Vascular health in children and adolescents: effects of obesity and diabetes

References

• CopelandKCChalmersLJBrownRDType 2 diabetes in children: oxymoron or medical metamorphosisPediatr Ann20053468669716222946
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SinhaRFischGTeagueBPrevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesityN Engl J Med200234680281011893791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuLLLawrenceJMDavisCPrevalence of overweight and obesity in youth with diabetes in USA: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth StudyPediatr Diab2009515[Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study GroupLieseADD’AgostinoRBThe burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth StudyPediatrics20061181510151817015542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WhiteNHPyleLTamborlaneWVClinical characteristics and co-morbidities in a large cohort of youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) screened for the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) StudyDiabetes200958Suppl 1A70
   Google Scholar
• The TODAY Study GroupZeitlerPEpsteinLTreatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the comparative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglitazone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetesPediatr Diab200787487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JuonalaMViikariJSKähönenMChildhood levels of serum apolipoproteins B and A-I predict carotid intima-media thickness and brachial endothelial function in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns studyJ Am Coll Cardiol20085229329918634985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoskinenJKähönenMViikariJSConventional cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in predicting carotid intima-media thickness progression in young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns StudyCirculation200912022923619581494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalcoxJPJDonaldAEEllinsEEndothelial function predicts progression of carotid intima-media thicknessCirculation20091191005101219204308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuprezDASomasundaramPESigurdssonGRelationship between C-reactive protein and arterial stiffness in an asymptomatic populationJ Hum Hypertens20051951551915905893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreedmanDSDietzWHTangRThe relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart StudyInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord200428156166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IkonomidisIStamatelopoulosKLekakisJVamvakouGDKremastinosDTInflammatory and non-invasive vascular markers: the multimarker approach for risk stratification in coronary artery diseaseAtherosclerosis200819931118378239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AggounYFarpour-LambertNJMarchandLMImpaired endothelial and smooth muscle functions and arterial stiffness appear before puberty in obese children and are associated with elevated ambulatory blood pressureEur Heart J20082979279918245115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WagenknechtLEBowdenDWCarrJJFamilial aggregation of coronary artery calcium in families with type 2 diabetesDiabetes20015086186611289053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScuteriATesauroMRizzaSEndothelial function and arterial stiffness in normotensive normoglycemic first-degree relatives of diabetic patients are independent of the metabolic syndromeNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis20081834935617935958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiannattasioCFaillaMCapraAIncreased arterial stiffness in normoglycemic normotensive offspring of type 2 diabetic parentsHypertension20085118218718195169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEleavyODMcCallumRWPetrieJRHigher carotid-radial pulse wave velocity in healthy offspring of patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabet Med20042126226615008837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGillHCJrMcMahanCAHerderickEEEffects of coronary heart disease risk factors on atherosclerosis of selected regions of the aorta and right coronary artery. PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in YouthArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol20002083684510712411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeñaASWiltshireEMacKenzieKVascular endothelial and smooth muscle function relates to body mass index and glucose in obese and nonobese childrenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2006914467447116895959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaballeroAEBousquet-SantosKRobles-OsorioLOverweight Latino children and adolescents have marked endothelial dysfunction and subclinical vascular inflammation in association with excess body fat and insulin resistanceDiabetes Care20083157658218083792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KapiotisSHolzerGSchallerGA proinflammatory state Is detectable in obese children and is accompanied by functional and morphological vascular changesArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2006262541254616973973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeyerAAKundtGSteinerMSchuff-WernerPKienastWImpaired flow-mediated vasodilation, carotid artery intima-media thickening, and elevated endothelial plasma markers in obese children: the impact of cardiovascular risk factorsPediatrics20061171560156716651309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReinehrTKiessWde SousaGStoffel-WagnerBWunschRIntima media thickness in childhood obesity: Relations to inflammatory marker, glucose metabolism, and blood pressureMetabolism20065511311816324929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BalagopalPGeorgeDPattonNLifestyle-only intervention attenuates the inflammatory state associated with obesity–a randomized controlled study in adolescentsJ Pediatr200514634234815756217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BalagopalPGeorgeDSweetenSResponse of fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of fibrinogen, concentration of D-dimer and fibrinolytic balance to physical activity-based intervention in obese childrenJ Thromb Haemost200861296130318507721
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CaliAMGZernTLTaksaliSEIntrahepatic fat accumulation and alterations in lipoprotein composition in obese adolescentsDiabetes Care2007303093309817717283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ManggeHAlmerGHaj-YahyaSPreatherosclerosis and adiponectin subfractions in obese adolescentsObesity2008162578258418846045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WinerJCZernTLTaksaliSEAdiponectin in childhood and adolescent obesity and its association with inflammatory markers and components of the metabolic syndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2006914415442316926246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeissRShawMSavoyeMCaprioSObesity dynamics and cardiovascular risk factor stability in obese adolescentsPediatr Diabetes2009311[Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EisenmannJCWelkGJWickelEEBlairSNStability of variables associated with the metabolic syndrome from adolescence to adulthood: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal StudyAm J Hum Biol20041669069615495227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrontiniMGSrinivasanSRXuJUsefulness of childhood non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels versus other lipoprotein measures in predicting adult subclinical atherosclerosis: the Bogalusa Heart StudyPediatrics200812192492918450895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavisPHDawsonJDRileyWALauerRMCarotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine StudyCirculation20011042815281911733400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TschakovskyMEPykeKECounterpoint: Flow-mediated dilation does not reflect nitric oxide-mediated endothelial functionJ Appl Physiol2005991235123716103525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThomasGDFlow-mediated dilation and biological variabilityJ Appl Physiol200599162616160029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanakaHFMD vs pharmacological approaches for endothelial functionJ Appl Physiol200599162716160030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenDPoint: Flow-mediated dilation does reflect nitric oxide-mediated endothelial functionJ Appl Physiol2005991233123416103524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CelermajerDSBrachial artery FMD with 5-minute distal cuff occlusion–a useful pathophysiological test after all!J Appl Physiol200599161916160022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CelermajerDSTesting endothelial function using ultrasoundJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol199832Suppl 3S29S329883744
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CelermajerDSSorensenKEGoochVMNon-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosisLancet1992340111111151359209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CorrettiMCAndersonTJBenjaminEJGuidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task ForceJ Am Coll Cardiol20023925726511788217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SkiltonMRCelermajerDSEndothelial dysfunction and arterial abnormalities in childhood obesityInt J Obes20063010411049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackMACableNTThijssenDHJGreenDJImportance of measuring the time course of flow-mediated dilatation in humansHypertension20085120321018086954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CelermajerDSEndothelial dysfunction: does it matter? Is it reversible?J Am Coll Cardiol1997303253339247501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernhallBAgiovlasitisSArterial function in youth: window into cardiovascular riskJ Appl Physiol200810532533318450990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DengelDRKellyASSteinbergerJSinaikosAREffect of oral glucose loading on endothelial function in normal-weight and overweight childrenClin Sci200711249349817173543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JärvisaloMJLehtimäkiTRaitakariOTDeterminants of arterial nitrate-mediated dilatation in children: role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, endothelial function, and carotid intima-media thicknessCirculation20041092885288915159289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SejdaTPit’haJSvandovaEPoledneRLimitations of non-invasive endothelial function assessment by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatationClin Physiol Funct Imaging200525586115659082
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• QureshiEDiamondGAChouraquiPUsefulness of finger blood flow during exercise as a marker of functionally signicficant coronary heart diseaseAm J Cardiol20029075675912356392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HallerMJSteinJShusterJPeripheral artery tonometry demonstrates altered endothelial function in children with type 1 diabetesPediatr Diab20078193198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HallerMJSilversteinJHShusterJJCorrelation between radial artery tonometry-and fingertip tonometry-derived augmentation index in children with type 1 diabetesDiabetes Vasc Dis Research2007466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GulKAhmadiNWangZDigital thermal monitoring of vascular function: a novel tool to improve cardiovascular risk assessmentVasc Med20091414314819366821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DhindsaMSommerladSMDeVanAEInterrelationships among noninvasive measures of postischemic macro-and microvascular reactivityJ Appl Physiol200810542743218483158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AhmadiNHajsadeghiFGulKRelations between digital thermal monitoring of vascular function, the Framingham risk score, and coronary artery calcium scoreJ Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr2008238238819083982
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HamburgNMKeyesMJLarsonMGCross-sectional relations of digital vascular function to cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Heart StudyCirculation20081172467247418458169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selamet TierneyESNewburgerJWGauvreauKEndothelial pulse amplitude testing: feasibility and reproducibility in adolescentsPediatr Res2009154901905
   Google Scholar
• NishiyamaSKWrayDWRichardsonRSAging affects vascular structure and function in a limb-specific mannerJ Appl Physiol20081051661167018719234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ThijssenDHJBullensLMvan BemmelMMDoes arterial shear explain the magnitude of flow-mediated dilation? A comparison between young and older humansAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2009296H57H6419028795
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WalkerAEEskurzaIPierceGLGatesPESealsDRModulation of vascular endothelial function by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with aging: influence of habitual exerciseAm J Hypertens20092225025619114985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ParkerBARidoutSJProctorDNAge and flow-mediated dilation: a comparison of dilatory responsiveness in the brachial and popliteal arteriesAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2006291H3043H304916861699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JarvisaloMJRonnemaaTVolanenIBrachial artery dilatation responses in healthy children and adolescentsAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2002282H87H9211748051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WooKSChookPYuCWEffects of diet and exercise on obesity related vascular dysfunction in childrenCirculation20041091981198615066949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TounianPAggounYDubernBPresence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective studyLancet20013581400140411705484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeyerAAKundtGLenschowUSchuff-WernerPKienastWImprovement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise programJ Am Coll Cardiol2006481865187017084264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinghalAEndothelial dysfunction: role in obesity-related disorders and the early origins of CVDProc Nutr Soc200564152215877918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AggounYSzezepanskiIBonnetDNoninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events in childrenPediatr Res20055817317816055929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KarpoffLVinetASchusterIAbnormal vascular reactivity at rest and exercise in obese boysEur J Clin Invest2009399410219200162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GokceNKeaneyJFJrHunterLMPredictive value of noninvasivelydetermined endothelial dysfunction for long-term cardiovascular events inpatients with peripheral vascular diseaseJ Am Coll Cardiol2003411769177512767663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YeboahJSutton-TyrrellKMcBurnieMAAssociation between brachial artery reactivity and cardiovascular disease status in an elderly cohort: The cardiovascular health studyAtherosclerosis200819776877617714717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShechterMIssacharAMaraiILong-term association of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation and cardiovascular events in middle-aged subjects with no apparent heart diseaseInt J Cardiol2009134525818479768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PerticoneFCeravoloRPujiaAPrognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patientsCirculation200110419119611447085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OdermarskyMNilssonALernmarkASjobladSLiubaPAtherogenic vascular and lipid phenotypes in young patients with type 1 diabetes are associated with diabetes high-risk HLA genotypeAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2007293H3175H317917906106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JarvisaloMJRaitakariMToikkaJOEndothelial dysfunction and increased arterial intima-media thickness in children with type 1 diabetesCirculation20041091750175515023875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaballeroAEAroraSSaouafRMicrovascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetesDiabetes1999481856186210480619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuysBde BeeckLORoomanRImpact of oxidative stress on the endothelial dysfunction of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: protection by superoxide dismutasePediatr Res20076245646117667843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CerielloAEspositoKPiconiLOscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes2008571349135418299315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research GroupThe relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications TrialDiabetes1995449689837622004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuonalaMViikariJSARönnemaaTElevated blood pressure in adolescent boys predicts endothelial dysfunction: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns studyHypertension20064842443016880344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MimounEAggounYPoussetMAssociation of arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction with metabolic syndrome in obese childrenJ Pediatr20081536570.e6118571538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArnettDKEvansGWRileyWArterial stiffness: a new cardiovascular risk factor?Am J Epidemiol19941406696827942769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrisantLMPasiMJupinDPrisantMEAssessment of repeatability and correlates of arterial complianceBlood Press Monit2002723123512198339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FinkelsteinSMCohnJNFirst-and third-order models for determining arterial complianceJ Hypertens199210SupplS11S14
   Google Scholar
• CohnJNVascular wall function as a risk marker for cardiovascular diseaseJ Hypertens199917SupplS41S44
   Google Scholar
• CohnJNFinkelsteinSMcVeighGNoninvasive pulse wave analysis for the early detection of vascular diseaseHypertension1995265035087649589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’RourkeMFHashimotoJArterial stiffness: a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor?J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev20082822523718628652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willum-HansenTStaessenJATorp-PedersenCPrognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general populationCirculation200611366467016461839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RomanMJDevereuxRBKizerJRCentral pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart StudyHypertension20075019720317485598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BellaJNRomanMJPiniRAssessment of arterial compliance by carotid midwall strain-stress relation in normotensive adultsHypertension19993378779210082488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McVeighGEBratteliCWMorganDJAge-related abnormalities in arterial compliance identified by pressure pulse contour analysis: aging and arterial complianceHypertension1999331392139810373222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VaitkeviciusPVFlegJLEngelJHEffects of age and aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness in healthy adultsCirculation199388145614628403292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CollinsRTSomesGWAlpertBSArterial stiffness is increased in American adolescents compared to Japanese counterpartsPediatr Cardiol200930679479919357905
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GardnerAWParkerDEAssociation between arterial compliance and age in participants 9 to 77 years oldAngiology2009727[Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TanakaHDinennoFAMonahanKDAging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial complianceCirculation20001270127510982542
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TanakaHDesouzaCASealsDRAbsence of age-related increase in central arterial stiffness in physically active womenArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1998181271329445266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UrbinaEMKimballTRMcCoyCEYouth With obesity and obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrate abnormalities in carotid structure and functionCirculation20091192913291919470890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SakuragiSAbhayaratnaKGravenmakerKJInfluence of adiposity and physical activity on arterial stiffness in healthy children: the lifestyle of our kids studyHypertension20095361161619273744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DangardtFOsikaWVolkmannRGanLMFribergPObese children show increased intimal wall thickness and decreased pulse wave velocityClin Physiol Funct Imaging20082828729318476996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FjeldstadASFjeldstadCAcreeLSThe relationship between arterial elasticity and metabolic syndrome featuresAngiology20075851017351152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FjeldstadASMontgomeryPSGardnerAWAge-related differences in arterial compliance are independent of body mass indexAngiology20085945445818388081
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NakanishiNSuzukiKTataraKClustered features of the metabolic syndrome and the risk for increased aortic pulse wave velocity in middle-aged Japanese menAngiology20035455155914565630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVeighGBrennanGHayesRVascular abnormalities in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus identified by arterial waveform analysisAm J Med1993954244308213876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CardosoCRFerreiraMTLeiteNCMicrovascular degenerative complications are associated with increased aortic stiffness in type 2 diabetic patientsAtherosclerosis200920547247619185301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PrisantLMResnickLMHollenbergSMArterial elasticity among normotensive subjects and treated and untreated hypertensive subjectsBlood Press Monit2001623323712055417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CohnJNFinkelsteinSMAbnormalities of vascular compliance in hypertension, aging and heart failureJ Hypertens199210SupplS61S64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ArnettDKGlasserSPMcVeighGBlood pressure and arterial compliance in young adults: the Minnesota Children’s Blood Pressure StudyAm J Hypertens20011420020511281229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RileyWAFreedmanDSHiggsNADecreased arterial elasticity associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in the young. Bogalusa Heart StudyArteriosclerosis198663783863524521
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LitwinMTrelewiczJWawerZIntima-media thickness and arterial elasticity in hypertensive children: controlled studyPediatr Nephrol20041976777415138871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’LearyDHPolakJFKronmalRACarotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adultsN Engl J Med199934014229878640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JourdanCWühlELitwinMNormative values for intima-media thickness and distensibility of large arteries in healthy adolescentsJ Hypertens2005231707171516093916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SassCHerbethBChapetOIntima-media thickness and diameter of carotid and femoral arteries in children, adolescents and adults from the Stanislas cohort: effect of age, sex, anthropometry and blood pressureJ Hypertens199816159316029856359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreedmanDSPatelDASrinivasanSThe contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart StudyInt J Obes200832749756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-TrucksässAChengDCSandrockMComputerized analysing system using the active contour in ultrasound measurement of carotid artery intima-media thicknessClin Physiol20012156156911576157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ChengDSchmidt-TrucksässAChengKBurkhardtHUsing snakes to detect the intimal and adventitial layers of the common carotid artery wall in sonography imagesComput Methods Programs Biomed200267273711750945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HansenFMangellPSonessonBLänneTDiameter and compliance in the human common carotid artery–variations with age and sexUltrasound Med Biol199521197754568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LenardZStudingerPMersichBKocsisLKollaiMMaturation of cardiovagal autonomic function from childhood to young adult ageCirculation20041102307231215477404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Meurs-van WoezikHKleinHWMarkus-SilvisLKredietPComparison of the growth of the tunica media of the ascending aorta, aortic isthmus and descending aorta in infants and childrenJ Anat19831362732816853344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ChamblessLEHeissGFolsomARAssociation of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) StudyAm J Epidemiol19971464834949290509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LorenzMWMarkusHSBotsMLRosvallMSitzerMPrediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysisCirculation200711545946717242284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SorofJMAlexandrovAVCardwellGPortmanRJCarotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressurePediatrics2003111616612509555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LandeMBCarsonNLRoyJMeagherCCEffects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima-media thickness: a matched controlled studyHypertension200648404416735644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TzouWSDouglasPSSrinivasanSRIncreased subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults with metabolic syndrome. The Bogalusa Heart StudyJ Am Coll Cardiol20054645746316053958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toledo-CorralCMVenturaEEHodisHNPersistence of the metabolic syndrome and its influence on carotid artery intima media thickness in overweight Latino childrenAtherosclerosis200920659459819446812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes AssociationStandards of medical care in diabetes‚ 2009Diabetes Care200932S13S6119118286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StewartKJRole of exercise training on cardiovascular disease in persons who have type 2 diabetes and hypertensionCardiol Clin20042256958615501624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PahkalaKHeinonenOJLagstromHVascular endothelial function and leisure-time physical activity in adolescentsCirculation20081182353235919015403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbbottRAHarknessMADaviesPSCorrelation of habitual physical activity levels with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery in 5–10 year old childrenAtherosclerosis200216023323911755942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HopkinsNDStrattonGTinkenaTMRelationships between measures of fitness, physical activity, body composition and vascular function in childrenAtherosclerosis200920424424918930229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenDJWalshJHMaioranaAExercise-induced improvement in endothelial dysfunction is not mediated by changes in CV risk factors: pooled analysis of diverse patient populationsAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2003285H2679H268712933344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HamburgNMMcMackinCJHuangALPhysical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteersArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2007272650265617932315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WattsKBeyePSiafarikasAExercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescentsJ Am Coll Cardiol2004431823182715145107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurphyECCarsonLNealWEffects of an exercise intervention using Dance Dance Revolution on endothelial function and other risk factors in overweight childrenInt J Pediatr Obes2009311019343603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KaufmanCLKaiserDRKellyASDiet revision in overweight children: effect on autonomic and vascular functionClin Autonom Res200818105108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RibeiroMMSilvaAGSantosNSDiet and exercise training restore blood pressure and vasodilatory responses during physiological maneuvers in obese childrenCirculation20051111915192315837944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlendeaMCBardMSowersJRWinerNHigh-fat meal impairs vascular compliance in a subgroup of young healthy subjectsMetabolism2005541337134416154433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EspositoKNappoFGiuglianoFEffect of dietary antioxidants on postprandial endothelial dysfunction induced by a high-fat meal in healthy subjectsAm J Clin Nutr20037713914312499333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PlotnickGDCorrettiMCVogelRAEffect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoreactivity following a single high-fat mealJAMA1997278168216869388088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VincentHKBourguignonCMWeltmanALEffects of anti-oxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity, endothelial adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in normal-weight and overweight young adultsMetabolism20095825426219154960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van GuilderGPHoetzerGLGreinerJJStaufferBLDeSouzaCAAcute and chronic effects of vitamin C on endothelial fibrinolytic function in overweight and obese adult humansJ Physiol20085863525353518499730
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EnglerMMEnglerMBMalloyMJAntioxidant vitamins C and E improve endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: Endothelial Assessment of Risk from Lipids in Youth (EARLY) trialCirculation20031081059106312912807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EnglerMMEnglerMBMalloyMDocosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY studyInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther20044267267915624283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EskurzaIMonahanKDRobinsonJASealsDRAscorbic acid does not affect large elastic artery compliance or central blood pressure in young and older menAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2004286H1528H153415020306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WardNCWuJHClarkeMWThe effect of vitamin E on blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Hypertens20072522723417143195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KinlaySBehrendtDFangJCLong-term effect of combined vitamins E and C on coronary and peripheral endothelial functionJ Am Coll Cardiol20041862963414975474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ThomsonMJPuntmannVKaskiJCAtherosclerosis and oxidant stress: the end of the road for antioxidant vitamin treatmentCardiovasc Drugs Ther20072119521017484034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VivekananthanDPPennMSappSHsuATopolEJUse of anti-oxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trialsLancet20033612017202312814711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerERPastor-BarriusoRDalalDMeta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortalityAnn Intern Med2005142374615537682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BjelakovicGNikolovaDGluudLLSimonettiRGGluudCMortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysisJAMA200729784285717327526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SavoyeMShawMDziuraJEffects of a weight management program on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight children: a randomized controlled trialJAMA20072972697270417595270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and AdolescentsThe fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescentsPediatrics200411455557615286277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurgertTSDuranEJGoldberg-GellRShort-term metabolic and cardiovascular effects of metformin in markedly obese adolescents with normal glucose tolerancePediatr Diabetes2008956757618761646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreemarkMBurseyDThe effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetesPediatrics2001107E5511335776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GanSCBarrJArieffAIPearlRGBiguanide-associated lactic acidosis. Case report and review of the literatureArch Intern Med1992152233323361444694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AguilarCRezaAGarciaJERullJABiguanide related lactic acidosis: incidence and risk factorsArch Med Res19922319241308787
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BaileyCJTurnerRCMetforminN Engl J Med19963345745798569826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WiegmanAHuttenBAde GrootEEfficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trialJAMAi2004292331337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BelayBBelamarichPFTom-RevzonCThe use of statins in pediatrics: knowledge base, limitations, and future directionsPediatrics200711937038017272627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CollettiRBNeufeldEJRoffNKMcAuliffeTLBakerALNewburgerJWNiacin treatment of hypercholesterolemia in childrenPediatrics19939278828516088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClaussSWaiKMKaveyREKuehlKEzetimibe treatment of pediatric patients with hypercholesterolemiaJ Pediatr200915486987219230898
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RosseboABPedersenTRBomanKIntensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosisN Engl J Med20083591343135618765433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetoREmbersonJLandrayMAnalyses of cancer data from three Ezetimibe trialsN Engl J Med20083591357136618765432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalleckMDavisHRKirschmeierPAn assessment of the carcinogenic potential of ezetimibe using nonclinical data in a weight-of-evidence approachToxicology200925811612019428931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SteinbergerJDanielsSREckelRHProgress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and MetabolismCirculation200911962864719139390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KelleyGAKelleyKSAerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAtherosclerosis200719144745316806228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FeitosaMFRiceTRankinenTCommon genetic and environmental effects on lipid phenotypes: the HERITAGE family studyHum Hered200559344015802920
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AnPBoreckiIBRankinenTEvidence of major genes for plasma HDL, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at baseline and in response to 20 weeks of endurance training: the HERITAGE Family StudyInt J Sports Med20052641441916037881
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinhas-HamielOZeitlerPAcute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescentsLancet20073691823183117531891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaahsDMWadwaRPBishopFDyslipidemia in youth with diabetes: to treat or not to treatJ Pediatr200815345846518847618
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KershnarAKDanielsSRImperatoreGLipid abnormalities are prevalent in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The search for diabetes in youth studyJ Pediatr200614931431916939739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrindleBWUrbinaEMDennisonBADrug therapy of high-risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, with the Council on Cardiovascular NursingCirculation20071151948196717377073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OliveiraACOliveiraAMAdanLFC-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in youth: a strong relationship?Obesity2008161094109818356840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SchwimmerJBPardeePELavineJEBlumkinAKCookSCardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseCirculation200811827728318591439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PacificoLCantisaniVRicciPNonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in childrenPediatr Res20086342342718356751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlisiAMancoMPaneraNNobiliVAssociation between type two diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in youthAnn Hepatol20098Suppl 1S44S5019381124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RodenburgJVissersMNDanielsSRWiegmanAKasteleinJJLipid-lowering medicationsPediatr Endocrinol Rev20042Suppl 117118016456497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZdravkovicVDanemanDHamiltonJPresentation and course of type 2 diabetes in youth in a large multi-ethnic cityDiabet Med2004211144114815384964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScottCRSmithJCradockMMPihokerCCharacteristics of youth-onset noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosisPediatrics199710084919200365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FlynnJTDanielsSRPharmacologic treatment of hypertension in children and adolescentsJ Pediatr200614974675417137886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaraghJHAbstract, closing summary, and table of contents for Laragh’s 25 lessons in pathophysiology and 12 clinical pearls for treating hypertensionAm J Hypertens2001141173117711775122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar