Uses and benefits of omega-3 ethyl esters in patients with cardiovascular disease

References

• BangHODyerbergJPlasma lipids and lipoproteins in Greenlandic west coast EskimosActa Med Scand19721921–285945052396
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BangHODyerbergJNielsenABPlasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-coast EskimosLancet197117710114311454102857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BersotTHaffnerSHarrisWSKellickKAMorrisCMHypertriglyceridemia: Management of atherogenic dyslipidemiaJ Fam Pract2006557S1S816822443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-EthertonPMHarrisWSAppelLJFish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular diseaseCirculation2002106212747275712438303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-EthertonPMHarrisWSAppelLJOmega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: New recommendations from the American Heart AssociationArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol200323215115212588750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PsotaTLGebauerSKKris-EthertonPDietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and cardiovascular riskAm J Cardiol2006984A3i18i
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonGRManagement of dyslipidaemiaHeart200490894995515253984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von SchackyCThe role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseaseCurr Atheroscler Rep20035213914512573200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von SchackyCProphylaxis of atherosclerosis with marine omega-3 fatty acids. A comprehensive strategyAnn Intern Med198710768908992825573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastelliWPCholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease – the Framingham Heart StudyCan J Cardiol19884Suppl A5A10A3282627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AssmannGSchulteHRelation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). Prospective Cardiovascular Munster studyAm J Cardiol19927077337371519522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerMCannonCPMurphySAQinJRayKKBraunwaldEImpact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trialJ Am Coll Cardiol200851772473018279736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerMSeidlerAMoalemiAPearsonTANormal triglyceride levels and coronary artery disease events: The Baltimore Coronary Observational Long-Term StudyJ Am Coll Cardiol1998316125212579581716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AustinMAKingMCVranizanKMKraussRMAtherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease riskCirculation19908224955062372896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ManninenVTenkanenLKoskinenPJoint effects of serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations on coronary heart disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Implications for treatmentCirculation199285137451728471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldbourtUBrunnerDBeharSReicher-ReissHBaseline characteristics of patients participating in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) StudyEur Heart J199819Suppl HH42H479717065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerMDifferentiating the effects of raising low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus lowering normal triglycerides: Further insights from the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention TrialAm J Cardiol20008612A23L27L
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubinsHBRobinsSJCollinsDGemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study GroupN Engl J Med1999341641041810438259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von SchackyCA review of omega-3 ethyl esters for cardiovascular prevention and treatment of increased blood triglyceride levelsVasc Health Risk Manag20062325126217326331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solvay Healthcare Limited Omacor:Summary of product characteristics Available at: http://emc.medicines.org.uk/medicine/10312/SPC/Omacor/. Accessed August 11, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• BaysHESafety considerations with omega-3 fatty acid therapyAm J Cardiol2007996A35C43C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MozaffarianDRimmEBFish intake, contaminants, and human health: Evaluating the risks and the benefitsJAMA2006296151885188917047219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardicoLancet1999354917744745510465168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoySMKeatingGMOmega-3 ethylester concentrate: A review of its use in secondary prevention post-myocardial infarction and the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemiaDrugs20096981077110519496632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeJHO’KeefeJHLavieCJMarchioliRHarrisWSOmega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotectionMayo Clin Proc200883332433218316000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TavazziLMaggioniAPMarchioliREffect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialLancet200837296451223123018757090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von SchackyCHarrisWSCardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acidsCardiovasc Res200773231031516979604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarrisWSPostonWCHaddockCKTissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and risk for coronary heart disease eventsAtherosclerosis2007193111017507020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarchioliRBarziFBombaEEarly protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: Time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-PrevenzioneCirculation2002105161897190311997274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LevitanEBWolkAMittlemanMAFish consumption, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and incidence of heart failure: A population-based prospective study of middle-aged and elderly menEur Heart J200930121495150019383731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacchiaALevantesiGFranzosiMGLeft ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsEur J Heart Fail20057590490916087142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MozaffarianDBrysonCLLemaitreRNBurkeGLSiscovickDSFish intake and risk of incident heart failureJ Am Coll Cardiol200545122015202115963403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YamagishiKNettletonJAFolsomARPlasma fatty acid composition and incident heart failure in middle-aged adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) StudyAm Heart J2008156596597419061714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HooperLThompsonRLHarrisonRAOmega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseaseCochrane Database Syst Rev20044CD00317715495044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HooperLThompsonRLHarrisonRARisks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic reviewBMJ2006332754475276016565093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrahamIAtarDBorch-JohnsenKEuropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil200714Suppl 2E1E4017726406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von SchackyCHarrisWSMozaffarianDKris-EthertonPMResponse to Hoopers et al. Cochrane Review Available at: http://www.issfal.org.uk/response-to-hoopers-et-al-cochrane-review.html. Accessed 2009 September 16.
   Google Scholar
• LeonHShibataMCSivakumaranSDorganMChatterleyTTsuyukiRTEffect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: Systematic reviewBMJ2008337a293119106137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangCHarrisWSChungMn-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary and secondary prevention studies: A systematic reviewAm J Clin Nutr200684151716825676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BryhnMHansteenHSchancheTAakreSEThe bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of different concentrations of omega-3 acid ethyl estersProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids2006751192416806871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NordoyABarstadLConnorWEHatcherLAbsorption of the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as ethyl esters and triglycerides by humansAm J Clin Nutr1991535118518901826985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reliant PharmaceuticalsLovaza prescribing information Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021654s023lbl.pdf Accessed 2009 August 11.
   Google Scholar
• Di StasiDBernasconiRMarchioliREarly modifications of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates of healthy volunteers after low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsEur J Clin Pharmacol200460318319015069592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundtHNilsenDWHetlandOImprovement of serum lipids and blood pressure during intervention with n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in insulin levels in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemiaJ Intern Med199523732492597891046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarrisWSGinsbergHNArunakulNSafety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemiaJ Cardiovasc Risk199745–63853919865671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DurringtonPNBhatnagarDMacknessMIAn omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemiaHeart200185554454811303007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ToftIBonaaKHIngebretsenOCNordoyAJenssenTEffects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trialAnn Intern Med1995123129119187486485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolmTAndreassenAKAukrustPOmega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipientsEur Heart J200122542843611207085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CalderPCOmega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunityWorld Rev Nutr Diet20018810911611935943
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di SpiritoMMorelliGDoyleRTJohnsonJMcKenneyJEffect of omega-3-acid ethyl esters on steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in healthy adultsExpert Opin Pharmacother20089172939294519006470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GosaiPLiuJDoyleRTEffect of omega-3-acid ethyl esters on the steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in healthy adultsExpert Opin Pharmacother20089172947295319006471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenneyJMSwearingenDDi SpiritoMStudy of the pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and prescription omega-3-acid ethyl estersJ Clin Pharmacol200646778579116809804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoriTAWoodmanRJThe independent effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors in humansCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care2006929510416477172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MakiKCMcKenneyJMReevesMSLubinBCDicklinMREffects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemiaAm J Cardiol2008102442943318678300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CalabresiLDonatiDPazzucconiFSirtoriCRFranceschiniGOmacor in familial combined hyperlipidemia: Effects on lipids and low density lipoprotein subclassesAtherosclerosis2000148238739610657575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbeYEl-MasriBKimballKTSoluble cell adhesion molecules in hypertriglyceridemia and potential significance on monocyte adhesionArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol19981857237319598830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacknessMIBhatnagarDDurringtonPNEffects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemiaEur J Clin Nutr199448128598657889894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PownallHJBrauchiDKilincCCorrelation of serum triglyceride and its reduction by omega-3 fatty acids with lipid transfer activity and the neutral lipid compositions of high-density and low-density lipoproteinsAtherosclerosis1999143228529710217357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StalenhoefAFde GraafJWittekoekMEBredieSJDemackerPNKasteleinJJThe effect of concentrated n-3 fatty acids versus gemfibrozil on plasma lipoproteins, low density lipoprotein heterogeneity and oxidizability in patients with hypertriglyceridemiaAtherosclerosis2000153112913811058707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BalkEChungMLichtensteinAEffects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors and intermediate markers of cardiovascular diseaseEvid Rep Technol Assess (Summ)20049316
   Google Scholar
• RustanACNossenJOChristiansenENDrevonCAEicosapentaenoic acid reduces hepatic synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol by decreasing the activity of acyl-coenzyme A:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferaseJ Lipid Res19882911141714262853717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JumpDBFatty acid regulation of gene transcriptionCrit Rev Clin Lab Sci2004411417815077723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeSSChanWYLoCKWanDCTsangDSCheungWTRequirement of PPAR-alpha in maintaining phospholipid and triacylglycerol homeostasis during energy deprivationJ Lipid Res200445112025203715342691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SampathHNtambiJMPolyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expressionNutr Rev200462933333915497766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaysHETigheAPSadovskyRDavidsonMHPrescription omega-3 fatty acids and their lipid effects: Physiologic mechanisms of action and clinical implicationsExpert Rev Cardiovasc Ther20086339140918327998
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKenneyJMSicaDRole of prescription omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemiaPharmacotherapy200727571572817461707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChanDCWattsGFBarrettPHBeilinLJRedgraveTGMoriTARegulatory effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemiaDiabetes20025182377238612145148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonJGStoneNJAntiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects of omega-3 fatty acidsAm J Cardiol2006984A39i49i
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MakiKDavidsonMBaysHSteinEShalwitzRDoyleREffects of omega-3-acid ethyl esters on LDL particle size in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia despite statin therapyFASEB J200721231217135362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MozaffarianDGeelenABrouwerIAGeleijnseJMZockPLKatanMBEffect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCirculation2005112131945195216172267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeafAKangJXXiaoYFFish oil fatty acids as cardiovascular drugsCurr Vasc Pharmacol20086111218220934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerkerkAOvan GinnekenACBereckiGIncorporated sarcolemmal fish oil fatty acids shorten pig ventricular action potentialsCardiovasc Res200670350952016564514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarrazinJFComeauGDaleauPReduced incidence of vagally induced atrial fibrillation and expression levels of connexins by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogsJ Am Coll Cardiol200750151505151217919572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiYKangJXLeafADifferential effects of various eicosanoids on the production or prevention of arrhythmias in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytesProstaglandins19975425115309380795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakayamaKYuhkiKOnoKThromboxane A2 and prostaglandin F2-alpha mediate inflammatory tachycardiaNat Med200511556256615834430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnandRGAlkadriMLavieCJMilaniRVThe role of fish oil in arrhythmia preventionJ Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev2008282929818360184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChristensenJHKorupEAaroeJFish consumption, n-3 fatty acids in cell membranes, and heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunctionAm J Cardiol19977912167016739202361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CawoodALDingRNapperFLLong chain omega-3 fatty acids enter advanced atherosclerotic plaques and are associated with decreased inflammation and decreased inflammatory gene expressionRome, Italy2006 International Symposium on Atherosclerosis2006 June 18–22
   Google Scholar
• O’KeefeJHJrAbuissaHSastreASteinhausDMHarrisWSEffects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractionsAm J Cardiol20069781127113016616012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HamaadAKaeng LeeWLipGYMacFadyenRJOral omega n3-PUFA therapy (Omacor) has no impact on indices of heart rate variability in stable post myocardial infarction patientsCardiovasc Drugs Ther200620535936417089085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RussoCOlivieriOGirelliDOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring parameters in patients with mild essential hypertensionJ Hypertens19951312 Pt 2182318268903660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrouwerIAZockPLCammAJEffect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: The Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trialJAMA2006295222613261916772624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeafAAlbertCMJosephsonMPrevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intakeCirculation2005112182762276816267249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaittMHConnorWEMorrisCFish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: A randomized controlled trialJAMA2005293232884289115956633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VargiuRLittarruGPFaaGMancinelliRPositive inotropic effect of coenzyme Q10, omega-3 fatty acids and propionyl-L-carnitine on papillary muscle force-frequency responses of BIO TO-2 cardiomyopathic Syrian hamstersBiofactors2008321–413514419096109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DudaMKO’SheaKMTintinuAFish oil, but not flaxseed oil, decreases inflammation and prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunctionCardiovasc Res200981231932719015135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MozaffarianDGottdienerJSSiscovickDSIntake of tuna or other broiled or baked fish versus fried fish and cardiac structure, function, and hemodynamicsAm J Cardiol200697221622216442366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennanPLBarndenLRBridleTMAbeywardenaMYCharnockJSDietary fat modulation of left ventricular ejection fraction in the marmoset due to enhanced fillingCardiovasc Res19922698718771451164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeoplesGEMcLennanPLHowePRGroellerHFish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exerciseJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol200852654054719034030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PepeSMcLennanPLCardiac membrane fatty acid composition modulates myocardial oxygen consumption and postischemic recovery of contractile functionCirculation2002105192303230812010914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PepeSMcLennanPL(n-3) Long chain PUFA dose-dependently increase oxygen utilization efficiency and inhibit arrhythmias after saturated fat feeding in ratsJ Nutr2007137112377238317951473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeleijnseJMGiltayEJGrobbeeDEDondersARKokFJBlood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: Meta-regression analysis of randomized trialsJ Hypertens20022081493149912172309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BonaaKHBjerveKSStraumeBGramITThelleDEffect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso studyN Engl J Med1990322127958012137901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NordoyAHansenJBBroxJSvenssonBEffects of atorvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on LDL subfractions and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemiaNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis200111171611383326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndreassenAKHartmannAOffstadJGeiranOKverneboKSimonsenSHypertension prophylaxis with omega-3 fatty acids in heart transplant recipientsJ Am Coll Cardiol1997296132413319137231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MatsumotoTNakayamaNIshidaKKobayashiTKamataKEicosapentaenoic acid improves imbalance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions of endothelium-derived factors in mesenteric arteries from rats at chronic stage of type 2 diabetesJ Pharmacol Exp Ther2009329132433419164460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OmuraMKobayashiSMizukamiYEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induces Ca(2+)-independent activation and translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxationFEBS Lett2001487336136611163359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoriTAWattsGFBurkeVHilmeEPuddeyIBBeilinLJDifferential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight menCirculation2000102111264126910982541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVeighGEBrennanGMCohnJNFinkelsteinSMHayesRJJohnstonGDFish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusArterioscler Thromb1994149142514298068603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HansenJBLyngmoVSvenssonBNordoyAInhibition of exercise-induced shortening of bleeding time by fish oil in familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa)Arterioscler Thromb1993131981048422345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoodfellowJBellamyMFRamseyMWJonesCJLewisMJDietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemiaJ Am Coll Cardiol200035226527010676668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EnglerMMEnglerMBMalloyMDocosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: Results from the EARLY studyInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther2004421267267915624283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgrenJJVaisanenSHanninenOMullerADHornstraGHemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementationProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids1997574–54194219430389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimDNEastmanABakerJEFish oil, atherogenesis, and thrombogenesisAnn N Y Acad Sci1995748474480 discussion 480–481.7535028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoriTABeilinLJBurkeVMorrisJRitchieJInteractions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular diseaseArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol19971722792869081682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WesterveldHTde GraafJCvan BreugelHHEffects of low-dose EPA-E on glycemic control, lipid profile, lipoprotein(a), platelet aggregation, viscosity, and platelet and vessel wall interaction in NIDDMDiabetes Care19931656836888495604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WoodmanRJMoriTABurkeVEffects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patientsAtherosclerosis20031661859312482554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsurutaKOgawaHYasueHEffect of purified eicosapentaenoate ethyl ester on fibrinolytic capacity in patients with stable coronary artery disease and lower extremity ischaemiaCoron Artery Dis19967118378428993942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NordoyABonaaKHSandsetPMHansenJBNilsenHEffect of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin on hemostatic risk factors and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemiaArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol200020125926510634827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeKWBlannADLipGYEffects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma indices of thrombogenesis and inflammation in patients post-myocardial infarctionThromb Res2006118330531216154181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KnappHRDietary fatty acids in human thrombosis and hemostasisAm J Clin Nutr1997655 Suppl1687S1698S9129511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HansenJBOlsenJOWilsgardLLyngmoVSvenssonBComparative effects of prolonged intake of highly purified fish oils as ethyl ester or triglyceride on lipids, haemostasis and platelet function in normolipaemic menEur J Clin Nutr19934774975078404785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NilsenDWDalakerKNordoyAInfluence of a concentrated ethylester compound of n-3 fatty acids on lipids, platelets and coagulation in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgeryThromb Haemost19916621952011771612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithPArnesenHOpstadTDahlKHEritslandJInfluence of highly concentrated n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and hemostatic variables in survivors of myocardial infarction receiving either oral anticoagulants or matching placeboThromb Res19895354674742660319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EritslandJArnesenHSmithPSeljeflotIDahlKEffects of highly concentrated omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and acetylsalicylic acid, alone and combined, on bleeding time and serum lipid profileJ Oslo City Hosp1989398–9971012809856
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EritslandJArnesenHGronsethKFjeldNBAbdelnoorMEffect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary artery bypass graft patencyAm J Cardiol199677131368540453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarrisWSExpert opinion: Omega-3 fatty acids and bleeding – cause for concern?Am J Cardiol2007996A44C46C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorenoJJMitjavilaMTThe degree of unsaturation of dietary fatty acids and the development of atherosclerosis (review)J Nutr Biochem200314418219512770642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohansenOBrekkeMSeljeflotIAbdelnoorMArnesenHn-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: Results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis TrialJ Am Coll Cardiol19993361619162610334433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GapinskiJPVanRuiswykJVHeudebertGRSchectmanGSPreventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty. A meta-analysisArch Intern Med199315313159516018323422
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’ConnorGTMalenkaDJOlmsteadEMJohnsonPSHennekensCHA meta-analysis of randomized trials of fish oil in prevention of restenosis following coronary angioplastyAm J Prev Med1992831861921385968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThiesFGarryJMYaqoobPAssociation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: A randomised controlled trialLancet2003361935647748512583947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaminskiWEJendraschakEKieflRvon SchackyCDietary omega-3 fatty acids lower levels of platelet-derived growth factor mRNA in human mononuclear cellsBlood1993817187118798461472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MehraMRLavieCJVenturaHOMilaniRVFish oils produce anti-inflammatory effects and improve body weight in severe heart failureJ Heart Lung Transplant200625783483816818127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorenoJJDifferential effects of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid-derived eicosanoids on polymorphonuclear transmigration across endothelial cell culturesJ Pharmacol Exp Ther200933131111111719776385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoriTAWoodmanRJBurkeVPuddeyIBCroftKDBeilinLJEffect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjectsFree Radic Biol Med200335777278114583341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorenoJJCarbonellTSanchezTMiretSMitjavilaMTOlive oil decreases both oxidative stress and the production of arachidonic acid metabolites by the prostaglandin G/H synthase pathway in rat macrophagesJ Nutr200113182145214911481409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarchioliRTreatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: Results of GISSI–Prevenzione TrialEur Heart J20013Suppl DD85D97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RauchBSchieleRSchneiderSHighly purified omega-3 fatty acids for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction-aims and methods of the OMEGA-studyCardiovasc Drugs Ther200620536537517124558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SengesJSchieleRSchneiderSRandomized trial of omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern therapy after acute myocardial infarction: The OMEGA trialPaper presented at: 58th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology, 20092009 Mar 29–31Orlando (FL)
   Google Scholar
• YamagishiKIsoHDateCFish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women: The JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) studyJ Am Coll Cardiol2008521298899618786479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavidsonMHSteinEABaysHEEfficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: An 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther20072971354136717825687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerboomCNHighly purified omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are effective as adjunct therapy for secondary prevention of myocardial infarctionHerz200631Suppl 3495917575805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithSCJrAllenJBlairSNAHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteJ Am Coll Cardiol200647102130213916697342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final reportCirculation2002106253143342112485966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De BackerGAmbrosioniEBorch-JohnsenKEuropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical PracticeEur Heart J200324171601161012964575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrioriSGAliotEBlomstrom-LundqvistCUpdate of the guidelines on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of CardiologyEur Heart J2003241131512559931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de WerfFArdissinoDBetriuAManagement of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of CardiologyEur Heart J2003241286612559937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SacksFMStonePHGibsonCMSilvermanDIRosnerBPasternakRCControlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research GroupJ Am Coll Cardiol1995257149214987759696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinghRBNiazMASharmaJPKumarRRastogiVMoshiriMRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct surviva–4Cardiovasc Drugs Ther19971134854919310278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LengGCLeeAJFowkesFGRandomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial diseaseClin Nutr199817626527110205349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von SchackyCAngererPKothnyWTheisenKMudraHThe effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAnn Intern Med1999130755456210189324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NilsenDWAlbrektsenGLandmarkKMoenSAarslandTWoieLEffects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterolAm J Clin Nutr2001741505611451717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YokoyamaMOrigasaHMatsuzakiMEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysisLancet200736995671090109817398308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar