90
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Advances in diagnostic and treatment options in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

&
Pages 193-209 | Published online: 11 Dec 2009

References

  • WolfeFSmytheHAYunusMBBennettRMBombardierCGoldenbergDLThe American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria CommitteeArthritis Rheum1990331601722306288
  • YunusMMasiAAldagJA controlled study of primary fibromyalgia syndrome: clinical features and associations with other functional syndromesJ Rheumatol198916Suppl 196271
  • FitzcharlesMABoulosPInaccuracy in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: analysis of referralsRheumatology (Oxford)20034226326712595620
  • ClauwDJCroffordLJChronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: what we know, and what we need to knowBest Pract Res Clin Rheumatol20031768570112849719
  • MeasePJArnoldLMCroffordLJIdentifying the clinical domains of fibromyalgia: contributions from clinician and patient delphi exercisesArthritis Rheum20085995296018576290
  • WolfeFRossKAndersonJThe prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general populationArthritis Rheum19953819287818567
  • BuskilaDPresJNeuroendocrine mechanisms in fibromyalgia-chronic fatigueBest Pract Res Clin Rheumatol200115574775811812019
  • AdlerGKGeenenRHypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and autonomic nervous system functioning in fibromyalgiaRheum Dis Clin N Am200531187202
  • WeigentDABradleyLABlalockJEAlarconGSCurrent concepts in the pathophysiology of abnormal pain perception in fibromyalgiaAm J Med Sci199831564054129638897
  • HenrikssonKGFibromyalgia–from syndrome to disease. Overview of pathogenetic mechanismsJ Rehabil Med2003Suppl 41899412817664
  • BuskilaDPresJNeuroendocrine mechanisms in fibromyalgia-chronic fatigueBest Pract Res Clin Rheumatol200115574775811812019
  • SörensenJGraven-NielsenTHenrikssonKGBengtssonMArendt-NielsenLHiperexcitability in fibromyalgiaJ Rheumatol1998251521559458220
  • StaudRFibromyalgia pain: do we know the source?Curr Opin Rheumatol200416215716314770104
  • StaudRVierckCJCannonRLMauderliAPPriceDDAbnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (windup) in patients with fibromyalgia syndromePain20019116516711240089
  • StaudRCannonRCMauderliAPRobinsonMEPriceDDVierckCJJrTemporal summation of pain from mechanical stimulation of muscle tissue in normal controls and subjects with fibromyalgia syndromePain2003102879512620600
  • PriceDDStaudRRobinsonMEMauderliAPCannonRVierckCJEnhanced temporal summation of second pain and its central modulation in fibromyalgia patientsPain200299495912237183
  • GurAOktayogluPCentral nervous system abnormalities in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: new concepts in treatmentCurr Pharm Des200814131274129418537652
  • HardenRNRevivoGSongSA critical analysis of the tender points in fibromyalgiaPain Med20078214715617305686
  • WilliamsDAGracelyRHBiology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging findings in fibromyalgiaArthritis Res Ther2006822417254318
  • TunksECrookJNormanGKalaherSTender points in fibromyalgiaPain19883411193165524
  • BohrTProblems with myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia syndromeNeurology1996465935978618650
  • CohenMQuintnerJFibromyalgia syndrome, a problem of tautologyLancet19933429069098105171
  • TunksEMcCainGAHartLEThe reliability of examination for tenderness in patients with myofascial pain, chronic fibromyalgia and controlsJ Rheumatol1995229449528587087
  • McCarthyDJJrGatterRAPhelpsPA dolorimeter for quantification of articular tendernessArthritis Rheum1965855155914323544
  • FischerAAPressure algometry over normal muscles. Standard values, validity and reproducibility of pressure thresholdPain1987301151263614975
  • McVeighJGFinchMBHurleyDABasfordJRSimJBaxterGDTender point count and total myalgic score in fibromyalgia: changes over a 28 day periodRheumatol Int2007271011101817641895
  • WilkeSWNew developments in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: Say goodbye to tender points?Cleve Clin J Med200976634535219487555
  • KatzRSWolfeFMichaudKFibromyalgia diagnosis: a comparison of clinical, survey, and American College of Rheumatology criteriaArthritis Rheum200654116917616385512
  • HarrisREClauwDJNewer treatments for fibromyalgia syndromeTher Clin Risk Manag2008461331134219337439
  • GracelyRHPetzkeFWolfJMFunctional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum2002461333134312115241
  • LutzJJägerLde QuervainDWhite and gray matter abnormalities in the brain of patients with fibromyalgia: a diffusion-tensor and volumetric imaging studyArthritis Rheum200858123960396919035484
  • PetrouMHarrisREFoersterBRProton MR spectroscopy in the evaluation of cerebral metabolism in patients with fibromyalgia: comparison with healthy controls and correlation with symptom severityAm J Neuroradiol200829591391818339723
  • MountzJMBradleyLAModellJGFibromyalgia in women. Abnormalities of regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamus and the caudate nucleus are associated with low pain threshold levelsArthritis Rheum1995389269387612042
  • KwiatekRBarndenLTedmanRRegional cerebral blood flow in fibromyalgia: single-photon-emission computed tomography evidence of reduction in the pontine tegmentum and thalamiArthritis Rheum2000432823283311145042
  • GurAKarakocMErdoganSNasKCevikRSaracAJRegional cerebral blood flow and cytokines in young females with fibromyalgiaClin Exp Rheumatol200220675376012508765
  • AdiguzelOKaptanogluETurgutBThe possible effect of clinical recovery on regional cerebral blood flow deficits in fibromyalgia: a prospective study with semiquantitative SPECTSouth Med J20049765165515301122
  • WoodPBPattersonJC2ndSunderlandJJTainterKHGlabusMFLilienDLReduced presynaptic dopamine activity in fibromyalgia syndrome demonstrated with positron emission tomography: a pilot studyJ Pain200781515817023218
  • StaudREvidence of involvement of central neural mechanisms in generating fibromyalgia painCurr Rheumatol Rep2002429930512126581
  • BurckhardtDCGoldenbergDCroffordLGuideline for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome pain in adults and childrenAPS Clinical Practice Guidelines Series. No 4Glenview, ILAmerican Pain Society2005
  • CarvilleSFArendt-NielsenSBliddalHEULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia syndromeAnn Rheum Dis20086753654117644548
  • LawsonKTreatment options and patient perspectives in the management of fibromyalgia: future trendsNeuropsychiatr Dis Treat2008461059107119337451
  • MaurizioSJRogersJLRecognizing and treating fibromyalgiaNurse Pract1997221833
  • CaretteSMcCainGABellDAFamAGEvaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled studyArthritis Rheum1986296556593521612
  • BennettRMGatterRACampbellSMA comparison of cyclobenzaprine and placebo in the management of fibrositis. A double-blind controlled studyArthritis Rheum198831153515423058130
  • TofferiJKJacksonJLO’MalleyPGTreatment of fibromyalgia with cyclobenzaprine: a meta-analysisArthritis Care Res200451913
  • GoldenbergDLFelsonDTDinermanHA randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum19862911137113773535811
  • GoldenbergDLMayskiyMMosseyCRuthazarRSchmidCA randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum199639185218598912507
  • GoldenbergDLPharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia and other chronic musculoskeletal painBest Pract Res Clin Rheumatol200721349951117602996
  • ShareNNMcFarlaneCSCyclobenzaprine: a novel centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxantNeuropharmacology19751496756841178121
  • QuimbyLGGratwickGMWhitneyCDBlockSRA randomized trial of cyclobenzaprine for the treatment of fibromyalgiaJ Rheumatol Suppl1989191401432481741
  • WolfeFCatheyMAHawleyDJA double-blind placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine in fibromyalgiaScand J Rheumatol1994232552597973479
  • ArnoldLMHessEVHudsonJIBernoSEKeckPEA randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, flexibledose study of fluoxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgiaAm J Med200211219119711893345
  • BurckhardtCCroffordLManagement of fibromyalgia syndromeJAMA2004292192388239515547167
  • NorregaardJVolkmannHDanneskiold-SamsoeBA randomized controlled trial of citalopram in the treatment of fibromyalgiaPain19956134454497478688
  • AnderbergUMMarteinsdottirIvon KnorringLCitalopram in patients with fibromyalgia-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyEur J Pain20004273510833553
  • SayarKAksuGAkITosunMVenlafaxine treatment of fibromyalgiaAnn Pharmacother20031115611565
  • DwightMMArnoldLMO’BrienHMetzgerRMorris-ParkEKeckPEJrAn open clinical trial of venlafaxine treatment of fibromyalgiaPsychosomatics19983914179538670
  • KrellHCookIAAbramsMReboxetine yields symptomatic and functional improvement in unipolar depressionScottsdale, AZPoster abstracts from the 41st Annual Meeting of the National Institutes of Mental Health’s New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit2001
  • WoodPBSchweinhardtPJaegerEFibromyalgia patients show an abnormal dopamine response to painEur J Neurosci2007253576358217610577
  • PalangioMFloresJAJoyalSVTreatment of fibromyalgia with sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrateArthritis Rheum20024625452546
  • LawsonKPharmacological treatments of fibromyalgia: do complex conditions need complex therapies?Drug Discov Today2008137–833334018405846
  • HolmanAJMyersRRA randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medicationsArthritis Rheum2005522495250516052595
  • ArnoldLMBiology and therapy of fibromyalgia. New therapies in fibromyalgiaArthritis Res Ther20068421216762044
  • HockingGCousinsMJKetamine in chronic pain management: an evidence-based reviewAnesth Analg2003971730173914633551
  • NikolajsenLGottrupHKristensenAGDJensenTSMemantine (a N-methyl-Daspartate receptor antagonist) in the treatment of neuropathic pain after amputation or surgery: a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over studyAnesth Analg20009196096611004057
  • WeinbroumAARudickVParetGBen-AbrahamRThe role of dextromethorphan in pain controlCan J Anaesth20004758559610875724
  • KimSHJangTJMoonISIncreased expression of N-methyl-Daspartate receptor subunit 2D in the skin of patients with fibromyalgiaJ Rheumatol20063378578816583480
  • ReclaJMSarantopoulosCDCombined use of pregabalin and memantine in fibromyalgia syndrome treatment: a novel analgesic and neuroprotective strategy?Med Hypotheses200973217718319362430
  • KhojainovaNSantiago-PalmaJKornickCBreitbartWGonzalesGROlanzapine in the management of cancer painJ Pain Symptom Manage20022334635011997204
  • SilbersteinSDPeresMFPHopkinsMMShechterALYoungWBRozenTDOlanzapine in the treatment of refractory migraine and chronic daily headacheHeadache20024251551812167140
  • GorskiEDWillisKCReport of three case studies with olanzapine for chronic painJ Pain2003416616814622714
  • KiserRCohenHMFreedenfeldRNJewellCFuchsPNOlanzapine for the treatment of fibromyalgia symptomsJ Pain Symptom Manage20012270470811495717
  • FreedenfeldRNMurrayMFuchsPNKiserRSDecreased pain and improved quality of life in fibromyalgia patients treated with olanzapine, an atypical neurolepticPain Pract20066211211817309719
  • StahlSMShayeganDKThe psychopharmacology of ziprasidone: receptor-binding properties and real-world psychiatric practiceJ Clin Psychiatry2003649612
  • CalandreEPHidalgoJRico-VillademorosFUse of ziprasidone in patients with fibromyalgia: a case seriesRheumatol Int20075473476
  • ErringtonACCoyneLStöhrTSelveNLeesGSeeking a mechanism of action for the novel anticonvulsant lacosamideNeuropharmacology2006501016102916620882
  • ErringtonACStöhrTHeersCLeesGThe investigational anticonvulsant lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channelsMol Pharmacol20087315716917940193
  • BialerMJohannessenSIKupferbergHJLevyRHPeruccaETomsonTProgress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Eighth Eilat Conference (EILAT VIII)Epilepsy Res20077315217158031
  • US National Institutes of HealthClinicalTrials.gov Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/Accessed on October 10, 2009
  • LuszczkiJJThird-generation antiepileptic drugs: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and interactionsPharmacol Rep200961219721619443931
  • CorcheroJManzanaresJFuentesJACannabinoid/opioid crosstalk in the central nervous systemCrit Rev Neurobiol20041615917215581411
  • SalioCFischerJFranzoniMFMackieKKanekoTConrathMCB1-canabinoid and mu-receptor co-localization on postsynaptic target in the rat dorsal hornNeuroReport2001123689369211726775
  • BursteinSLevinEVaranelliCProstoglandins and cannabis, II: Inhibition of biosynthesis by the naturally occurring cannabinoidsBiochem Pharmacol197322290529104202579
  • EvansFJCannabinoids: The separation of central from peripheral effects on a structural basisPlanta Med199157S60S67
  • SkrabekRQGalimovaLEthansKPerryDNabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgiaJ Pain20089216417317974490
  • WiegantVMSweepCGNirIEffect of acute administration of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol on beta-endorphin levels in plasma and brain tissue of the ratExperientia1987434134153032670
  • MailleuxPVanderhaeghenJJDelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol regulates substance P and enkephalin mRNAs levels in the caudate-putamenEur J Pharmacol1994267R1R3
  • KoGWineWChronic pain and cannabinoids: A survey study of current fibromyalgia treatment approaches together with an overview and case studies of a new “old” treatment approachPract Pain Manage200518
  • MillanMJDescending control of painProg Neurobiol20026635547412034378
  • DooleyDJTaylorCPDonevanSCa2+ channel alpha2delta ligands: novel modulators of neurotransmissionTrends Pharmacol Sci200728758217222465
  • KranzlerJGendreauJRaoSThe psychopharmacology of fibromyalgia: a drug development perspectivePsychopharmacol Bull20023616521312397854
  • ArnoldLMGoldenbergDLStanfordSBGabapentin in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trialArthritis Rheum2007561336134417393438
  • CroffordLJPain management in fibromyalgiaCurr Opin Rheumatol200820324625018388513
  • FarberLStratzTBruckleWEfficacy and tolerability of tropisetron in primary fibromyalgia- a highly selective and competitive 5-HT3 receptor antagonistScand J Rheumatol20001134954
  • StratzTMullerWThe use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in various rheumatic diseases–a clue to the mechanism of action of these agents in fibromyalgia?Scand J Rheumatol20001136671
  • EvansBWClarkWKMooreDJWhorwellPJTegaserod for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipationCochrane Database Syst Rev20074CD00396017943807
  • ReitblatTZamirDPolishchuckINovochatkoGMalnickSKalichmanLPatients treated by tegaserod for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation showed significant improvement in fibromyalgia symptoms. A pilot studyClin Rheumatol20092891079108219468788
  • PardiDBlackJGamma-hydroxybutyrate/sodium oxybate: neurobiology, and impact on sleep and wakefulnessCNS Drugs200620993101817140279
  • ScharfMBBaumannMBerkowitzDVThe effects of sodium oxybate on clinical symptoms and sleep patterns in patients with fibromyalgiaJ Rheumatol2003301070107412734908
  • Sarzi-PuttiniPBuskilaDCarrabbaMDoriaAAtzeniFTreatment strategy in fibromyalgia syndrome: where are we now?Semin Arthritis Rheum200837635336517976693
  • GriffithsRRJohnsonMWRelative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: A conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compoundsJ Clin Psychiatry2005669314116336040
  • SchwartzTRayanchaSRashidAChlebowksiSChiltonMMorelMModafinil treatment for fatigue associated with fibromyalgia (concise reports)J Clin Rheumatol2007135217278955
  • LinJSHouYJouvetMPotential brain neuronal targets for amphetamine-methylphenilate- and modafinil-induced wakefulness, evidenced by c-fos immunocytochemistry in the catProc Natl Acad Sci U S A19969314128141338943072
  • PachasWNModafinil for the treatment of fatigue of fibromyalgiaJ Clin Rheumatol20039428228517041476
  • GlassJMFibromyalgia and cognitionJ Clin Psychiatry20086922024
  • BennettRMCookDMClarkSRBurckhardtCSCampbellSMHypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction in patients with fibromyalgiaJ Rheumatol199724138413899228141
  • Leal-CerroAPovedanoJAstorgaRThe growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-GH-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in patients with fibromyalgia syndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1999843378338110487713
  • CuneoRCSalomonFMcGauleyGASönksenPHThe growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adultsClin Endocrinol199237387397
  • CuneoRCSalomonFWilesCMGrowth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults. II. Effects on exercise performanceJ Appl Physiol1991706957002022561
  • McGauleyGACuneoRCSalomonFSönksenPHPsychological well-being before and after growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiencyHorm Res199033Suppl 452542245968
  • BennettRMThe contribution of muscle to the generation of fibromyalgia symptomatologyJ Musculoskel Pain199643559
  • BennettRMClarkSCWalczykJA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in the treatment of fibromyalgiaAm J Med199810432272319552084
  • HaratiYGoochCSwensonMMaintenance of the long-term effectiveness of tramadol in treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathyJ Diabetes Complications200014657010959067
  • RussellIJKaminMBennettRMEfficacy of tramadol in treatment of pain in fibromyalgiaJ Clin Rheumatol2000625025719078481
  • RaffaRBFriderichsEReimannWOpioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an ‘atypical’ opioid analgesicJ Pharmacol Exp Ther19922602752851309873
  • BennettRMimpact of fibromyalgia pain on health-related quality of life before and after treatment with tramadol/acetaminophenArthritis Rheum20055351952716082646
  • ClarkSTindallEBennettRMA double blind crossover trial of prednisone versus placebo in the treatment of fibrositisJ Rheumatol1985129809833910836
  • GoldenbergDLFelsonDTDinermanHA randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum198629137113773535811
  • UrESerriOLeggKMurphyLJEzzatSCanadian guidelines for the management of adult growth hormone deficiencyClin Invest Med200629839016737084
  • PaivaESDeodharAJonesKDBennettRImpaired growth hormone secretion in fibromyalgia patients: evidence for augmented hypothalamic somatostatin toneArthritis Rheum2002461344135012115242
  • JonesKDBurckhardtCSDeodharAAPerrinNAHansonGCBennettRMA six-month randomized controlled trial of exercise and pyridostigmine in the treatment of fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum200858261262218240245
  • Acuña-CastroviejoDEscamesGMaciasMCell protective role of melatonin in the brainJ Pineal Res19951957638609597
  • KhaldyHLeónJEscamesGCircadian rhythm of dopamine and their metabolites in mouse striatum: effects of pinealectomy and melatonin replacementNeuroendocrinology20027520120811914592
  • Acuña-CastroviejoDEscamesGLópezLCHitosABLeónJMelatonin and nitric oxide: two required antagonists for mitochondrial homeostasisEndocrine200527215916816217129
  • AlmayBGVon KnorringLWetterbergLMelatonin in serum and urine in patients with idiopathic pain syndromesPsychiatr Res198722179191
  • Acuna-CastroviejoDEscamesGReiterRJMelatonin therapy in fibromyalgiaJ Pineal Res2006401989916313505
  • FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchSavella (milnacipran) label information182009 Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2009Accessed on October 10, 2009
  • BoomershineCSFirst pregabalin and now duloxetine for fibromyalgia syndrome: closer to a brave new world?Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol2008463663718982001
  • BoomershineCSCroffordLJA symptom-based approach to pharmacologic management of fibromyalgiaNat Rev Rheumatol20095419119919337283
  • GajrajNMPregabalin: its pharmacology and use in pain managementAnesth Analg20071051805101518042886
  • Vera-LlonchMDukesEArgoffCOsterGAnalgesic outcomes in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia receiving pregabalin versus gabapentinJ Pain20056S33
  • CroffordLJRowbothamMDMeasePJPregabalin for the treatment of fibromylagia syndrome: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialArthritis Rheum2005521264127315818684
  • ArnoldLRussellIDiriEA 14-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled monotherapy trial of pregabalin in patients with fibromyalgiaJ Pain20089979280518524684
  • CroffordLJMeasePJSimpsonSLFibromyalgia relapse evaluation and efficacy for durability of meaningful relief (FREEDOM): a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with pregabalinPain2008136341943118400400
  • ZarebaGNew treatment options in the management of fibromyalgia: role of pregabalinNeuropsychiatr Dis Treat2008461193120119337459
  • ArnoldLMLuYCroffordLJA double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorderArthritis Rheum2004502974298415457467
  • ArnoldLMPritchettYLD’SouzaDNDuloxetine for the treatment of fibromyalgia in women: pooled results from two randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trialsJ Womens Health (Larchmt)2007161145115617937567
  • GendreauRMMeasePJRaoSRKranzlerJDClauwDJMilnacipran: a potential new treatment of fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum200348S616
  • StahlSMGradyMMMoretCBrileyMSNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressantsCNS Spectr20051073274716142213
  • ClauwDJMeasePPalmerRHGendreauRMWangYMilnacipran for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults: a 15-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multiple-dose clinical trialClin Ther2008301988200419108787
  • MeasePJClauwDJGendreauRMThe efficacy and safety of milnacipran for treatment of fibromyalgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trialJ Rheumatol20093639840919132781
  • BennettRMFibromyalgia: a new treatment option for fibromyalgiaNat Rev Rheumatol20095418819019337282
  • ForsethKØGranJTManagement of fibromyalgia: what are the best treatment choices?Drugs200262457759211893227
  • GamANWarmingSLarsenLHTreatment of myofascial trigger points with ultrasound combined with massage and exercise-a randomized controlled trialPain199877173799755021
  • LehmannJDelateurBWarrenCStonebridgeJHeating of joint structures by ultrasoundArch Phys Med Rehabil196849128305635200
  • GurAPhysical therapy modalities in management of fibromyalgiaCurr Pharm Des2006121293516454722
  • AlmeidaTFRoizenblattSBenedito-SilvaAATufikSThe effect of combined therapy (ultrasound and interferential current) on pain and sleep in fibromyalgiaPain2003104366567212927639
  • WassselmannULinSFRymerWZSelective decrease of small sensory neurons in lumbar dorsal root ganglia labeled with horseradish peroxidase after ND: YAG laser irradiation of the tibial nerve in the ratExp Neurol199111122512621989901
  • SattayutSHughesFBradleyP820 nm Gallium Aluminium Arsenide laser modulation of a prostaglandin E2 production in interleukin 1 stimulated myoblastsLaser Ther19991128895
  • CampanaVRMoyaMGavottoAJuriHThe relative effects of He-Ne laser and meloxicam on experimentally induced inflammationLaser Ther19991113642
  • NishidaJSatohTSatodateRHistological evaluation of the effect of He Ne laser irradiation an the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritisJapanese J Rheumatol19902251260
  • SiebertWSeichertNSiebertBWirthCJWhat is the efficacy of soft and mid lasers in therapy of tendinopathies? A double-blind studyArch Orthop Trauma Surg198710663583633324991
  • OlaviAPekkaRPerttiKPekkaPEffects of the infrared laser therapy at treated and non-treated trigger pointsAcupunct Electrother Res19891419142568075
  • LaaskoELCramondTRichardsonCGalliganJPPlasma ACTH and β-endorphin levels in response to low level laser therapy for myofascial trigger pointsLaser Ther199463133142
  • Pioro-BoissetMEsdaileJMFitzcharlesMAlternative medicine use in fibromyalgia syndromeArthritis Care Res19969113178945108
  • GurAKarakoçMNasKÇevikRSaraçAJDemirEEfficacy of low power laser therapy in fibromiyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trialLasers Med Sci200217576111845369
  • GurAKarakoçMNasKÇevikRSaraçAJAtaoğluSEffects of low power laser and low dose amitriptyline therapy on clinical symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trialRheumatol Int20022218819312215864
  • MannerkorpiKBurckhardtCSBjelleAPhysical performance characteristics of women with fibromyalgiaArthritis Care Res199471231297727551
  • BengtssonAHenrikssonKGLarssonJMuscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia: light microscopical and histochemical findingsScand J Rheumatol198615162421398
  • McCainGABellDAMaiFMHallidayPDA controlled study of the effects of a supervised cardiovascular fitness training program on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum198831113511413048273
  • NicholsDSGlennTMEffects of aerobic exercise on pain perception, affect, and level of disability in individuals with fibromyalgiaPhys Ther1994743273328140145
  • McCainGBellDMaiFA controlled study of the effects of a supervised cardiovascular fitness training program on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum1988319113511413048273
  • MartinLNuttingAMacIntoshBREdworthySMButterwickDCookJAn exercise program in the treatment of fibromyalgiaJ Rheumatol199623105010538782139
  • Lena FortunaRFriol GonzálezJEFibromialgia y MagnetoterapiaRevista Cubana de Reumatología20024156
  • Sueiro BlancoFEstévez SchwarzIAyánCCancelaJMartínVPotential benefits of non-pharmacological therapies in fibromyalgiaOpen Rheumatol J200821619088863
  • HoldcraftLCAssefiNBuchwaldDComplementary and alternative medicine in fibromyalgia and related syndromesBest Pract Res Clin Rheumatol20031766768312849718
  • SinghBBWuWSHwangSHEffectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of fibromyalgiaAltern Ther Health Med2006123441
  • RooksDSFibromyalgia treatment updateCurr Opin Rheumatol200719211111717278924
  • AssefiNPShermanKJJacobsenCGoldbergJSmithWRBuchwaldDA randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgiaAnn Intern Med20051431101915998750
  • JainKKPhysical, physiological, and biochemical aspects of hyperbaric oxygenationJainKKNeubauerRCorreaJGCamporesiEMTextbook of Hyperbaric Medicine2nd edSeattle, WAHogrefe and Huber Publishers19961126
  • YildizSKiralpMZAkinAA new treatment modality for fibromyalgia syndrome: hyperbaric oxygen therapyJ Int Med Res200432326326715174219
  • CurkovicBVitulicVBabic-NaglicDDurriglTThe influence of heat and cold on the pain threshold in rheumatoid arthritisZ Rheumatol1993522892918259720
  • LehmannJEDiathermy and superficial heat, laser and cold therapyKottkeEJLehmannJEKrusen’s Handbook of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationPhiladelphia, PASaunders1990
  • CimbizABayazitVHasan HallaceliHUgur CavlakUThe effect of combined therapy (spa and physical therapy) on pain in various chronic diseasesComplement Ther Med20051324425016338194
  • BuskilaDAbu-ShakraMNeumannLBalneotherapy for fibromyalgia at the Dead SeaRheumatol Int20012010510811354556
  • CroffordLJAppletonBEComplementary and alternative therapies for fibromyalgiaCurr Rheumatol Rep2001314715611286671
  • AdamsNSimJRehabilitation approaches in fibromyalgiaDisabil Rehabil2005271271172316012064
  • GamberRGShoresJHRussoDPJimenezCRubinBROsteopathic manipulative treatment in conjunction with medication relieves pain associated with fibromyalgia syndrome: Results of a randomized clinical pilot projectJ Am Osteopath Assoc200210232132512090649
  • Pioro-BoissetMEsdaileJMFitzcharlesMAlternative medicine use in fibromyalgia syndromeArthritis Care Res19969113178945108
  • KeefeFJCaldwellDSCognitive behavioral control of arthritis painMed Clin North Am1997812772909012765
  • MorleySEcclestonCWilliamsASystematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled of cognitive behavior therapy and behavioral therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headachePain1999801–211310204712
  • VlaeyenJWTeeken-GrubenNJGoossensMECognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. I. Clinical effectsJ Rheumatol199623123712458823699
  • JacobsenSDanneskiold-SamsoeBAndersenRBOral S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia. Double-blind clinical evaluationScand J Rheumatol1991202943021925418
  • AmmerKMelnizkyPMedicinal baths for treatment of generalized fibromyalgiaForsch Komplementarmed19996808510352370
  • AbrahamGEFlechasIDManagement of fibromyalgia: a rationale for the use of magnesium and malic acidJ Nutr Med199234959
  • MerchantRECarmackCAWiseCMNutritional supplementation with chlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot studyPhytother Res20001416717310815009
  • MerchantREAndreCA review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitisAltern Ther Health Med20017799111347287
  • HoldcraftLCAssefiNBuchwaldDComplementary and alternative medicine in fibromyalgia and related syndromesBest Pract Res Clin Rheumatol200317466768312849718
  • ThimineurMDe RidderDC2 area neurostimulation: a surgical treatment for fibromyalgiaPain Med20078863964618028042