References
- ArnoldSEKumarAReversible dementiasMed Clin North Am19937712152308419719
- American Psychiatric AssociationPractice guideline for psychiatric evaluation of adultsAm J Psychiatry199515211 Suppl63809565542
- KnopmanDSDeKoskySTCummingsJLPractice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review) Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of NeurologyNeurology20015691143115311342678
- FeldmanHHJacovaCRobillardADiagnosis and treatment of dementia: 2. DiagnosisCMAJ2008178782583618362376
- SchneedeJUelandPMNovel and estabslished markers of cobalamin deficiency: complementary or exclusive diagnostic strategiesSemin Vasc Med20055214015516047266
- VanderjagtDJMcCarthyDMGlewRHNinomiyaYPernicious AnemiaClinical Studies in Medical Biochemistry2nd EdNew York, NYOxford University Press2006122133
- KleeGGCobalamin and folate evaluation: measurement of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine vs vitamin B(12) and folateClin Chem2000468 Pt 21277128310926922
- OlivieriGHessCSavaskanEMelatonin protects SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells from cobalt-induced oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and increased beta-amyloid secretionJ Pineal Res200131432032511703561
- AllenLHHow common is vitamin B-12 deficiency?Am J Clin Nutr2009892693S696S19116323
- BasunHFratiglioniLWinbladBCobalamin levels are not reduced in Alzheimer’s disease: results from a population-based studyJ Am Geriatr Soc19944221321368126323
- ClarkeRRefsumHBirksJScreening for vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in older personsAm J Clin Nutr20037751241124712716678
- ClarkeRGrimley EvansJSchneedeJVitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later lifeAge Ageing2004331344114695861
- CrystalHAOrtofEFrishmanWHGruberAHershmanDAronsonMSerum vitamin B12 levels and incidence of dementia in a healthy elderly population: a report from the Bronx Longitudinal Aging StudyJ Am Geriatr Soc19944299339368064100
- ElsborgLHansenTRafaelsenOJVitamin B12 concentrations in psychiatric patientsActa Psychiatr Scand1979592145152420034
- LechnerKFodingerMGrisoldWPuspokASillaberCVitamin B12 deficiency. New data on an old themeWien Klin Wochenschr20051171757959116395986
- MaloufRAreosa SastreAVitamin B12 for cognitionCochrane Database Syst Rev20033CD00432612918012
- RefsumHSmithADUelandPMFacts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinionClin Chem200450133214709635
- SinghNNThomasFPDiamondALDiamondRVitamin B-12 associated neurological diseases2006 Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152670-overviewAccessed on Nov 3, 2009
- StablerSPLindenbaumJAllenRHVitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly: current dilemmasAm J Clin Nutr19976647417499322547
- SumnerAEChinMMAbrahmJLElevated methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine levels show high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric surgeryAnn Intern Med199612454694768602704
- WoltersMStrohleAHahnAAge-associated changes in the metabolism of vitamin B(12) and folic acid: prevalence, aetiopathogenesis and pathophysiological consequencesZ Gerontol Geriatr200437210913515103481
- WoltersMStrohleAHahnACobalamin: a critical vitamin in the elderlyPrev Med20043961256126615539065
- WorrallBRowlandLRowlandLNutritional disorders: Malnutrition, malabsorption, and B12 and other vitamin deficienciesMerritt’s Neurology11th edPhiladelphia, PALippincott Williams & Wilkins200510911098
- CunhaUGRochaFLPeixotoJMMottaMFBarbosaMTVitamin B12 deficiency and dementiaInt Psychogeriatr19957185887579024
- KarnazeDSCarmelRLow serum cobalamin levels in primary degenerative dementia. Do some patients harbor atypical cobalamin deficiency states?Arch Intern Med198714734294313827417
- TeunisseSBollenAEvan GoolWAWalstraGJDementia and subnormal levels of vitamin B12: effects of replacement therapy on dementiaJ Neurol199624375225298836942
- GreilbergerJKoidlCGreilbergerMMalondialdehyde, carbonyl proteins and albumin-disulphide as useful oxidative markers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s diseaseFree Radic Res200842763363818654878
- WhyteEMMulsantBHButtersMACognitive and behavioral correlates of low vitamin B12 levels in elderly patients with progressive dementiaAm J Geriatr Psychiatry200210332132711994220
- ReglandBGottfriesCGOrelandLVitamin B12-induced reduction of platelet monoamine oxidase activity in patients with dementia and pernicious anaemiaEur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci199124045288291
- Bopp-KistlerIRuegger-FreyBGrobDSixPVitamin B12 deficiency in geriatricsSchweiz Rundsch Med Prax1999884518671875
- ButlerCCVidal-AlaballJCannings-JohnROral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency: a systematic review of randomized controlled trialsFam Pract200623327928516585128
- NaggaKRajaniRMardhEBorchKMardhSMarcussonJCobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, and gastritis markers in dementiaDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200316426927514512723
- Nilsson-EhleHAge-related changes in cobalamin (vitamin B12) handling. Implications for therapyDrugs Aging19981242772929571392
- Vidal-AlaballJButlerCCCannings-JohnROral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiencyCochrane Database Syst Rev20053CD00465516034940
- Diaz-ArrastiaRHomocysteine and neurologic diseaseArch Neurol200057101422142711030793
- BrosnanJTBrosnanMEThe sulfur-containing amino acids: an overviewJ Nutr20061366 Suppl1636S1640S16702333
- BaronePBurnDJvan LaarTHsuCPoeweWLaneRMRivastigmine versus placebo in hyperhomocysteinemic Parkinson’s disease dementia patientsMov Disord200823111532154018581467
- Gonzalez-GrossMSolaRAlbersUB-vitamins and homocysteine in Spanish institutionalized elderlyInt J Vitam Nutr Res2007771223317685092
- MarengoniACossiSDe MartinisMCalabresePAOriniSGrassiVHomocysteine and disability in hospitalized geriatric patientsMetabolism20045381016102015281011
- NilssonKGustafsonLHultbergBThe plasma homocysteine concentration is better than that of serum methylmalonic acid as a marker for sociopsychological performance in a psychogeriatric populationClin Chem200046569169610794752
- RavagliaGFortiPMaioliFBlood homocysteine and vitamin B levels are not associated with cognitive skills in healthy normally ageing subjectsJ Nutr Health Aging20004421822211115804
- WelchGNLoscalzoJHomocysteine and atherothrombosisN Engl J Med199833815104210509535670
- BrianiCCagninAGalloLAnti-heparan sulphate antibodies and homocysteine in dementia: markers of vascular pathologyJ Neurol Sci2005229230215218
- NilssonKGustafsonLHultbergBPlasma homocysteine is a sensitive marker for tissue deficiency of both cobalamines and folates in a psychogeriatric populationDement Geriatr Cogn Disord199910647648210559563
- AndresELoukiliNHNoelEVitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patientsCMAJ2004171325125915289425
- BergeronCRanalliPJMiceliPNAmyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s diseaseCan J Neurol Sci19871445645693690426
- CookSHessOMHomocysteine and B vitaminsHandb Exp Pharmacol200517032533816596805
- El OtmaniHEl MoutawakilBMoutaouakilFGamIRafaiMASlassiIPostoperative dementia: toxicity of nitrous oxideEncephale2007331959717457299
- El OtmaniHMoutaouakilFMidafiNCobalamin deficiency: Neurological aspects in 27 casesRev Neurol (Paris)2009165326326719056098
- HadithiMMulderCJStamFEffect of B vitamin supplementation on plasma homocysteine levels in celiac diseaseWorld J Gastroenterol200915895596019248194
- IrizarryMCGurolMERajuSAssociation of homocysteine with plasma amyloid beta protein in aging and neurodegenerative diseaseNeurology20056591402140816275827
- JacobsenDWGatautisVJGreenRRapid HPLC determination of total homocysteine and other thiols in serum and plasma: sex differences and correlation with cobalamin and folate concentrations in healthy subjectsClin Chem19944068738818087981
- MylesPSChanMTLeslieKPeytonPPaechMForbesAEffect of nitrous oxide on plasma homocysteine and folate in patients undergoing major surgeryBr J Anaesth2008100678078618400808
- O’SuilleabhainPEBottiglieriTDeweyRBJrSharmaSDiaz-ArrastiaRModest increase in plasma homocysteine follows levodopa initiation in Parkinson’s diseaseMov Disord200419121403140815390053
- SaibeniSLecchiAMeucciGPrevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in adult gluten-sensitive enteropathy at diagnosis: role of B12, folate, and geneticsClin Gastroenterol Hepatol20053657458015952099
- SnowCFLaboratory diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency: a guide for the primary care physicianArch Intern Med1999159121289129810386505
- StablerSPLindenbaumJAllenRHThe use of homocysteine and other metabolites in the specific diagnosis of vitamin B-12 deficiencyJ Nutr19961264 Suppl1266S1272S8642468
- WeirDGScottJMBrain function in the elderly: role of vitamin B12 and folateBr Med Bull199955366968210746355
- KoikeTKuzuyaMKandaSRaised homocysteine and low folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations predict cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese adultsClin Nutr200827686587118835069
- LiLCaoDDesmondRCognitive performance and plasma levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate and lipids in patients with Alzheimer diseaseDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200826438439018931498
- NilssonKGustafsonLHultbergBPlasma homocysteine levels and different forms of vascular disease in patients with dementia and other psychogeriatric diseasesDement Geriatr Cogn Disord2009271889519155623
- ConradMEPernicious anemia Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overviewAccessed September 5, 2009
- SchroecksnadelKFrickBWinklerCLeblhuberFWirleitnerBFuchsDHyperhomocysteinemia and immune activationClin Chem Lab Med200341111438144314656023
- SchroecksnadelKFrickBWirleitnerBWinklerCSchennachHFuchsDModerate hyperhomocysteinemia and immune activationCurr Pharm Biotechnol20045110711814965213
- LehmannJTsaiCWoodPLHomocysteic acid as a putative excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter: I. Postsynaptic characteristics at N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptors on striatal cholinergic interneuronsJ Neurochem1988516176517702846784
- LiptonSAKimWKChoiYBNeurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptorProc Natl Acad Sci U S A19979411592359289159176
- BottiglieriTGodfreyPFlynnTCarneyMWTooneBKReynoldsEHCerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionineJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry19905312109610982292704
- HuangRFHuangSMLinBSWeiJSLiuTZHomocysteine thiolactone induces apoptotic DNA damage mediated by increased intracellular hydrogen peroxide and caspase 3 activation in HL-60 cellsLife Sci200168252799281111432446
- KimHJChoHKKwonYHSynergistic induction of ER stress by homocysteine and beta-amyloid in SH-SY5Y cellsJ Nutr Biochem2008191175476118430556
- KrumanIICulmseeCChanSLHomocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicityJ Neurosci200020186920692610995836
- ZouCGZhaoYSGaoSYHomocysteine promotes proliferation and activation of microgliaNeurobiol Aging200916 [Epub ahead of print]
- RabanedaLGCarrascoMLopez-ToledanoMAHomocysteine inhibits proliferation of neuronal precursors in the mouse adult brain by impairing the basic fibroblast growth factor signaling cascade and reducing extracellular regulated kinase 1/2-dependent cyclin E expressionFASEB J200822113823383518703672
- KumarMTyagiNMoshalKSHomocysteine decreases blood flow to the brain due to vascular resistance in carotid arteryNeurochem Int20085368214219
- KumarMTyagiNMoshalKSGABAA receptor agonist mitigates homocysteine-induced cerebrovascular remodeling in knockout miceBrain Res2008122114715318547546
- HerrmannWObeidRBiomarkers of folate and vitamin B(12) status in cerebrospinal fluidClin Chem Lab Med200745121614162017892439
- KamathAFChauhanAKKisuckaJElevated levels of homocysteine compromise blood-brain barrier integrity in miceBlood2006107259159316189268
- LominadzeDRobertsAMTyagiNMoshalKSTyagiSCHomocysteine causes cerebrovascular leakage in miceAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol20062903H1206121316258031
- TyagiSCLominadzeDRobertsAMHomocysteine in microvascular endothelial cell barrier permeabilityCell Biochem Biophys2005431374416043881
- PoddarRSivasubramanianNDiBelloPMRobinsonKJacobsenDWHomocysteine induces expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in human aortic endothelial cells: implications for vascular diseaseCirculation2001103222717272311390343
- BiXHZhaoHLZhangZXZhangJWAssociation of RFC1 A80G and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms with Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Aging200930101601160718258338
- DeshmukhARodrigueKMKennedyKMLandSJacobsBSRazNSynergistic effects of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and hypertension on spatial navigationBiol Psychol200880224024519013496
- KimJMStewartRKimSWMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in KoreansInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200823545445917932993
- WeihMJunge-HulsingJMehraeinSZiemerSEinhauplKMHereditary thrombophilia with ischemiC stroke and sinus thrombosis. Diagnosis, therapy and meta-analysisNervenarzt2000711293694511139989
- KellyPJRosandJKistlerJPHomocysteine, MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism, and risk of ischemic stroke: results of a meta-analysisNeurology200259452953612196644
- ClarkeRLewingtonSLandrayMHomocysteine, renal function, and risk of cardiovascular diseaseKidney Int Suppl200384S13113312694328
- KimRJBeckerRCAssociation between factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutations and events of the arterial circulatory system: a meta-analysis of published studiesAm Heart J2003146694895714660985
- CasasJPBautistaLESmeethLSharmaPHingoraniADHomocysteine and stroke: evidence on a causal link from mendelian randomisationLancet2005365945522423215652605
- HaywoodSLiesnerRPindoraSGanesanVThrombophilia and first arterial ischaemic stroke: a systematic reviewArch Dis Child200590440240515781933
- CroninSFurieKLKellyPJDose-related association of MTHFR 677T allele with risk of ischemic stroke: evidence from a cumulative meta-analysisStroke20053671581158715947278
- LaneRHeYMorrisCLeverenzJBEmreMBallardCBuChE-K and APOE epsilon4 allele frequencies in Lewy body dementias, and influence of genotype and hyperhomocysteinemia on cognitive declineMov Disord200924339240019006190
- AndresEKaltenbachGNoblet-DickMHematological response to short-term oral cyanocobalamin therapy for the treatment of cobalamin deficiencies in elderly patientsJ Nutr Health Aging20061013616453051
- CarmelRGottPSWatersCHThe frequently low cobalamin levels in dementia usually signify treatable metabolic, neurologic and electrophysiologic abnormalitiesEur J Haematol19955442452537789470
- KarnazeDSCarmelRNeurologic and evoked potential abnormalities in subtle cobalamin deficiency states, including deficiency without anemia and with normal absorption of free cobalaminArch Neurol1990479100810122396929
- FusoACavallaroRAZampelliAgamma-Secretase is differentially modulated by alterations of homocysteine cycle in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cellsJ Alzheimers Dis200711327529017851177
- FusoANicoliaVCavallaroRAB-vitamin deprivation induces hyperhomocysteinemia and brain S-adenosylhomocysteine, depletes brain S-adenosylmethionine, and enhances PS1 and BACE expression and amyloid-beta deposition in miceMol Cell Neurosci200837473174618243734
- HerrmannWSignificance of hyperhomocysteinemiaClin Lab20065278367374
- WestRLLeeJMMarounLEHypomethylation of the amyloid precursor protein gene in the brain of an Alzheimer’s disease patientJ Mol Neurosci1995621411468746452
- FoyCJPassmoreAPVahidassrMDYoungISLawsonJTPlasma chain-breaking antioxidants in Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson’s diseaseQJM1999921394510209671
- HarrisMEHensleyKButterfieldDALeedleRACarneyJMDirect evidence of oxidative injury produced by the Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid peptide (1–40) in cultured hippocampal neuronsExp Neurol199513121932027895820
- NourhashemiFGillette-GuyonnetSAndrieuSAlzheimer disease: protective factorsAm J Clin Nutr2000712643S649S10681273
- PraticoDClarkCMLiunFRokachJLeeVYTrojanowskiJQIncrease of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment: a possible predictor of Alzheimer diseaseArch Neurol200259697297612056933
- BlaskoIStampfer-KountchevMRobatscherPVeerhuisREikelenboomPGrubeck-LoebensteinBHow chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the development of Alzheimer’s disease in old age: the role of microglia and astrocytesAging Cell20043416917615268750
- DavisGKBaboolalNSSealesDRamchandaniJMcKellSMcRaeAPotential biomarkers for dementia in Trinidad and TobagoNeurosci Lett20074241273017703882
- MrakREGriffinWSPotential inflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Alzheimers Dis20058436937516556968
- StreitWJMicroglia and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesisJ Neurosci Res20047711815197750
- van den KommerTNDikMGComijsHCJonkerCDeegDJHomocysteine and inflammation: Predictors of cognitive decline in older personsNeurobiol Aging20081110 [Epub ahead of print]
- VielTALima CaetanoANaselloAGIncreases of kinin B1 and B2 receptors binding sites after brain infusion of amyloid-beta 1–40 peptide in ratsNeurobiol Aging200829121805181417570564
- FrickBGruberBSchroecksnadelKLeblhuberFFuchsDHomocysteine but not neopterin declines in demented patients on B vitaminsJ Neural Transm2006113111815181916988797
- TeunissenCELutjohannDvon BergmannKCombination of serum markers related to several mechanisms in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Aging200324789390212928047
- TeunissenCEvan BoxtelMPBosmaHSerum markers in relation to cognitive functioning in an aging population: results of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr200334161212629905
- Van DamFVan GoolWAHyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic reviewArch Gerontol Geriatr200948342543018479766
- DavisSRQuinlivanEPShelnuttKPHomocysteine synthesis is elevated but total remethylation is unchanged by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C -->T polymorphism and by dietary folate restriction in young womenJ Nutr200513551045105015867279
- De La HabaGCantoniGThe enzymatic synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine from adenosine and homocysteineJ Biol Chem1959234360360813641268
- GarciaAZanibbiKHomocysteine and cognitive function in elderly peopleCMAJ2004171889790415477631
- TchantchouFGravesMFalconeDSheaTBS-adenosylmethionine mediates glutathione efficacy by increasing glutathione S-transferase activity: implications for S-adenosyl methionine as a neuroprotective dietary supplementJ Alzheimers Dis200814332332818599958
- GibsonGESheuKFBlassJPAbnormalities of mitochondrial enzymes in Alzheimer diseaseJ Neural Transm199810589855870
- MarkesberyWRThe role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer diseaseArch Neurol199956121449145210593298
- TurrensJFMitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen speciesJ Physiol2003552Pt 233534414561818
- TooheyJIMercaptopropionaldehyde from homocysteine: implications for Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Alzheimers Dis200712324124318057557
- McCaddonAHudsonPRAlzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress and B-vitamin depletionFuture Neurology200725537547
- SerotJMBeneMCFaureGCComparative immunohistochemical characteristics of human choroid plexus in vascular and Alzheimer’s dementiaHum Pathol19942511118511907959663
- SerotJMChristmannDDubostTBeneMCFaureGCCSF-folate levels are decreased in late-onset AD patientsJ Neural Transm20011081939911261750
- SerotJMBeneMCFaureGCChoroid plexus, aging of the brain, and Alzheimer’s diseaseFront Biosci20038s515s52112700093
- NijstTQWeversRASchoonderwaldtHCHommesORde HaanAFVitamin B12 and folate concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients with special reference to multiple sclerosis and dementiaJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry199053119519542283525
- SpectorRCancillaPDamasioAIs idiopathic dementia a regional vitamin deficiency state?Med Hypotheses197957763767514118
- CrossgroveJSLiGJZhengWThe choroid plexus removes betaamyloid from brain cerebrospinal fluidExp Biol Med (Maywood)20052301077177616246905
- JohansonCEDuncanJA3rdKlingePMBrinkerTStopaEGSilverbergGDMultiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: new challenges in health and diseaseCerebrospinal Fluid Res2008511018479516
- SontagENunbhakdi-CraigVSontagJMProtein phosphatase 2A methyltransferase links homocysteine metabolism with tau and amyloid precursor protein regulationJ Neurosci200727112751275917360897
- ChanAYAlsarabyASheaTBFolate deprivation increases tau phosphorylation by homocysteine-induced calcium influx and by inhibition of phosphatase activity: Alleviation by S-adenosyl methionineBrain Res2008119913313718279842
- LuoYZhouXYangXWangJHomocysteine induces tau hyperphosphorylation in ratsNeuroreport200718182005200818007203
- ObeidRKasohaMKnappJPFolate and methylation status in relation to phosphorylated tau protein(181P) and beta-amyloid(1–42) in cerebrospinal fluidClin Chem20075361129113617384003
- ZhangCETianQWeiWHomocysteine induces tau phosphorylation by inactivating protein phosphatase 2A in rat hippocampusNeurobiol Aging200829111654166517537547
- AgnatiLFGenedaniSLeoGAbeta peptides as one of the crucial volume transmission signals in the trophic units and their interactions with homocysteine. Physiological implications and relevance for Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Neural Transm20071141213116969627
- Pacheco-QuintoJRodriguez de TurcoEBDeRosaSHyperhomocysteinemic Alzheimer’s mouse model of amyloidosis shows increased brain amyloid beta peptide levelsNeurobiol Dis200622365165616516482
- ViswanathanARajSGreenbergSMPlasma Abeta, homocysteine, and cognition: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) trialNeurology200972326827219153374
- BlaskoIJellingerKKemmlerGConversion from cognitive health to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: prediction by plasma amyloid beta 42, medial temporal lobe atrophy and homocysteineNeurobiol Aging200829111117055615
- KangJParkEJJouIKimJHJoeEHReactive oxygen species mediate A beta(25–35)-induced activation of BV-2 microgliaNeuroreport20011271449145211388427
- WangJYWenLLHuangYNChenYTKuMCDual effects of antioxidants in neurodegeneration: direct neuroprotection against oxidative stress and indirect protection via suppression of glia-mediated inflammationCurr Pharm Des200612273521353317017945
- HarmanDAlzheimer’s disease: role of aging in pathogenesisAnn N Y Acad Sci2002959384395 discussion 463–38511976212
- HwangJZhengLTOckJLeeMGSukKAnti-inflammatory effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine in brain glia cellsInt Immunopharmacol20088121686169418771755
- LiuBGaoHMWangJYJeohnGHCooperCLHongJSRole of nitric oxide in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerationAnn N Y Acad Sci200296231833112076984
- SchroecksnadelKLeblhuberFFrickBWirleitnerBFuchsDAssociation of hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer disease with elevated neopterin levelsAlzheimer Dis Assoc Disord200418312913315494618
- WilkinsonBLLandrethGEThe microglial NADPH oxidase complex as a source of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Neuroinflammation200633017094809
- YamasakiRZhangJKoshiishiIInvolvement of lysosomal storage-induced p38 MAP kinase activation in the overproduction of nitric oxide by microglia in cathepsin D-deficient miceMol Cell Neurosci200735457358417570679
- KoseogluEKaramanYRelations between homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in vascular dementia and in Alzheimer diseaseClin Biochem2007401285986317532313
- McCaddonAReglandBHudsonPDaviesGFunctional vitamin B(12) deficiency and Alzheimer diseaseNeurology20025891395139912011287
- SheaTBEffects of dietary supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine and S-adenosyl methionine on cognitive performance and aggression in normal mice and mice expressing human ApoE4Neuromolecular Med20079326426917914184
- DawsonHCollinsGPyleRDeep-DixitVTaubDDThe immunoregulatory effects of homocysteine and its intermediates on T-lymphocyte functionMech Ageing Dev2004125210711015037011
- SiowYLAu-YeungKKWooCWOKHomocysteine stimulates phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase p47phox and p67phox subunits in monocytes via protein kinase Cbeta activationBiochem J20063981738216626305
- WangGOKHomocysteine stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor (CCR2) in human monocytes: possible involvement of oxygen free radicalsBiochem J2001357Pt 123324011415454
- WidnerBEnzingerCLaichAWirleitnerBFuchsDHyperhomocysteinemia, pteridines and oxidative stressCurr Drug Metab20023222523212003353
- WidnerBLeblhuberFFrickBLaichAArtner-DworzakEFuchsDModerate hyperhomocysteinaemia and immune activation in Parkinson’s diseaseJ Neural Transm2002109121445145212486485
- GuidiIGalimbertiDLonatiSOxidative imbalance in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Aging200627226226916399211
- HoPICollinsSCDhitavatSHomocysteine potentiates beta-amyloid neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stressJ Neurochem200178224925311461960
- WhiteARHuangXJoblingMFHomocysteine potentiates copper- and amyloid beta peptide-mediated toxicity in primary neuronal cultures: possible risk factors in the Alzheimer’s-type neurodegenerative pathwaysJ Neurochem20017651509152011238735
- FuchsDJaegerMWidnerBWirleitnerBArtner-DworzakELeblhuberFIs hyperhomocysteinemia due to the oxidative depletion of folate rather than to insufficient dietary intake?Clin Chem Lab Med200139869169411592434
- FusoASeminaraLCavallaroRAD’AnselmiFScarpaSS-adenosylmethionine/homocysteine cycle alterations modify DNA methylation status with consequent deregulation of PS1 and BACE and beta-amyloid productionMol Cell Neurosci200528119520415607954
- JinYBrennanLEffects of homocysteine on metabolic pathways in cultured astrocytesNeurochem Int20085281410141518417255
- PerryGCashADSmithMAAlzheimer Disease and Oxidative StressJ Biomed Biotechnol20022312012312488575
- PraticoDUryuKLeightSTrojanoswkiJQLeeVMIncreased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer amyloidosisJ Neurosci200121124183418711404403
- PraticoDSungSLipid peroxidation and oxidative imbalance: early functional events in Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Alzheimers Dis20046217117515096701
- SwerdlowRHKhanSMA “mitochondrial cascade hypothesis” for sporadic Alzheimer’s diseaseMed Hypotheses200463182015193340
- Dias-SantagataDFulgaTADuttaroyAFeanyMBOxidative stress mediates tau-induced neurodegeneration in DrosophilaJ Clin Invest2007117123624517173140
- GamblinTCKingMEKuretJBerryRWBinderLIOxidative regulation of fatty acid-induced tau polymerizationBiochemistry20003946142031421011087369
- LiuQSmithMAAvilaJAlzheimer-specific epitopes of tau represent lipid peroxidation-induced conformationsFree Radic Biol Med200538674675415721985
- PercyMMoalemSGarciaAInvolvement of ApoE E4 and H63D in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in a folate-supplemented Ontario populationJ Alzheimers Dis2008141698418525129
- LeoGGenedaniSFilaferroMHyper-homocysteinemia alters amyloid peptide-clusterin interactions and neuroglial network morphology and function in the caudate after intrastriatal injection of amyloid peptidesCurr Alzheimer Res20074330531317627488
- AkamaKTAlbaneseCPestellRGVan EldikLJAmyloid betapeptide stimulates nitric oxide production in astrocytes through an NFkappaB-dependent mechanismProc Natl Acad Sci U S A19989510579558009576964
- ButterfieldDALauderbackCMLipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in Alzheimer’s disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stressFree Radic Biol Med200232111050106012031889
- CenteMFilipcikPPevalovaMNovakMExpression of a truncated tau protein induces oxidative stress in a rodent model of tauopathyEur J Neurosci20062441085109016930434
- ScalabrinoGVeberDMuttiEExperimental and clinical evidence of the role of cytokines and growth factors in the pathogenesis of acquired cobalamin-deficient leukoneuropathyBrain Res Rev2008591425418538413
- BuccellatoFRMilosoMBragaMMyelinolytic lesions in spinal cord of cobalamin-deficient rats are TNF-alpha-mediatedFASEB J19991322973049973317
- PeracchiMBamonti CatenaFPomatiMDe FranceschiMScalabrinoGHuman cobalamin deficiency: alterations in serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and epidermal growth factorEur J Haematol200167212312711722601
- ScalabrinoGCobalamin (vitamin B(12)) in subacute combined degeneration and beyond: traditional interpretations and novel theoriesExp Neurol2005192246347915755562
- ScalabrinoGVeberDMuttiENew pathogenesis of the cobalamin-deficient neuropathyMed Secoli200719191818447164
- ScalabrinoGThe multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotrophism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiencyProg Neurobiol200988320322019394404
- ScalabrinoGCarpoMBamontiFHigh tumor necrosis factor-alpha [corrected] levels in cerebrospinal fluid of cobalamin-deficient patientsAnn Neurol200456688689015562428
- ScalabrinoGPeracchiMNew insights into the pathophysiology of cobalamin deficiencyTrends Mol Med200612624725416690356
- DoganMOzdemirOSalEAPsychotic disorder and extrapyramidal symptoms associated with vitamin B12 and folate deficiencyJ Trop Pediatr200955320520719095695
- HealtonEBSavageDGBrustJCGarrettTJLindenbaumJNeurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiencyMedicine (Baltimore)19917042292451648656
- DurandCMarySBrazoPDollfusSPsychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency: a case reportEncephale200329656056515029091
- KoSMLiuTCPsychiatric syndromes in pernicious anaemia – a case reportSingapore Med J199233192941598618
- LassenEEwaldHAcute organic psychosis caused by thyrotoxicosis and vitamin B12 def iciency: case reportJ Clin Psychiatry19854631061073972777
- EvansDLEdelsohnGAGoldenRNOrganic psychosis without anemia or spinal cord symptoms in patients with vitamin B12 deficiencyAm J Psychiatry198314022182216849439
- BolamanZKadikoyluGYukselenVYavasogluIBarutcaSSenturkTOral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia: a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label studyClin Ther200325123124313414749150
- CuberoLMayorJAlmirallPValdesMMemory disorders in the epidemic neuropathyRev Neurol199928434334810714309
- KwokTLeeJLamLWooJVitamin B(12) supplementation did not improve cognition but reduced delirium in demented patients with vitamin B(12) deficiencyArch Gerontol Geriatr200846327328217561285
- LindenbaumJHealtonEBSavageDGNeuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosisN Engl J Med198831826172017283374544
- HeokKEHoRThe many faces of geriatric depressionCurr Opin Psychiatry200821654054518852559
- SaracaceanuETramoniAVHenryJMAn association between subcortical dementia and pernicious anemia – a psychiatric maskCompr Psychiatry19973863493519406742
- GoggansFCA case of mania secondary to vitamin B12 deficiencyAm J Psychiatry198414123003016691503
- BottiglieriTLaundyMCrellinRTooneBKCarneyMWReynoldsEHHomocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depressionJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200069222823210896698
- MeeksTWRopackiSAJesteDVThe neurobiology of neuropsychiatric syndromes in dementiaCurr Opin Psychiatry200619658158617012935
- ReifAPfuhlmannBLeschKPHomocysteinemia as well as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism are associated with affective psychosesProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry20052971162116816055253
- DittmannSSeemullerFSchwarzMJAssociation of cognitive deficits with elevated homocysteine levels in euthymic bipolar patients and its impact on psychosocial functioning: preliminary resultsBipolar Disord20079126370
- DittmannSSeemullerFGrunzeHCThe impact of homocysteine levels on cognition in euthymic bipolar patients: A cross-sectional studyJ Clin Psychiatry2008e1e8
- OsherYBersudskyYSilverHSelaBABelmakerRHNeuropsychological correlates of homocysteine levels in euthymic bipolar patientsJ Affect Disord20081051322923317659352
- LevineJStahlZSelaBAHomocysteine-reducing strategies improve symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients with hyperhomocysteinemiaBiol Psychiatry200660326526916412989
- KalitaJMisraUKVitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndromes: correlation of clinical, MRI and cognitive evoked potentialJ Neurol2008255335335918350363
- GoldmanLAACecil Textbook of Medicine22nd edPhiladelphia, PASaunders, Elsevier Inc2004
- TohBHvan DrielIRGleesonPAPernicious anemiaN Engl J Med199733720144114489358143
- PuntambekarPBashaMMZakITMadhavanRRare sensory and autonomic disturbances associated with vitamin B12 deficiencyJ Neurol Sci20092871228528719800081
- RopperABrownRRopperABrownRDiseases of the nervous system due to nutritional deficiencyAdams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology8th edNew York, NYMcGraw-Hill20059831003
- HuckmanMSFoxJTopelJThe validity of criteria for the evaluation of cerebral atrophy by computed tomographyRadiology1975116185921079610
- de LeonMJGeorgeAEReisbergBAlzheimer’s disease: longitudinal CT studies of ventricular changeAJR Am J Roentgenol19891526125712622785749
- TakedaSMatsuzawaTAge-related brain atrophy: a study with computed tomographyJ Gerontol19854021591633973356
- LeMayMRadiologic changes of the aging brain and skullAJR Am J Roentgenol198414323833896377860
- ItoMHatazawaJYamauraHMatsuzawaTAge-related brain atrophy and mental deterioration – a study with computed tomographyBr J Radiol1981546413843907237008
- CreaseyHSchwartzMFredericksonHHaxbyJVRapoportSIQuantitative computed tomography in dementia of the Alzheimer typeNeurology19863612156315683785670
- DeCarliCKayeJAHorwitzBRapoportSICritical analysis of the use of computer-assisted transverse axial tomography to study human brain in aging and dementia of the Alzheimer typeNeurology19904068728832189080
- DeCarliCMurphyDGMcIntoshARTeichbergDSchapiroMBHorwitzBDiscriminant analysis of MRI measures as a method to determine the presence of dementia of the Alzheimer typePsychiatry Res19955721191307480379
- FrisoniGBBeltramelloAWeissCGeroldiCBianchettiATrabucchiMLinear measures of atrophy in mild Alzheimer diseaseAJNR Am J Neuroradiol19961759139238733967
- HornROstertunBFricMSolymosiLSteudelAMollerHJAtrophy of hippocampus in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases with memory impairmentDementia1996741821868835880
- JobstKASmithADSzatmariMDetection in life of confirmed Alzheimer’s disease using a simple measurement of medial temporal lobe atrophy by computed tomographyLancet19923408829117911831359259
- KawamuraJMeyerJSIchijoMKobariMTerayamaYWeathersSCorrelations of leuko-araiosis with cerebral atrophy and perfusion in elderly normal subjects and demented patientsJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry19935621821878437007
- LuxenbergJSFriedlandRPRapoportSIQuantitative X-ray computed tomography (CT) in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT)Can J Neurol Sci1986134 Suppl5705723491665
- PhilpotMBurnsAJobstDetection in life of confirmed Alzheimer’s disease using a simple measurement of medial temporal lobe atrophy by computed tomographyBr J Psychiatry19931638098128306125
- WhitehousePJClinical Practice Guidelines: Guidelines Abstracted from the American Academy of Neurology’s Dementia Guidelines for Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Management of DementiaThe American Geriatrics Society2008 Available from: http://www.americangeriatrics.org/products/positionpapers/aan_dementia.shtmlAccessed on August 21, 2009
- BurnsAJacobyRLevyRComputed tomography in Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal studyBiol Psychiatry19912943833902036479
- BertschTMielkeOHolySHomocysteine in cerebrovascular disease: an independent risk factor for subcortical vascular encephalopathyClin Chem Lab Med200139872172411592441
- CensoriBPartziguianTManaraOPoloniMPlasma homocysteine and severe white matter diseaseNeurol Sci200728525926317972040
- ClarkeRSmithADJobstKARefsumHSuttonLUelandPMFolate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer diseaseArch Neurol19985511144914559823829
- EversSKochHGGrotemeyerKHLangeBDeufelTRingelsteinEBFeatures, symptoms, and neurophysiological findings in stroke associated with hyperhomocysteinemiaArch Neurol19975410127612829341574
- HassanAHuntBJO’SullivanMHomocysteine is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, acting via endothelial dysfunctionBrain2004127Pt 121221914607791
- HogervorstERibeiroHMMolyneuxABudgeMSmithADPlasma homocysteine levels, cerebrovascular risk factors, and cerebral white matter changes (leukoaraiosis) in patients with Alzheimer diseaseArch Neurol200259578779312020261
- NakaHNomuraETakahashiTPlasma total homocysteine levels are associated with advanced leukoaraiosis but not with asymptomatic microbleeds on T2*-weighted MRI in patients with strokeEur J Neurol200613326126516618343
- QuadriPFragiacomoCPezzatiRHomocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementiaAm J Clin Nutr200480111412215213037
- SachdevPParslowRSalonikasCHomocysteine and the brain in midadult life: evidence for an increased risk of leukoaraiosis in menArch Neurol20046191369137615364682
- SachdevPSHomocysteine and brain atrophyProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry20052971152116116102882
- SchwartzGLBaileyKRMosleyTAssociation of ambulatory blood pressure with ischemic brain injuryHypertension20074961228123417404188
- ScottTMTuckerKLBhadeliaAHomocysteine and B vitamins relate to brain volume and white-matter changes in geriatric patients with psychiatric disordersAm J Geriatr Psychiatry200412663163815545331
- SeshadriSWolfPABeiserASAssociation of plasma total homocysteine levels with subclinical brain injury: cerebral volumes, white matter hyperintensity, and silent brain infarcts at volumetric magnetic resonance imaging in the Framingham Offspring StudyArch Neurol200865564264918474741
- SmithADThe worldwide challenge of the dementias: a role for B vitamins and homocysteine?Food Nutr Bull2008292 SupplS14317218709889
- VogiatzoglouARefsumHJohnstonCVitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderlyNeurology2008711182683218779510
- WilliamsJHPereiraEABudgeMMBradleyKMMinimal hippocampal width relates to plasma homocysteine in community-dwelling older peopleAge Ageing200231644044412446289
- WrightCBPaikMCBrownTRTotal homocysteine is associated with white matter hyperintensity volume: the Northern Manhattan StudyStroke20053661207121115879345
- YangLKWongKCWuMYLiaoSLKuoCSHuangRFCorrelations between folate, B12, homocysteine levels, and radiological markers of neuropathology in elderly post-stroke patientsJ Am Coll Nutr200726327227817634173
- JimenezIAgullaJPousoMCognitive impairment associated to leukoaraiosis: its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatmentRev Neurol2008471053654419012258
- FuJHLuCZHongZDongQLuoYWongKSExtent of white matter lesions is related to acute subcortical infarcts and predicts further stroke risk in patients with first ever ischaemic strokeJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200576679379615897500
- LongstrethWTJrManolioTAArnoldAClinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health StudyStroke1996278127412828711786
- StreiflerJYEliasziwMBenaventeORPrognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosisStroke20023361651165512053006
- StreiflerJYEliasziwMBenaventeORDevelopment and progression of leukoaraiosis in patients with brain ischemia and carotid artery diseaseStroke20033481913191612869713
- GeorgeAEde LeonMJGentesCILeukoencephalopathy in normal and pathologic aging: 1. CT of brain lucenciesAJNR Am J Neuroradiol1986745615663088933
- BasileAMPantoniLPracucciGAge, hypertension, and lacunar stroke are the major determinants of the severity of age-related white matter changes. The LADIS (Leukoaraiosis and Disability in the Elderly) StudyCerebrovasc Dis20062156315322
- Bastos-LeiteAJKuijerJPRomboutsSACerebral blood flow by using pulsed arterial spin-labeling in elderly subjects with white matter hyperintensitiesAJNR Am J Neuroradiol20082971296130118451090
- FarrallAJWardlawJMBlood-brain barrier: Ageing and microvascular disease – systematic review and meta-analysisNeurobiol Aging200930333735217869382
- SchwartzGLFornageMMosleyTTurnerSTTreatment of leukoaraiosisCurr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med20057317317716004848
- RomanGCSenile dementia of the Binswanger type. A vascular form of dementia in the elderlyJAMA198725813178217883625988
- de LauLMRefsumHSmithADJohnstonCBretelerMMPlasma folate concentration and cognitive performance: Rotterdam Scan StudyAm J Clin Nutr200786372873417823439
- de LauLMSmithADRefsumHJohnstonCBretelerMMPlasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesionsJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200980214915718977824
- InzitariDSimoniMPracucciGRisk of rapid global functional decline in elderly patients with severe cerebral age-related white matter changes: the LADIS studyArch Intern Med20071671818817210882
- DufouilCAlperovitchADucrosVTzourioCHomocysteine, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition in healthy elderly peopleAnn Neurol200353221422112557288
- PolyakZSternFBernerYNHyperhomocysteinemia and vitamin score: correlations with silent brain ischemic lesions and brain atrophyDement Geriatr Cogn Disord2003161394512714799
- StensetVHofossDJohnsenLWhite matter lesion severity is associated with reduced cognitive performances in patients with normal CSF Abeta42 levelsActa Neurol Scand2008118637337818510598
- WongAMokVFanYHLamWWLiangKSWongKSHyperhomocysteinemia is associated with volumetric white matter change in patients with small vessel diseaseJ Neurol2006253444144716267639
- WallinASjogrenMCerebrospinal fluid cytoskeleton proteins in patients with subcortical white-matter dementiaMech Ageing Dev2001122161937194911589912
- BabiloniCBoscoPGhidoniRHomocysteine and electroencephalographic rhythms in Alzheimer disease: a multicentric studyNeuroscience2007145394295417321055
- SeshadriSBeiserASelhubJPlasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s diseaseN Engl J Med2002346747648311844848
- MillerJWGreenRMungasDMReedBRJagustWJHomocysteine, vitamin B6, and vascular disease in AD patientsNeurology200258101471147512034781
- AndoSNakayamaHCerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease: with special reference to its incidence and distributionNo To Shinkei19843611110911166525324
- CoriaFCastanoEPrelliFIsolation and characterization of amyloid P component from Alzheimer’s disease and other types of cerebral amyloidosisLab Invest19885844544582965774
- BueeLHofPRBourasCPathological alterations of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementing disordersActa Neuropathol (Berl)19948754694808059599
- EberlingJLJagustWJReedBRBakerMGReduced temporal lobe blood flow in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurobiol Aging19921344834911508299
- JobstKASmithADBarkerCSAssociation of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe with reduced blood flow in the posterior parietotemporal cortex in patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry19925531901941564478
- PurandareNBurnsADalyKJCerebral emboli as a potential cause of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: case-control studyBMJ200633275501119112416648133
- PurandareNVoshaarRCMorrisJAsymptomatic spontaneous cerebral emboli predict cognitive and functional decline in dementiaBiol Psychiatry200762433934417531959
- AgnatiLFGenedaniSRasioGStudies on homocysteine plasma levels in Alzheimer’s patients. Relevance for neurodegenerationJ Neural Transm2005112116316915599614
- LeeESChenHSolimanKFCharltonCGEffects of homocysteine on the dopaminergic system and behavior in rodentsNeurotoxicology200526336137115935208
- ChoiBHKimRCVaughanPJDecreases in protease nexins in Alzheimer’s disease brainNeurobiol Aging19951645575628544905
- HanyuHAsanoTTanakaYIwamotoTTakasakiMAbeKIncreased blood-brain barrier permeability in white matter lesions of Binswanger’s disease evaluated by contrast-enhanced MRIDement Geriatr Cogn Disord20021411612053125
- ArshavskyYIAlzheimer’s disease, brain immune privilege and memory: a hypothesisJ Neural Transm2006113111697170716932992
- D’AndreaMRAdd Alzheimer’s disease to the list of autoimmune diseasesMed Hypotheses200564345846315617848
- GroppaSAChekhoninVPSpecific brain antigens as the indicators of the blood-brain barrier permeability in Alzheimer’s diseaseZh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova199191950521723824
- Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysisJAMA2002288162015202212387654
- BautistaLEArenasIAPenuelaAMartinezLXTotal plasma homocysteine level and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studiesJ Clin Epidemiol200255988288712393075
- LiuXQJiangPHuangHYanYPlasma levels of endogenous hydrogen sulfide and homocysteine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia and the significance thereofZhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi200888322246224919087670
- MollerJNielsenGMTvedegaardKCAndersenNTJorgensenPEA meta-analysis of cerebrovascular disease and hyperhomocysteinaemiaScand J Clin Lab Invest200060649149911129065
- WaldDSLawMMorrisJKHomocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysisBMJ20023257374120212446535
- BousheyCJBeresfordSAOmennGSMotulskyAGA quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakesJAMA199527413104910577563456
- TroenAMShea-BudgellMShukitt-HaleBSmithDESelhubJRosenbergIHB-vitamin deficiency causes hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular cognitive impairment in miceProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200810534124741247918711131
- YaoHSadoshimaSKuwabaraYIchiyaYFujishimaMCerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger typeStroke19902112169416992264076
- PicardiANavajasFSpotoSPalma ModoniADe GalassoLCostantinoSA 74-year-old woman with macrocytic anemiaClin Ter20021531656711963638
- ChinAVRobinsonDJO’ConnellHVascular biomarkers of cognitive performance in a community-based elderly population: the Dublin Healthy Ageing studyAge Ageing200837555956418667454
- SalaIBelen Sanchez-SaudinosMMolina-PorcelLHomocysteine and cognitive impairment. Relation with diagnosis and neuropsychological performanceDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200826650651219023204
- SelhubJMorrisMSJacquesPFRosenbergIHFolate-vitamin B-12 interaction in relation to cognitive impairment, anemia, and biochemical indicators of vitamin B-12 deficiencyAm J Clin Nutr2009892702S706S19141696
- StewartRAsonganyiBSherwoodRPlasma homocysteine and cognitive impairment in an older British African-Caribbean populationJ Am Geriatr Soc20025071227123212133017
- RavagliaGFortiPMaioliFHomocysteine and cognitive function in healthy elderly community dwellers in ItalyAm J Clin Nutr200377366867312600859
- PrinsNDDen HeijerTHofmanAHomocysteine and cognitive function in the elderly: the Rotterdam Scan StudyNeurology20025991375138012427887
- ColeMGPrchalJFLow serum vitamin B12 in Alzheimer-type dementiaAge Ageing19841321011056731164
- MalaguarneraMFerriRBellaRAlagonaGCarnemollaAPennisiGHomocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate in vascular dementia and in Alzheimer diseaseClin Chem Lab Med20044291032103515497469
- McCaddonADaviesGHudsonPTandySCattellHTotal serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer typeInt J Geriatr Psychiatry19981342352399646150
- HagneliusNOWahlundLONilssonTKCSF/serum folate gradient: physiology and determinants with special reference to dementiaDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200825651652318463447
- ZoccolellaSLambertiPIlicetoGPlasma homocysteine levels in L-dopa-treated Parkinson’s disease patients with cognitive dysfunctionsClin Chem Lab Med200543101107111016197306
- OzerFMeralHHanogluLPlasma homocysteine levels in patients treated with levodopa: motor and cognitive associationsNeurol Res200628885385817288745
- BudgeMMde JagerCHogervorstESmithADTotal plasma homocysteine, age, systolic blood pressure, and cognitive performance in older peopleJ Am Geriatr Soc200250122014201812473014
- DuthieSJWhalleyLJCollinsARLeaperSBergerKDearyIJHomocysteine, B vitamin status, and cognitive function in the elderlyAm J Clin Nutr200275590891311976166
- EliasMFRobbinsMABudgeMMHomocysteine and cognitive performance: modification by the ApoE genotypeNeurosci Lett20084301646918023533
- EussenSJUelandPMClarkeRThe association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly peopleBr J Nutr200798596096817537289
- GarciaAAHaronYEvansLRSmithMGFreedmanMRomanGCMetabolic markers of cobalamin deficiency and cognitive function in normal older adultsJ Am Geriatr Soc2004521667114687317
- HinHClarkeRSherlikerPClinical relevance of low serum vitamin B12 concentrations in older people: the Banbury B12 studyAge Ageing200635441642216709605
- KadoDMKarlamanglaASHuangMHHomocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful AgingAm J Med2005118216116715694902
- MillerJWGreenRRamosMIHomocysteine and cognitive function in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on AgingAm J Clin Nutr200378344144712936927
- MorrisMSJacquesPFRosenbergIHSelhubJFolate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortificationAm J Clin Nutr200785119320017209196
- RiggsKMSpiroA3rdTuckerKRushDRelations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging StudyAm J Clin Nutr19966333063148602585
- StyczynskaMStrosznajderJBReligaDAssociation between genetic and environmental factors and the risk of Alzheimer’s diseaseFolia Neuropathol200846424925419169966
- WoltersMHicksteinMFlintermannATewesUHahnACognitive performance in relation to vitamin status in healthy elderly German women-the effect of 6-month multivitamin supplementationPrev Med200541125325915917019
- AnnerboSWahlundLOLokkJThe relation between homocysteine levels and development of Alzheimer’s disease in mild cognitive impairment patientsDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200520420921416088136
- ClarkeRBirksJNexoELow vitamin B-12 status and risk of cognitive decline in older adultsAm J Clin Nutr20078651384139117991650
- EliasMFSullivanLMD’AgostinoRBHomocysteine and cognitive performance in the Framingham offspring study: age is importantAm J Epidemiol2005162764465316107567
- GabryelewiczTStyczynskaMLuczywekEThe rate of conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: predictive role of depressionInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200722656356717136705
- GarciaAHaronYPulmanKHuaLFreedmanMIncreases in homocysteine are related to worsening of stroop scores in healthy elderly persons: a prospective follow-up studyJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci200459121323132715699533
- HaanMNMillerJWAielloAEHomocysteine, B vitamins, and the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment: results from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on AgingAm J Clin Nutr200785251151717284751
- KimJMStewartRKimSWChanges in folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine associated with incident dementiaJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200879886486818252751
- RavagliaGFortiPMaioliFBlood inflammatory markers and risk of dementia: The Conselice Study of Brain AgingNeurobiol Aging200728121810182017011077
- WrightCBLeeHSPaikMCStablerSPAllenRHSaccoRLTotal homocysteine and cognition in a tri-ethnic cohort: the Northern Manhattan StudyNeurology200463225426015277617
- NurkERefsumHTellGSPlasma total homocysteine and memory in the elderly: the Hordaland Homocysteine StudyAnn Neurol200558684785716254972
- NurkEDrevonCARefsumHCognitive performance among the elderly and dietary fish intake: the Hordaland Health StudyAm J Clin Nutr20078651470147817991661
- McCaddonAHudsonPDaviesGHughesAWilliamsJHWilkinsonCHomocysteine and cognitive decline in healthy elderlyDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200112530931311455131
- TeunissenCEBlomAHVan BoxtelMPHomocysteine: a marker for cognitive performance? A longitudinal follow-up studyJ Nutr Health Aging20037315315912766792
- OulhajARefsumHBeaumontHHomocysteine as a predictor of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s diseaseInt J Geriatr Psychiatry2009529 [Epub ahead of print]
- CampbellAKJagustWJMungasDMLow erythrocyte folate, but not plasma vitamin B-12 or homocysteine, is associated with dementia in elderly LatinosJ Nutr Health Aging200591394315750664
- LuchsingerJATangMXSheaSMillerJGreenRMayeuxRPlasma homocysteine levels and risk of Alzheimer diseaseNeurology200462111972197615184599
- ReitzCTangMXMillerJGreenRLuchsingerJAPlasma homocysteine and risk of mild cognitive impairmentDement Geriatr Cogn Disord2008271111719088473
- KalmijnSLaunerLJLindemansJBotsMLHofmanABretelerMMTotal homocysteine and cognitive decline in a community-based sample of elderly subjects: the Rotterdam StudyAm J Epidemiol1999150328328910430233
- MooijaartSPGusseklooJFrolichMHomocysteine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid and the risk of cognitive decline in old age: the Leiden 85-Plus studyAm J Clin Nutr200582486687116210718
- ClarkeRHarrisonGRichardsSEffect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementiaJ Intern Med20032541677512823643
- NilssonKGustafsonLHultbergBPlasma homocysteine concentration relates to the severity but not to the duration of Alzheimer’s diseaseInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200419766667215254923
- PostiglioneAMilanGRuoccoAGallottaGGuiottoGDi MinnoGPlasma folate, vitamin B(12), and total homocysteine and homozygosity for the C677T mutation of the 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia. A case-control studyGerontology200147632432911721146
- LocascioJJFukumotoHYapLPlasma amyloid beta-protein and C-reactive protein in relation to the rate of progression of Alzheimer diseaseArch Neurol200865677678518541797
- CorderEHBeaumontHSusceptibility groups for Alzheimer’s disease (OPTIMA cohort): integration of gene variants and biochemical factorsMech Ageing Dev20071281768217116317
- EngelborghsSVloeberghsEMaertensKCorrelations between cognitive, behavioural and psychological findings and levels of vitamin B12 and folate in patients with dementiaInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200419436537015065230
- RoosDWillangerRVarious degrees of dementia in a selected group of gastrectomized patients with low serum B12Acta Neurol Scand1977555363376855644
- WangHXWahlinABasunHFastbomJWinbladBFratiglioniLVitamin B(12) and folate in relation to the development of Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurology20015691188119411342684
- EussenSJFerryMHiningerIHallerJMatthysCDirrenHFive year changes in mental health and associations with vitamin B12/folate status of elderly EuropeansJ Nutr Health Aging200261435011813081
- GarrodMGGreenRAllenLHFraction of total plasma vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin correlates with cognitive function in elderly Latinos with depressive symptomsClin Chem20085471210121718451312
- LopezOLBeckerJTKlunkWResearch evaluation and diagnosis of possible Alzheimer’s disease over the last two decades: IINeurology200055121863186911134386
- LuchsingerJATangMXMillerJGreenRMayeuxRRelation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderlyArch Neurol2007641869217210813
- SmallBJViitanenMWinbladBBackmanLCognitive changes in very old persons with dementia: the influence of demographic, psychometric, and biological variablesJ Clin Exp Neuropsychol19971922452609240484
- SmallBJBackmanLPredictors of longitudinal changes in memory, visuospatial, and verbal functioning in very old demented adultsDement Geriatr Cogn Disord1998952582669701677
- ProdanCICowanLDStonerJARossEDCumulative incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with Alzheimer diseaseJ Neurol Sci20092841214414819380153
- American Academy of NeurologyPractice Parameter: Diagnosis of Dementia. American Academy of Neurology Guideline Summary for CliniciansDetection, Diagnosis, and Management of Dementia: American Academy of Neurology Current guideline – reaffirmed February 13, 2004. Available from: http://www.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/dementia_guideline.pdfAccessed on September 7, 2009
- ValkovicPBenetinJBlazicekPValkovicovaLGmitterovaKKukumbergPReduced plasma homocysteine levels in levodopa/entacapone treated Parkinson patientsParkinsonism Relat Disord200511425325615878587
- PostumaRBEspayAJZadikoffCVitamins and entacapone in levodopa-induced hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized controlled studyNeurology200666121941194316801668
- LambertiPZoccolellaSIlicetoGEffects of levodopa and COMT inhibitors on plasma homocysteine in Parkinson’s disease patientsMov Disord2005201697215390046
- LambertiPZoccolellaSArmeniseEHyperhomocysteinemia in L-dopa treated Parkinson’s disease patients: effect of cobalamin and folate administrationEur J Neurol200512536536815804266
- AbyadAPrevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among demented patients and cognitive recovery with cobalamin replacementJ Nutr Health Aging20026425426012486445
- AisenPSSchneiderLSSanoMHigh-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trialJAMA2008300151774178318854539
- BalkEMRamanGTatsioniAChungMLauJRosenbergIHVitamin B6, B12, and folic acid supplementation and cognitive function: a systematic review of randomized trialsArch Intern Med20071671213017210874
- CunhaUGAn investigation of dementia among elderly outpatientsActa Psychiatr Scand19908232612632248054
- EastleyRWilcockGKBucksRSVitamin B12 deficiency in dementia and cognitive impairment: the effects of treatment on neuropsychological functionInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200015322623310713580
- EussenSJde GrootLCJoostenLWEffect of oral vitamin B12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr200684236137016895884
- HvasAMJuulSLauritzenLNexoEEllegaardJNo effect of vitamin B-12 treatment on cognitive function and depression: a randomized placebo controlled studyJ Affect Disord200481326927315337331
- KwokTTangCWooJLaiWKLawLKPangCPRandomized trial of the effect of supplementation on the cognitive function of older people with subnormal cobalamin levelsInt J Geriatr Psychiatry19981396116169777425
- LinYTLinMHLaiHYChenLKHwangSJLanCFRegular vitamin B(12) supplementation among older Chinese men in a veterans care home in TaiwanArch Gerontol Geriatr200949118618918775574
- MaloufMGrimleyEJAreosaSAFolic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementiaCochrane Database Syst Rev20034CD00451414584018
- MartinDCFrancisJProtetchJHuffFJTime dependency of cognitive recovery with cobalamin replacement: report of a pilot studyJ Am Geriatr Soc19924021681721740602
- McMahonJAGreenTJSkeaffCMKnightRGMannJIWilliamsSMA controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performanceN Engl J Med2006354262764277216807413
- NilssonKGustafsonLHultbergBImprovement of cognitive functions after cobalamin/folate supplementation in elderly patients with dementia and elevated plasma homocysteineInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200116660961411424170
- OsimaniABergerAFriedmanJPorat-KatzBSAbarbanelJMNeuropsychology of vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly dementia patients and control subjectsJ Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol2005181333815681626
- StottDJMacIntoshGLoweGDRandomized controlled trial of homocysteine-lowering vitamin treatment in elderly patients with vascular diseaseAm J Clin Nutr20058261320132616332666
- SunYLuCJChienKLChenSTChenRCEfficacy of multivitamin supplementation containing vitamins B6 and B12 and folic acid as adjunctive treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer’s disease: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Taiwanese patientsClin Ther200729102204221418042476
- van DyckCHLynessJMRohrbaughRMSiegalAPCognitive and psychiatric effects of vitamin B12 replacement in dementia with low serum B12 levels: a nursing home studyInt Psychogeriatr2008110
- van UffelenJGChinAPMJHopman-RockMvan MechelenWThe effect of walking and vitamin B supplementation on quality of life in community-dwelling adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, controlled trialQual Life Res20071671137114617616840
- van UffelenJGChinapawMJvan MechelenWHopman-RockMWalking or vitamin B for cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomised controlled trialBr J Sports Med200842534435118308888
- RuscinJMPageRL2ndValuckRJVitamin B(12) deficiency associated with histamine(2)-receptor antagonists and a proton-pump inhibitorAnn Pharmacother200236581281611978157
- ValuckRJRuscinJMA case-control study on adverse effects: H2 blocker or proton pump inhibitor use and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in older adultsJ Clin Epidemiol200457442242815135846
- MitchellSLRockwoodKThe association between antiulcer medication and initiation of cobalamin replacement in older personsJ Clin Epidemiol200154553153411337218
- OhRBrownDLVitamin B12 deficiencyAm Fam Physician200367597998612643357
- MetzJThe deoxyuridine suppression testCrit Rev Clin Lab Sci19842032052416426860
- AllenRHStablerSPSavageDGLindenbaumJDiagnosis of cobalamin deficiency I: usefulness of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine concentrationsAm J Hematol199034290982339683
- ClarkeRSherlikerPHinHDetection of vitamin B12 deficiency in older people by measuring vitamin B12 or the active fraction of vitamin B12, holotranscobalaminClin Chem200753596397017363419
- HerrmannWObeidRSchorrHGeiselJFunctional vitamin B12 deficiency and determination of holotranscobalamin in populations at riskClin Chem Lab Med200341111478148814656029
- LindenbaumJSavageDGStablerSPAllenRHDiagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrationsAm J Hematol1990342991072339684
- MillerJWGarrodMGRockwoodALMeasurement of total vitamin B12 and holotranscobalamin, singly and in combination, in screening for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiencyClin Chem200652227828516384886
- PennypackerLCAllenRHKellyJPHigh prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatientsJ Am Geriatr Soc19924012119712041447433
- SmithDLAnemia in the elderlyAm Fam Physician20006271565157211037074
- ObeidRMorkbakALMunzWNexoEHerrmannWThe cobalamin-binding proteins transcobalamin and haptocorrin in maternal and cord blood sera at birthClin Chem200652226326916384893
- KrasinskiSDRussellRMSamloffIMFundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicatorsJ Am Geriatr Soc198634118008063771980
- CarmelRMild transcobalamin I (haptocorrin) deficiency and low serum cobalamin concentrationsClin Chem20034981367137412881454
- MetzJBellAHFlickerLThe significance of subnormal serum vitamin B12 concentration in older people: a case control studyJ Am Geriatr Soc19964411135513618909352
- BorMVCetinMAytacSAltayCNexoENonradioactive vitamin B12 absorption test evaluated in controls and in patients with inherited malabsorption of vitamin B12Clin Chem200551112151215516166166
- McCaddonAHudsonPAbrahamssonLOlofssonHReglandBAnalogues, ageing and aberrant assimilation of vitamin B12 in Alzheimer’s diseaseDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200112213313711173886
- RefsumHSmithADLow vitamin B12 status in confirmed Alzheimer’s disease as revealed by serum holotranscobalaminJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200374795996112810791
- McCrackenCHudsonPEllisRMcCaddonAMethylmalonic acid and cognitive function in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing StudyAm J Clin Nutr20068461406141117158424
- StablerSPAllenRHSavageDGLindenbaumJClinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiencyBlood19907658718812393714
- ZeitlinAFrishmanWHChangCJThe association of vitamin b 12 and folate blood levels with mortality and cardiovascular morbidity incidence in the old old: the Bronx aging studyAm J Ther1997478275281
- DharmarajanTSNorkusEPApproaches to vitamin B12 deficiency. Early treatment may prevent devastating complicationsPostgrad Med2001110199105 quiz 10611467046
- HultbergBIsakssonANilssonKGustafsonLHomocysteine and methylmalonic acid as markers of cobalamin/folate status. The association to neuropsychiatric symptoms in the elderly is exploredLakartidningen2000973841314134413611068379
- NilssonKGustafsonLHultbergBOptimal use of markers for cobalamin and folate status in a psychogeriatric populationInt J Geriatr Psychiatry2002171091992512325051
- SavageDGLindenbaumJStablerSPAllenRHSensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficienciesAm J Med19949632392468154512
- GalimbertiGContiEZiniMPost-methionine load test: A more sensitive tool to reveal hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer patientsClin Biochem200841101191491617988658
- KuzminskiAMDel GiaccoEJAllenRHStablerSPLindenbaumJEffective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalaminBlood1998924119111989694707
- LittleDRAmbulatory management of common forms of anemiaAm Fam Physician19995961598160410193599
- HillDMJohnsonLJBurnsPJNealeAMHarmeningDMKenneyACEffects of temperature on stability of blood homocysteine in collection tubes containing 3-deazaadenosineClin Chem200248112017202212406988
- HansraniMStansbyGExtended storage of whole blood with 3-deazaadenosine for homocysteine assayAnn Clin Biochem200744Pt 438839017594787
- JoostenEPelemansWDevosPCobalamin absorption and serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in elderly subjects with low serum cobalaminEur J Haematol199351125308348941
- van AsseltDZPasmanJWvan LierHJCobalamin supplementation improves cognitive and cerebral function in older, cobalamin-deficient personsJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci20015612M77577911723153
- AnnanmakiTPessala-DriverAHokkanenLMurrosKUric acid associates with cognition in Parkinson’s diseaseParkinsonism Relat Disord200814757657818321759
- MorettiRTorrePAntonelloRMCazzatoGCattaruzzaTScapicchioPLVitamin B12 and folate depletion: clinical evidence in a neurological populationNeurologist200410633834315518600
- SelhubJMorrisMSJacquesPFIn vitamin B12 deficiency, higher serum folate is associated with increased total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrationsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200710450199952000018056804
- ClarkeRSherlikerPHinHFolate and vitamin B12 status in relation to cognitive impairment and anaemia in the setting of voluntary fortification in the UKBr J Nutr200810051054105918341758
- Santiesteban-FreixasRSerrano-VerduraCGutierrez-GilJThe neuropathy epidemic in Cuba: eight years of investigation and follow-upRev Neurol200031654956611055062
- The Cuba Neuropathy Field Investigation TeamEpidemic optic neuropathy in Cuba – clinical characterization and risk factorsN Engl J Med199533318117611827565972
- DominguezYLHernandezMMatosCMZhouDIs B vitamins deficiency associated with prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in Cuban elderly?Nutr Health200618210311816859173
- HedgesTR3rdHiranoMTuckerKCaballeroBEpidemic optic and peripheral neuropathy in Cuba: a unique geopolitical public health problemSurv Ophthalmol19974143413539104771
- RomanGCAn epidemic in Cuba of optic neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral sensory neuropathy and dorsolateral myeloneuropathyJ Neurol Sci1994127111287699385
- RomanGCOn politics and health: an epidemic of neurologic disease in CubaAnn Intern Med199512275305337872589
- RomanGCEpidemic neuropathy in Cuba: a public health problem related to the Cuban Democracy Act of the United StatesNeuroepidemiology19981731111159648115
- TuckerKHedgesTRFood shortages and an epidemic of optic and peripheral neuropathy in CubaNutr Rev199351123493578108040
- The Flour Fortification InitiativeCountries with Mandatory Fortification of Flour with Iron and/or Folic Acid (Total = 57) Available from: http://www.sph.emory.edu/wheatflour/COUNTRYDATA/Mandatory_countries.pdfAccessed on August 11, 2009
- SmithellsRWSheppardSSchorahCJVitamin dificiencies and neural tube defectsArch Dis Child197651129449501015847
- MillsJLMcPartlinJMKirkePNHomocysteine metabolism in pregnancies complicated by neural-tube defectsLancet199534589431491517741859
- Bjorke-MonsenALUelandPMSchneedeJVollsetSERefsumHElevated plasma total homocysteine and C677T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with spina bifidaQJM19979095935969349452
- VollsetSERefsumHIrgensLMPlasma total homocysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the Hordaland Homocysteine studyAm J Clin Nutr200071496296810731504
- CzeizelAEDudasIPrevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementationN Engl J Med199232726183218351307234
- MRC Vitamin Study Research Group Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin StudyLancet199133887601311371677062
- SmithellsRWSheppardSSchorahCJPossible prevention of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementationLancet1980181643393406101792
- LaurenceKMJamesNMillerMHTennantGBCampbellHDouble-blind randomised controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defectsBr Med J (Clin Res Ed)1981282627515091511
- CzeizelAEPrevention of congenital abnormalities by periconceptional multivitamin supplementationBMJ19933066893164516488324432
- Trends in wheat-flour fortification with folic acid and iron – worldwide, 2004 and 2007MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep200857181018185494
- JacobsenDWHomocysteine and vitamins in cardiovascular diseaseClin Chem1998448 Pt 2183318439702993
- PitkinRMFolate and neural tube defectsAm J Clin Nutr2007851285S288S17209211
- LiuSWestRRandellEA comprehensive evaluation of food fortification with folic acid for the primary prevention of neural tube defectsBMC Pregnancy Childbirth2004412015450123
- LewisDPVan DykeDCStumboPJBergMJDrug and environmental factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Part III: Folic acid: pharmacology, therapeutic recommendations, and economicsAnn Pharmacother19983210108710959793602
- LeyvaMFolic acid intake and its effects on the prevention of neural tube defects, the masking of vitamin B12 deficiency and the reduction of homocysteineJ Okla State Med Assoc200295533934212043109
- MalinowMRDuellPBHessDLReduction of plasma homocyst(e)ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart diseaseN Engl J Med199833815100910159535664
- KristensenMOGulmannNCChristensenJEOstergaardKRasmussenKSerum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid in Alzheimer dementiaActa Neurol Scand19938764754818356878
- CarmelRPrevalence of undiagnosed pernicious anemia in the elderlyArch Intern Med199615610109711008638997
- KurodaSMoritaSA case of pernicious anemia with type A gastritis in an extremely elderly patient with dementia and heart failureNippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi200845333533718622120
- ArgyriadouSVlachonikolisIMelisopoulouHKatachanakisKLionisCIn what extent anemia coexists with cognitive impairment in elderly: a cross-sectional study in GreeceBMC Fam Pract20012511707152
- McCaddonAKellyCLFamilial Alzheimer’s disease and vitamin B12 deficiencyAge Ageing19942343343377976784
- NilssonKGustafsonLFaldtRAnderssonAHultbergBPlasma homocysteine in relation to serum cobalamin and blood folate in a psychogeriatric populationEur J Clin Invest19942496006067828631
- McCaddonATandySHudsonPAbsence of macrocytic anaemia in Alzheimer’s diseaseClin Lab Haematol200426425926315279662
- GrossJSWeintraubNTNeufeldRRLibowLSPernicious anemia in the demented patient without anemia or macrocytosis. A case for early recognitionJ Am Geriatr Soc19863486126143722679
- FoxJHTopelJLHuckmanMSDementia in the elderly – a search for treatable illnessesJ Gerontol19753055575641181360
- IkedaTFurukawaYMashimotoSTakahashiKYamadaMVitamin B12 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of people with Alzheimer’s diseaseActa Psychiatr Scand19908243273292260490
- KountourasJTsolakiMBozikiMAssociation between Helicobacter pylori infection and mild cognitive impairmentEur J Neurol200714997698217718688
- KountourasJBozikiMGavalasEEradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of Alzheimer’s diseaseJ Neurol2009256575876719240960
- MalaguarneraMBellaRAlagonaGFerriRCarnemollaAPennisiGHelicobacter pylori and Alzheimer’s disease: a possible linkEur J Intern Med200415638138615522573
- KountourasJTsolakiMGavalasERelationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and Alzheimer diseaseNeurology200666693894016567719
- VasconcellosLFCorreaRBChimelliLMyelopathy due to vitamin B12 deficiency presenting as transverse myelitisArq Neuropsiquiatr200260115015411965427
- GottfriesJBlennowKLehmannMWReglandBGottfriesCGOne-carbon metabolism and other biochemical correlates of cognitive impairment as visualized by principal component analysisJ Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol200114310911411563432
- Faxen-IrvingGBasunHCederholmTNutritional and cognitive relationships and long-term mortality in patients with various dementia disordersAge Ageing200534213614115644407
- JonesSSmallBJFratiglioniLBackmanLPredictors of cognitive change from preclinical to clinical Alzheimer’s diseaseBrain Cogn200249221021315259392
- McCaddonAKellyCLAlzheimer’s disease: a ‘cobalaminergic’ hypothesisMed Hypotheses19923731611651350050
- OpalaGJasinska-MygaBOchudloSJaniecKDiagnostic problems in the case of dementia with coexisting hematological disordersWiad Lek20015478456461
- CarmelREllenbogenLHerbertVDDietary Supplement Fact Sheet Vitamin B12Bethesda, MDOffice of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health2006 Available from: From http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12_pf.aspAccessed on January 18, 2009
- American Regent ICyanocobalamin Injection, USP. Package InsertShirley, NYAmerican Regent2003
- Braun-FalcoOLinckeHThe problem of vitamin B6/B12 acne. A contribution on acne medicamentosa (author’s transl)MMW Munch Med Wochenschr19761186155160130553
- TooleJFMalinowMRChamblessLELowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trialJAMA2004291556557514762035
- SchnyderGRoffiMPinRDecreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levelsN Engl J Med2001345221593160011757505
- SchnyderGRoffiMFlammerYPinRHessOMEffect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention: the Swiss Heart study: a randomized controlled trialJAMA2002288897397912190367
- AlbertCMCookNRGazianoJMEffect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trialJAMA2008299172027203618460663
- BonaaKHNjolstadIUelandPMHomocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarctionN Engl J Med2006354151578158816531614
- EbbingMBleieOUelandPMMortality and cardiovascular events in patients treated with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trialJAMA2008300779580418714059
- LangeHSuryapranataHDe LucaGFolate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stentingN Engl J Med2004350262673268115215483
- LonnEYusufSArnoldMJHomocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular diseaseN Engl J Med2006354151567157716531613
- MannJFSheridanPMcQueenMJHomocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in people with chronic kidney disease – results of the renal Hope-2 studyNephrol Dial Transplant200823264565318003666
- BazzanoLAReynoldsKHolderKNHeJEffect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trialsJAMA2006296222720272617164458
- WangXQinXDemirtasHEfficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysisLancet200736995761876188217544768
- BrattstromLWilckenDEOhrvikJBrudinLCommon methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation leads to hyperhomocysteinemia but not to vascular disease: the result of a meta-analysisCirculation19989823252025269843457
- DangourADBreezeEClarkeRShettyPSUauyRFletcherAEPlasma homocysteine, but not folate or vitamin B-12, predicts mortality in older people in the United KingdomJ Nutr200813861121112818492844
- den HeijerMRosendaalFRBlomHJGerritsWBBosGMHyperhomocysteinemia and venous thrombosis: a meta-analysisThromb Haemost19988068748779869152
- Den HeijerMLewingtonSClarkeRHomocysteine, MTHFR and risk of venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis of published epidemiological studiesJ Thromb Haemost20053229229915670035
- Dhonukshe-RuttenRAPluijmSMde GrootLCLipsPSmitJHvan StaverenWAHomocysteine and vitamin B12 status relate to bone turnover markers, broadband ultrasound attenuation, and fractures in healthy elderly peopleJ Bone Miner Res200520692192915883631
- KuoHKSorondFAChenJHHashmiAMilbergWPLipsitzLAThe role of homocysteine in multisystem age-related problems: a systematic reviewJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci20056091190120116183962
- SatoYHondaYIwamotoJKanokoTSatohKHomocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in stroke patientsBone200536472172615781007
- SatoYIwamotoJKanokoTSatohKHomocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in elderly women with Parkinson’s diseaseAm J Med2005118111250125516271909
- LehmannMReglandBBlennowKGottfriesCGVitamin B12-B6- folate treatment improves blood-brain barrier function in patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia and mild cognitive impairmentDement Geriatr Cogn Disord200316314515012826740
- FlickerLMartinsRNThomasJB-vitamins reduce plasma levels of beta amyloidNeurobiol Aging200829230330517113685
- StuerenburgHJMueller-ThomsenTMethnerAVitamin B12 plasma concentrations in Alzheimer diseaseNeuro Endocrinol Lett200425317617715349081
- La RueAKoehlerKMWayneSJChiulliSJHaalandKYGarryPJNutritional status and cognitive functioning in a normally aging sample: a 6-y reassessmentAm J Clin Nutr199765120298988908
- BryanJCalvaresiEHughesDShort-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various agesJ Nutr200213261345135612042457
- RemingtonRChanAPaskavitzJSheaTBEfficacy of a vitamin/nutriceutical formulation for moderate-stage to later-stage Alzheimer’s disease: a placebo-controlled pilot studyAm J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen2009241273319056706
- IkedaTYamamotoKTakahashiKTreatment of Alzheimer-type dementia with intravenous mecobalaminClin Ther19921434264371638584
- AlfthanGTapaniKNissinenKSaarelaJAroAThe effect of low doses of betaine on plasma homocysteine in healthy volunteersBr J Nutr200492466566915522136
- BellKMPlonLBunneyWEJrPotkinSGS-adenosylmethionine treatment of depression: a controlled clinical trialAm J Psychiatry19881459111011143046382
- BottiglieriTAdemetionine (S-adenosylmethionine) neuropharmacology: implications for drug therapies in psychiatric and neurological disordersExpert Opin Investig Drugs199764417426
- BressaGMS-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studiesActa Neurol Scand Suppl19941547147941964
- D’AngeloASelhubJHomocysteine and thrombotic diseaseBlood19979011119207431
- Di RoccoARogersJDBrownRWernerPBottiglieriTS-Adenosyl- Methionine improves depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease in an open-label clinical trialMov Disord20001561225122911104210
- DudmanNPGuoXWGordonRBDawsonPAWilckenDEHuman homocysteine catabolism: three major pathways and their relevance to development of arterial occlusive diseaseJ Nutr19961264 Suppl1295S1300S8642474
- HoPIAshlineDDhitavatSFolate deprivation induces neurodegeneration: roles of oxidative stress and increased homocysteineNeurobiol Dis2003141324213678664
- JacobRAJendenDJAllman-FarinelliMASwendseidMEFolate nutriture alters choline status of women and men fed low choline dietsJ Nutr1999129371271710082779
- KaganBLSultzerDLRosenlichtNGernerRHOral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAm J Psychiatry199014755915952183633
- KnopmanDPattersonMAn open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patientsAlzheimer Dis Assoc Disord200115316216511522934
- LipinskiJFCohenBMFrankenburgFOpen trial of S-adenosylmethionine for treatment of depressionAm J Psychiatry198414134484506367496
- McCaddonAHomocysteine and cognitive impairment; a case series in a General Practice settingNutr J20065616480506
- Melse-BoonstraAHolmPIUelandPMOlthofMClarkeRVerhoefPBetaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrationsAm J Clin Nutr20058161378138215941890
- MitsuyamaYKogohHSerum and cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 levels in demented patients with CH3-B12 treatment – preliminary studyJpn J Psychiatry Neurol198842165713398357
- Montero BrensCDalmau SerraJCabello TomasMLGarcia GomezAMRodes MonegalMVilaseca BuscaAHomocystinuria: effectiveness of the treatment with pyridoxine, folic acid, and betaineAn Esp Pediatr199339137418363149
- SchwabUTorronenAToppinenLBetaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjectsAm J Clin Nutr200276596196712399266
- SelhubJBagleyLCMillerJRosenbergIHB vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderlyAm J Clin Nutr2000712614S620S10681269
- ShippyRAMendezDJonesKCergnulIKarpiakSES-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of depression in people living with HIV/AIDSBMC Psychiatry200443815538952
- TavoniAJeracitanoGCiriglianoGEvaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in secondary fibromyalgia: a double-blind studyClin Exp Rheumatol19981611061079543578
- ConnellyPJPrenticeNPCouslandGBonhamJA randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of folic acid supplementation of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s diseaseInt J Geriatr Psychiatry200823215516017600848
- ItoTYamaderaHItoRSuzukiHAsayamaKEndoSEffects of vitamin B12 on bright light on cognitive and sleep-wake rhythm in Alzheimer-type dementiaPsychiatry Clin Neurosci200155328128211422876
- HaidemenosAKontisDGaziAKallaiEAllinMLuciaBPlasma homocysteine, folate and B12 in chronic schizophreniaProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry20073161289129617597277
- KingJCDietary Guidelines for Americans 2005US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture2005 Available from: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdfAccessed on January 18, 2009
- DierkesJDomroseUAmbroschASupplementation with vitamin B12 decreases homocysteine and methylmalonic acid but also serum folate in patients with end-stage renal diseaseMetabolism199948563163510337865
- HofferLJSaboohiFGoldenMBarrePECobalamin dose regimen for maximum homocysteine reduction in end-stage renal diseaseMetabolism200554683584015931623
- EussenSJde GrootLCClarkeROral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trialArch Intern Med2005165101167117215911731
- NyholmETurpinPSwainDOral vitamin B12 can change our practicePostgrad Med J20037993021822012743340
- LederleFAOral cobalamin for pernicious anemia: back from the verge of extinctionJ Am Geriatr Soc1998469112511279736106
- KwongJCCarrDDhallaIATom-KunDUpshurREOral vitamin B12 therapy in the primary care setting: a qualitative and quantitative study of patient perspectivesBMC Fam Pract200561815723708
- HengstermannSHanemannANieczajRDoes an association between increased homocystein levels and cognitive dysfunction also exist in multimorbid geriatric patients?Z Gerontol Geriatr200942213113618535757
- HengstermannSLaemmlerGHanemannATotal serum homocysteine levels do not identify cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid elderly patientsJ Nutr Health Aging200812641141618548180
- HuangYCKuoYWLeeTHHypoalbuminemia and not hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for dementia in hemodialysis patientsJ Ren Nutr200818434735418558299
- StipanukMHDominyJEJrLeeJIColosoRMMammalian cysteine metabolism: new insights into regulation of cysteine metabolismJ Nutr20061366 Suppl1652S1659S16702335
- FernandezHHWuCKOttBRPharmacotherapy of dementia with Lewy bodiesExpert Opin Pharmacother20034112027203714596656
- McKeithIDel SerTSpanoPEfficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international studyLancet200035692472031203611145488