English Language Spread in Local Contexts: Turkey, Latvia and France

References

• Ager , D. 1999 . Identity, Insecurity, and Image: France and Language , C levedon : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Akarsu , F. 2000 . “ Transition and education: Acase study of the process of change in Turkey ” . In Education in a Global Society: A Comparative Perspective , Edited by: Mazurek , K. , Winzer , M. and Majorek , C. 315 – 329 . Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Alptekin , C. 1989 . “ Learning a foreign language does not mean losing Turkish ” . In Anadilinde CocukOlmak: Yabanci Dilde Egitim ‘Being a Child Speaking in the Mother-Tongue: Education in Foreign Languages’ , Edited by: Kilimci , A. 34 – 37 . Ankara : Papirus Yayinlari .
   Google Scholar
• Aronssohn , D. 2003 . English conquers Central Europe in language revolution. . The Baltic Times , February 6–12
   Google Scholar
• Baltic Times . April 8–14 2004 . Demand for language schools remains strong April 8–14 ,
   Google Scholar
• Bear , M. J. 1985 . Historical factors influencing attitudes toward foreign language learning in Turkey. . Journal of Human Sciences of Middle East Technical University , 1 ( 1 ) : 27 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• British Council . Latvia (n.d.) On WWW at http://www.britishcouncil.org/english/eyl/latvia.htm. Accessed 3.3.03.
   Google Scholar
• Brutt-Griffler , J. 2002 . World English: A Study of Its Development , Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Buyukkantarcioglu , N. 2004 . Sociolinguistic analysis of English in Turkey. . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 165 ( 1 ) : 33 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Canagarajah , A. S. 2005 . “ Reconstructing local knowledge, reconfiguring language studies ” . In Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice , ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series Edited by: Canagarajah , A. S. 3 – 24 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia . Online database. Table 9–8. Teaching of Foreign Languages in the General Schools (n.d.). On WWW at http://data.csb.lv/EN/dialog/varval.asp?ma509–08a&ti59%2D8%2E1TEACHING1OF1FOREIGN1LANGUAGES1IN1THE1GENERAL1SCHOOLS&path5./Database/annualstatistics/09.%20Education%20and%20science/&search5FOREIGN1LANGUAGES&lang51. Accessed 5.5.06.
   Google Scholar
• Corson , D. 2001 . Language Policy in Schools: A Resource for Teachers and Administrators , Mawah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Crystal , D. 1997 . English as a Global Language , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , A. 1996 . Review article: Ironising the myth of linguicism. . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 17 ( 6 ) : 485 – 496 .
   Google Scholar
• Demircan , O. 1988 . Dunden Bugune Turkiye'deYabanci Dil ‘Foreign Languages in Turkey from Past to Present’ , Istanbul : Remzi Kitabevi .
   Google Scholar
• Djité , P. 1995 . The politics of language in developed countries. . Australian Language Matters , 3 ( 4 ) : 4 – 5 . 10
   Google Scholar
• Dog? ançay-Aktuna , S. 1995 . An evaluation of the Turkish language reform after 60 years. . Language Problems and Language Planning , 19 ( 3 ) : 221 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Dog? ançay-Aktuna , S. 1998 . The spread of English in Turkey and its current sociolinguistic profile. . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 19 ( 1 ) : 24 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Dog? ançay-Aktuna , S. and Kiziltepe , Z. 2005 . English in Turkey. . World Englishes , 24 ( 2 ) : 253 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Druviete , I. 1997 . Linguistic human rights in the Baltic States. . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 127 : 161 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Dulger , I. Turkey: Rapid coverage for compulsory education. The 1997 Basic education program . Paper presented in the Scaling Up Poverty Reduction and Global Learning Process Conference . May 25–27 2004 , Shangai, China. Asian Development Bank (ADB) .
   Google Scholar
• Duman , A. 1997 . Yabanci dilde eg? itim üzerine ‘On education in English’. . Science and Utopia Journal. , A nkara University. On WWW at http://www.prism.gatech.edu/∼gte478k/turkce1.html. Accessed 19.4.04.
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for Modern Languages . 1996 . Situation of modern language learning and teaching in Latvia On WWW at http://www.ecml.at/documents/members/LettonieNR.pdf. Accessed 4.4.03.
   Google Scholar
• Eurybase . 2004/2005 . Latvia On WWW at http://194.78.211.243/Eurybase/Application/frameset.asp?country5LV&language5EN. Accessed 10.5.06.
   Google Scholar
• Eurydice . 2001 . Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe , Brussels : Eurydice European Unit . On WWW at http://oraprod.eurydice.org/portal/pagĕ_pageid5217,163566&_dad5portal&_schema5PORTAL&pub5025EN. Accessed 23.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• Eurydice . 2005 . Key Data on Teaching Languages at School in Europe , Brussels : Eurydice European Unit . On WWW at http://oraprod.eurydice.org/portal/pagĕ_pageid5217,163566&_dad5portal&_schema5PORTAL&pub5049EN. Accessed 17.8.06.
   Google Scholar
• Fonzari , L. 1999 . English in the Estonian multicultural society. . World Englishes , 18 ( 1 ) : 39 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Fretwell , D. H. and Wheeler , A. 2001 . Turkey: Secondary Education and Training , Secondary Education Series Washington, DC : World Bank Human Development Network .
   Google Scholar
• Gaonac'h , D. 2005 . À quoi peut servir l'enseignement précoce d'une langue étrangèrĕ ‘How useful is early foreign language education?’ . Cahiers Pédagogiques , 437 : 18 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Genc , A. 1999 . Ilkogretimde yabanci dil ‘Foreign language in primary education’. . Buca Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi , 10 : 299 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Grigg , P. 1997 . Toubon or not Toubon: The influence of the English language in contemporary France. . English Studies , 78 : 368 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guclu , A. 2002 . Anadolu liseleri ne olacak? ‘What is going to happen to the Anatolian high schools?’. . Milliyet (newspaper) , 5 January 2002. On WWW at http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2002/05/01/yazar/guclu.html. Accessed 20.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• Guclu , A. 2004a . Yabanc1 dille eğitim kalkacakm1ş! ‘Foreign language medium education was told to be terminated!’. . Milliyet (newspaper) , 11 March 2004. On WWW at http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/11/03/yazar/guclu.html. Accessed 20.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• Guclu , A. 2004b . Yabanc? dille eg? itim (2) ‘Foreign language medium education’. . Milliyet (newspaper) , 11 May 2004. On WWW at http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/11/05/yazar/guclu.html. Accessed 20.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• Haznedar , B. Primary language teaching and teacher education . Paper presented at Hawaii International Conference on Education . January 7–10 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawai'i. Ilkhan , I. Yabanc? dil og? retiminin sorun-çözüm bag? lam?nda deg? erlendirilmesi üzerine ‘On evaluating foreign language teaching on a problem-solution basis’ . Proceedings of the First International Troy-Çanakkale Language Teaching and School Development Symposium . Edited by: Köksal , D. and Hakk? Erten , I. Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi. On WWW at http://yadem.comu.edu.tr/1stELTKonf/TR_Ibrahim_Ilkhan_Sorun_Cozum.htm. Accessed 10.8.06.
   Google Scholar
• Jubilis , M. A. 2001 . Nationalism and Democratic Transition: The Politics of Citizenship and Language in Post-Soviet Latvia , Maryland : University Press of America .
   Google Scholar
• Kachru , B. B. 1987 . “ The spread of English and sacred linguistic cows ” . In Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics , Edited by: Lowenberg , P. H. 1 – 15 . Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. B. and Baldauf , R. B. Jr . 1997 . Language Planning: From Practice to Theory , Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Kilimci , A. 1989 . Anadilinde Cocuk Olmak: Yabanci Dilde Egitim ‘Being a Child Speaking in the Mother-Tongue: Education in Foreign Languages’ , Ankara : Papirus Yayinlari .
   Google Scholar
• Kinzer , S. 2001 . Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds , New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Konig , G. C. 1990 . “ The place of English in Turkey ” . In The Birth and Growth of a Department. Department of English Language and Literature: 25th Anniversary , Edited by: Bozer , D. 157 – 167 . Ankara : Hacettepe University .
   Google Scholar
• Konig , G. C. 2004 . Introduct?on. . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 165 ( 1 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Lambrie , N. and Quell , C. 1997 . Your language, my language or English? The potential language choice in communication among nationals of the European Union. . World Englishes , 16 ( 1 ) : 3 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• L'Assemblée nationale . 1975 . Loi no 75–1349 du 31 décembre 1975 relative à l'emploi de la langue française ‘Law 75–1349 of 13 December 1975 relating to usage of the French language’ On WWW at http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/France-loi-75–1349-1975.htm. Accessed 23.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• L'Assemblée nationale . 1994 . Loi no 94–665 du 4 août 1994 relative à l'emploi de la langue française. ‘Law 94–665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language’ On WWW at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo5MCCX9400007L. Accessed 23.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• L'Assemblée nationale . 2005 . Loi no 2005–380 du 23 avril 2005 d'Orientation et de Programme pour l'Avenir de l'Ecole ‘Law 2005–380 of 23 April 2005 of Orientation and of the Program for the Future of the School’ On WWW at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo5MENX0400282L. Accessed 23.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• Milli Egitim Bakanligi (MEB) (Turkish Ministry of National Education) . 1997 . Law: 4306-Ilkogretim ve egitim kanunu ‘The primary education and education law’. . Resmi Gazete , No. 2308 4 August 18, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Milli Egitim Bakanligi (MEB) (Turkish Ministry of National Education) . 2002 . Ilkög?retim okullar?nda kurumsal deg?erlendirme araşt?rmas? ‘The institutional evaluation research on primary education schools’ , Ankara : MEB, Projeler Koordinasyon Merkezi Baskanligi . Baskent University
   Google Scholar
• Milli Egitim Bakanligi (MEB) (Turkish Ministry of National Education) . 2005 . Talim Terbiye Kurulu ‘The institute of training and discipline’ 14 July 2005. 192 sayili kanunu ‘Law number 192’.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia (MES) . 2004 . The Education System in Latvia On WWW at http://www.izm.gov.lv/default.aspx?tabID520&lang55&id5550. Accessed 1.12.06.
   Google Scholar
• Ozer , B. 2004 . In-service training of teachers in Turkey. . Journal of In-service Education , 30 ( 1 ) : 89 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Ozolins , U. 1994 . Upwardly mobile languages: The politics of language in the Baltic States. . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 15 ( 2–3 ) : 161 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Ozolins , U. 1999 . Between Russian and European hegemony: Current language policy in the Baltic States. . Current Issues in Language and Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 6 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson , R. 1992 . Linguistic Imperialism , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson , R. 1994 . English language spread policy. . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 107 : 7 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson , R. 1997 . Realities and myths of linguistic imperialism. . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 18 ( 3 ) : 238 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson , R. and Skutnabb-Kangas , T. 1996 . English only worldwide or language ecology? . TESOL Quarterly , 30 ( 3 ) : 429 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillipson , R. and Skutnabb-Kangas , T. 1997 . Linguistic human rights and English in Europe. . World Englishes , 16 ( 1 ) : 27 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , P. 2000 . Learners of English in France: The question of motivation. . Franco-British Studies: Journal of the British Institute in Paris , 29 : 5 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Quirk , R. 1988 . “ The question of standards in the international use of English ” . In Language Spread and Language Policy: Issues, Implications and Case Studies , Edited by: Lowenberg , P. H. 229 – 241 . Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ricento , T. 2000 . Historical and theoretical perspectives in language policy and planning. . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 4 ( 2 ) : 196 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Sénat . 2001 . Reunion de la Délégation du 4 Décembre 2001 ‘Delegation Meeting on 4 December 2001’ On WWW at http://www.senat.fr/europe/r04122001.html. Accessed 24.4.03.
   Google Scholar
• Sénat . 2003 . L'Enseignement des langues étrangères en France ‘Foreign Language Teaching in France’ On WWW at http://www.senat.fr/rap/r03–063/r03–063_mono.html. Accessed 12.12.04.
   Google Scholar
• Sénat . Questions (n.d.). On WWW at http://www.senat.fr/quesdom.html. Accessed 15.5.06.
   Google Scholar
• Sinanoglu , O. 2005 . Bir savas nasil kaybedilir — Ulusun ulus olmaktan cikarilmasi ‘How a war can be lost — Anation's losing its national characteristics’ On WWW at http://www.sinanoglu.net. Accessed 1.5.06.
   Google Scholar
• Steele , R. , St Onge , S. and St Onge , R. 1997 . La Civilisation Française en Évolution II: Insititutions et Culture de la Ve République ‘French Civilization in Evolution II: Institutions and Culture of the V Republic’ , Heinle & Heinle : Boston .
   Google Scholar
• Toktar , E. 2000 . A ç?kög? retimde I. ngilizce ög? retmeni yetiştirilecek ‘English teachers will be educated through distance education’. . Cumhuriyet , (newspaper). 16 May 2000. On WWW at http://www.egitim.aku.edu.tr/toktar7.htm. Accessed 20.7.06.
   Google Scholar
• Truchot , C. 1997 . The spread of English: From France to a more general perspective. . World Englishes , 16 ( 1 ) : 65 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsuda , Y. 1994 . The diffusion of English: Its impact on culture and communication. . Keio Communication Review , 16 : 49 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsuda , Y. 1997 . “ Hegemony of English vs. ecology of language: Building equality in international communication ” . In World Englishes 2000 , Edited by: Smith , L. and Forman , M. vol. 14. , Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of State (Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs) . 2002 . English Language Programs Office On WWW at http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/rpts/weu0202.htm. Accessed 15.3.03.
   Google Scholar
• Valdmanis , J. 1997 . Processes Determining the Future of the Latvian Language On WWW at http://ailab.lv/valoda/process.htm. Accessed 14.2.03. Site sponsor: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia.
   Google Scholar
• Widdowson , H. G. 1997 . EIL, ESL, E FL: Global issues and local interests. . World Englishes , 16 ( 1 ) : 135 – 146 .
   Google Scholar