Evidence-based approach for managing hypertension in type 2 diabetes

References

• HuangESBasuAO’GradyMCaprettaJCProjecting the future diabetes population size and related costs for the U.SDiabetes Care200932122225222919940225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WildSRoglicGGreenASicreeRKingHGlobal prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030Diabetes Care20042751047105315111519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaffnerSMLehtoSRonnemaaTPyoralaKLaaksoMMortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarctionN Engl J Med199833942292349673301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KannelWBMcGeeDLDiabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham studyJAMA19792411920352038430798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MansonJEColditzGAStampferMJA prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in womenArch Intern Med19911516114111472043016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaaksoMHyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetesDiabetes199948593794210331395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SowersJREpsteinMDiabetes mellitus and associated hypertension, vascular disease, and nephropathy. An updateHypertension1995266 Pt 18698797490142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MolitchMEDeFronzoRAFranzMJNephropathy in diabetesDiabetes Care200427Suppl 1S79S8314693934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CiullaTAAmadorAGZinmanBDiabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapiesDiabetes Care20032692653266412941734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimonsonDCEtiology and prevalence of hypertension in diabetic patientsDiabetes Care198811108218273073072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS): IPrevalence of hypertension in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients and the association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complicationsJ Hypertens19931133093178387089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortality findings for stepped-care and referred-care participants in the hypertension detection and follow-up program, stratified by other risk factors. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Research GroupPrev Med19851433123352865725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS): IIIncreased risk of cardiovascular complications in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patientsJ Hypertens19931133193258387090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TurnerRCMillnsHNeilHARisk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23)BMJ199831671348238289549452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MehlerPSJeffersBWEstacioRSchrierRWAssociations of hypertension and complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusAm J Hypertens19971021521619037322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchrierRWEstacioROEslerAMehlerPEffects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokesKidney Int20026131086109711849464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KohnerEMAldingtonSJStrattonIMUnited Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factorsArch Ophthalmol199811632973039514482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38 UK Prospective Diabetes Study GroupBMJ199831771607037139732337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolmanRRPaulSKBethelMANeilHAMatthewsDRLong-term follow-up after tight control of blood pressure in type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2008359151565157618784091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CurbJDPresselSLCutlerJAEffect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research GroupJAMA199627623188618928968014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuomilehtoJRastenyteDBirkenhagerWHEffects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial InvestigatorsN Engl J Med1999340967768410053176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanssonLZanchettiACarruthersSGEffects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study GroupLancet19983519118175517629635947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study InvestigatorsLancet2000355920025325910675071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RydenLStandlEBartnikMGuidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)Eur Heart J20072818813617220161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosendorffCBlackHRCannonCPTreatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and PreventionCirculation2007115212761278817502569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChobanianAVBakrisGLBlackHRSeventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood PressureHypertension20034261206125214656957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationAm J Kidney Dis2002392 Suppl 1S1S26611904577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Executive summary: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2010Diabetes Care33Suppl 1S4S1020042774
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AdlerAIStrattonIMNeilHAAssociation of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational studyBMJ2000321725841241910938049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EstacioROCollJRTranZVSchrierRWEffect of intensive blood pressure control with valsartan on urinary albumin excretion in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetesAm J Hypertens200619121241124817161769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MogensenCEMicroalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetesN Engl J Med198431063563606690964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GersteinHCMannJFYiQAlbuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individualsJAMA2001286442142611466120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MattockMBMorrishNJVibertiGKeenHFitzgeraldAPJacksonGProspective study of microalbuminuria as predictor of mortality in NIDDMDiabetes19924167367411587400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GodleyPJMaueSKFarrellyEWFrechFThe need for improved medical management of patients with concomitant hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Manag Care200511420621015839181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GudbjornsdottirSEeg-OlofssonKCederholmJZetheliusBEliassonBNilssonPMRisk factor control in patients with Type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease: findings from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)Diabet Med2009261536019125761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannDMWoodwardMYeFKrousel-WoodMMuntnerPTrends in medication use among US adults with diabetes mellitus: glycemic control at the expense of controlling cardiovascular risk factorsArch Intern Med2009169181718172019822830
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFarlaneSIJacoberSJWinerNControl of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes and hypertension at urban academic medical centersDiabetes Care200225471872311919131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeanDLSimpsonSHMcAlisterFATsuyukiRTTreatment and blood pressure control in 47,964 people with diabetes and hypertension: a systematic review of observational studiesCan J Cardiol2006221085586016957803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrevostGPhanTMMounier-VehierCFontainePControl of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in a French national study (Phenomen)Diabetes Metab200531547948516357792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaumELietzauSStegmaierCBrennerHRothenbacherDFor the majority of patients with diabetes blood pressure and lipid management is not in line with recommendations. Results from a large population-based cohort in GermanyPharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf200817548549418383562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BertholetNFavratBFallab-StubiCLBrunnerHRBurnierMWhy Objective Monitoring of Compliance is Important in the Management of HypertensionJ Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)20002425826211416658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CramerJABenedictAMuszbekNKeskinaslanAKhanZMThe significance of compliance and persistence in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: a reviewInt J Clin Pract2008621768717983433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZidekWNaditch-BruleLPerliniSFarsangCKjeldsenSEBlood pressure control and components of the metabolic syndrome: the GOOD surveyCardiovasc Diabetol200985119754934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StuckeyHLDellasegaCGraberNJMaugerDTLendelIGabbayRADiabetes nurse case management and motivational interviewing for change (DYNAMIC): study design and baseline characteristics in the Chronic Care Model for type 2 diabetesContemp Clin Trials200930436637419328244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GabbayRADurdockKThe use of motivational interviewing to improve elderly diabetic patient’s adherence to treatment recommendationsLignalliATHandbook of Type 2 Diabetes in the Middle Aged and ElderlyNova Science20095768
   Google Scholar
• SchroederKFaheyTEbrahimSHow can we improve adherence to blood pressure-lowering medication in ambulatory care? Systematic review of randomized controlled trialsArch Intern Med2004164772273215078641
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PhillipsLSBranchWTCookCBClinical inertiaAnn Intern Med2001135982583411694107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KerrEAZikmund-FisherBJKlamerusMLSubramanianUHoganMMHoferTPThe role of clinical uncertainty in treatment decisions for diabetic patients with uncontrolled blood pressureAnn Intern Med20081481071772718490685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-GuillénVOrozco-BeltránDPérezRPClinical inertia in diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in primary care: Quantification and associated factorsBlood Press201019131019929287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KhanLMincemoyerSGabbayRADiabetes registries: where we are and where are we headed?Diabetes Technol Ther200911425526219344200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Improvingchroniccare.org [homepage on the Internet]. The chronic care model [updated 2009].http://www.improvingchroniccare.org/. Accessed April 28, 2010
   Google Scholar
• RuggenentiPFassiAIlievaAPPreventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2004351191941195115516697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanssonLLindholmLHNiskanenLEffect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trialLancet1999353915361161610030325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NiskanenLHednerTHanssonLLankeJNiklasonAReduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients on first-line therapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with a diuretic/beta-blocker-based treatment regimen: a subanalysis of the Captopril Prevention ProjectDiabetes Care200124122091209611723089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AhmadJSiddiquiMAAhmadHEffective postponement of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuriaDiabetes Care19972010157615819314638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewisEJHunsickerLGBainRPRohdeRDThe effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study GroupN Engl J Med199332920145614628413456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RavidMBroshDLeviZBar-DayanYRavidDRachmaniRUse of enalapril to attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trialAnn Intern Med199812812 Pt 19829889625684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RavidMLangRRachmaniRLishnerMLong-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 7-year follow-up studyArch Intern Med199615632862898572838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SanoTKawamuraTMatsumaeHEffects of long-term enalapril treatment on persistent micro-albuminuria in well-controlled hypertensive and normotensive NIDDM patientsDiabetes Care19941754204248062609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoschJLonnEPogueJArnoldJMDagenaisGRYusufSLong-term effects of ramipril on cardiovascular events and on diabetes: results of the HOPE study extensionCirculation200511291339134616129815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WingLMReidCMRyanPA comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting – enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderlyN Engl J Med2003348758359212584366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EstacioROJeffersBWHiattWRBiggerstaffSLGiffordNSchrierRWThe effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertensionN Engl J Med1998338106456529486993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanssonLLindholmLHEkbomTRandomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 studyLancet199935491921751175610577635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TattiPPahorMByingtonRPOutcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDMDiabetes Care19982145976039571349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrennerBMCooperMEde ZeeuwDEffects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathyN Engl J Med20013451286186911565518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewisEJHunsickerLGClarkeWRRenoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med20013451285186011565517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParvingHHLehnertHBrochner-MortensenJGomisRAndersenSArnerPThe effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med20013451287087811565519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannJFSchmiederREDyalLEffect of telmisartan on renal outcomes: a randomized trialAnn Intern Med2009151111019451556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DahlofBDevereuxRBKjeldsenSECardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenololLancet20023599311995100311937178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LithellHHanssonLSkoogIThe Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trialJ Hypertens200321587588612714861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuliusSKjeldsenSEWeberMOutcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trialLancet200436394262022203115207952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YusufSTeoKAndersonCEffects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trialLancet200837296441174118318757085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarnettAHBainSCBouterPAngiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathyN Engl J Med2004351191952196115516696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LacourciereYBelangerAGodinCLong-term comparison of losartan and enalapril on kidney function in hypertensive type 2 diabetics with early nephropathyKidney Int200058276276910916100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YusufSTeoKKPogueJTelmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular eventsN Engl J Med2008358151547155918378520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PfefferMAMcMurrayJJVelazquezEJValsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or bothN Engl J Med2003349201893190614610160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannJFSchmiederREMcQueenMRenal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trialLancet2008372963854755318707986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)JAMA2002288232981299712479763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrownMJPalmerCRCastaigneAMorbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT)Lancet2000356922736637210972368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanssonLHednerTLund-JohansenPRandomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) studyLancet2000356922735936510972367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PepineCJHandbergEMCooper-DeHoffRMA calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trialJAMA2003290212805281614657064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JamersonKWeberMABakrisGLBenazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patientsN Engl J Med2008359232417242819052124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BakrisGLTotoRDMcCulloughPARochaRPurkayasthaDDavisPEffects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD studyKidney Int200873111303130918354383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BakrisGLSarafidisPAWeirMRDahlofBPittBJamersonKRenal Outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trialLancet2010 Published online February 18, 2010, www.thelancet.com
   Google Scholar
• BakrisGLWeirMRSecicMCampbellBWeis-McNultyADifferential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy progressionKidney Int20046561991200215149313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChapmanNDobsonJWilsonSEffect of spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertensionHypertension200749483984517309946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de SouzaFMuxfeldtEFiszmanRSallesGEfficacy of spironolactone therapy in patients with true resistant hypertensionHypertension55114715219858405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UmpierrezGECanteyPSmileyDPrimary aldosteronism in diabetic subjects with resistant hypertensionDiabetes Care20073071699170317429062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParvingHHPerssonFLewisJBLewisEJHollenbergNKAliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathyN Engl J Med2008358232433244618525041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PatelAMacMahonSChalmersJEffects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trialLancet2007370959082984017765963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MogensenCEVibertiGHalimiSEffect of low-dose perindopril/indapamide on albuminuria in diabetes: preterax in albuminuria regression: PREMIERHypertension20034151063107112654706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BakrisGLWeirMRAchieving goal blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: conventional versus fixed-dose combination approachesJ Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)20035320220912826783
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AppelLJBrandsMWDanielsSRKaranjaNElmerPJSacksFMDietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart AssociationHypertension200647229630816434724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SacksFMSvetkeyLPVollmerWMEffects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research GroupN Engl J Med2001344131011136953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeterJEStamBEKokFJGrobbeeDEGeleijnseJMInfluence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsHypertension200342587888412975389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StevensVJObarzanekECookNRLong-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase IIAnn Intern Med2001134111111187414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WheltonSPChinAXinXHeJEffect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trialsAnn Intern Med2002136749350311926784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithSCJrAllenJBlairSNAHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteCirculation2006113192363237216702489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RodbardHWJellingerPSDavidsonJAStatement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic controlEndocr Pract200915654055919858063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GressTWNietoFJShaharEWoffordMRBrancatiFLHypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities StudyN Engl J Med20003421390591210738048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuptaAKDahlofBDobsonJSeverPSWedelHPoulterNRDeterminants of new-onset diabetes among 19,257 hypertensive patients randomized in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Lowering Arm and the relative influence of antihypertensive medicationDiabetes Care200831598298818235048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar