Small Anim Pract200647313113516512844
- HarveyCEFinkEATracheal diameter – analysis of radiographic measurements in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc1982184570576
- ManensJRicciRDamoiseauxCEffect of body weight loss on cardiopulmonary function assessed by 6-minute walk test and arterial blood gas analysis in obese dogsJ Vet Intern Med20142837137824351032
- BrownDGregorySBrachycephalic Airway DiseaseBSAVACheltenham, UK2005
- HedlundCSBrachycephalic Syndrome4 edBaltimoreThe Williams & Wilkins Co.1998
- MurgiaDPivettaMBowltKVolmerCHollowayADennisRIntranasal epidermoid cyst causing upper airway obstruction in three brachycephalic dogsJ Small Anim Pract201455843143524697627
- CoyneBEFinglandRBHypoplasia of the trachea in dogs – 103 cases (1974–1990)J Am Vet Med Assoc199220157687721399783
- AdsheadSReducing the risk of anaesthetic complications in patients with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndromeVet Nurse2014527887
- CluttonRRespiratory diseaseSeymourCDuke-NovakovskiTBSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaGloucesterBSAVA2007200219
- ThomsonSOphthalmic surgerySeymourCDuke-NovakovskiTBSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaGloucesterBSAVA2007183194
- AmengualMFlahertyDAuckburallyABellAScottEPawsonPAn evaluation of anaesthetic induction in healthy dogs using rapid intravenous injection of propofol or alfaxaloneVet Anaesth Analg201340211512322789018
- McNallyERobertsonSPabloLComparison of time to de-saturation between pre-oxygenated and non preoxygenated dogs following sedation with acepromazine maleate and morphine and induction of anaesthesia with propofolAm J Vet Res200970111333133819878015
- PichettoMArrighiSRoccabiancaPRomussiSThe anatomy of the dog soft palate. II. Histological evaluation of the caudal soft palate in brachyephalic breeds with grade I brachycephalic airway obstruction syndromeAnat Rec (Hoboken)201129471267127221634020
- SchlotthauerCFCongenital defects in the stomach of a dogJ Am Vet Med Assoc192975370371
- FarquharsonJSmithDWResection of the soft palate in the dogJ Am Vet Med Assoc1942100427430
- HarveyCESoft palate resection in brachycephalic dogsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc1982184538544
- WallaceLJCleft palate surgery in the dogProc Am Anim Hosp Assoc197239641644
- HofmeyrCFBSurgery of the pharynxVet Clin Small Anim Pract19722316
- BakerGJSurgery of the canine pharynx and larynxJ Small Anim Pract1972135055135079566
- ElkinsADSoft palate resection in brachycephalic dogsVet Forum2005224346
- ClarkGNSinibaldiKRUse of a carbon dioxide laser for treatment of elongated soft palate in dogsJ Am Vet Med Assoc199420411177917818063599
- DavidsonEBDavisMSCampbellGAEvaluation of carbon dioxide laser and conventional incisional techniques for resection of soft palates in brachycephalic dogsJ Am Vet Med Assoc200121977678111561652
- FindjiLDupreGFolded flap palatoplasty for treatment of elongated soft palates in 55 dogsVet Med Austria2008955663
- HarveyCUpper airway obstruction surgery. II. Soft palate resection in brachycephalic dogsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc198218538544
- TraderRLNose operationJ Am Vet Med Assoc1949114210211
- HuckJLStanleyBJHauptmanJGTechnique and outcome of nares amputation (trader’s technique) in immature shih tzusJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc2008442828518316444
- O’BrienJAHarveyCEDiseases of the Upper Airway Textbook of Veterinary Internal MedicinePhiladelphiaWB Saunders1975
- HarveyCEStenotic nares surgery in brachycephalic dogsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc1982184535537
- BlakelyCLRepair of nasal cartilage in dogsNorth Am Vet195132628
- KaganKNasal CavityBojrabMJCurrent Techniques in Small Animal Surgery2 edPhiladelphiaLea and Febiger1983371374
- EngenMHThe external naresBojrabMJCurrent Techniques in Small Animal SurgeryPhiladelphiaLea and Febiger1975375382
- EllisonGWAlapexy: an alternative technique for repair of stenotic nares in dogsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc200440648448915533969
- TrostelCTFrankelDJPunch resection alaplasty technique in dogs and cats with stenotic nares: 14 casesJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc201046151120045831
- RudorfHLaneJGWottonPREverted laryngeal saccules: ultra-sonographic findings in a young Lakeland terrierJ Small Anim Pract199940733833910444754
- LeonardHCEversion of the lateral ventricles of the larynx in dogs – five casesJ Am Vet Med Assoc19571288384
- HarveyCEEverted laryngeal saccule surgery in brachycephalic dogsJ Am Anim Hosp Assoc1982184545547
- KaganKGSurgical Management of Laryngeal ObstructionAmerican College of Veterinary Surgeons Surgical ForumChicago, USA1981
- ReiterAHoltDPalateTobiasKJohnstonSVeterinary Surgery Small AnimalIIMissouriElsevier Saunders201217071717
- WhiteRSurgical management of laryngeal collapse associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogsJ Small Anim Pract201253445022122300
- TrinterudTNelissenPWhiteRASUse of silicone tracheal stoma stents for temporary tracheostomy in dogs with upper airway obstructionJ Small Anim Pract2014551155155925208924
- FasanellaFShivleyJWardlawJGivaruangsawatSBrachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991–2008)J Am Vet Med Assoc20102371048105121034343
- MannFWagner-MannCAllertJComparison of intranasal and intratracheal oxygen administration in healthy awake dogsAm J Vet Res19925358568601524316
- SennDSigristNForterreFHowardJSprengDRetrospective evaluation of postoperative nasotracheal tubes for oxygen supplementation in dogs following surgery for brachycephalic syndrome: 36 cases (2003–2007)J Vet Emerg Crit Care2011213261267
- NicholsonIBainesSComplications associated with temporary tracheostomy tubes in 42 dogs (1998 to 2007)J Small Anim Pract201253210811422283793
- BeausoleilNJMellorDJIntroducing breathlessness as a significant animal welfare issueN Z Vet J2014631445125004795
- LansingRGracelyRBanzettRThe multiple dimensions of dyspnea: review and hypothesesRespir Physiol Neurobiol20091671536018706531
- BernaertsFTalaveraJLeemansJDescription of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndromeVet J20101839510218952471
- GossellinJWrenJSunderlandSCanine obesity: an overviewJ Vet Pharmacol Ther200730110
- ManensJBologninMBernaertsFDiezMKirschvinkNClercxCEffects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogsVet J2012193121722122099184
- ArmanKA new direction for kennel club regulations and breed standardsCan Vet J200748995396417966340
- LaurenceCBalancing pedigree dog breed standards and animal welfare – is it possible?Vet Rec200916448148219455758
- PackerRHendricksABurnCConference Report: Building Better Brachycephalics 2013North MymmsRoyal Veterinary College2014