Dogs' Languages or People's Languages? The Return of Bantu Languages to Primary Schools in Mozambique

References

• Angelova , M. , Gunawardena , D. and Volk , D. 2006 . Peer teaching and learning: Co-constructing language in a dual language first grade. . Language and Education , 20 ( 3 ) : 173 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Altuna , P. R. R. de A. 1985 . Cultura Traditional Banto ‘Bantu Traditional Culture’ , Luanda : Secretaríado Arqui-Diocesano de Pastoral .
   Google Scholar
• Breen , M. P. 2002 . From a language policy to classroom practice: The intervention of identity and relationship. . Language and Education , 16 ( 4 ) : 260 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Chissano , L. Notícias . Discurso de Abertura à Conferência Interministerial da SADC sobre a cultura ‘Opening Speech presented to the SADC International Conference on culture’ . 30 December . Maputo
   Google Scholar
• Couto , M. 1981 . Ainda o problema da língua: Submissão cultural ‘The problem of language again: Cultural submission’. . Tempo , 536 Maputo
   Google Scholar
• Couto , M. 1993 . Celebrar uma cultura mulata. ‘Xipalapala Artes e Letras ‘To celebrate a coloured culture. ‘Xipalapala Arts and Letters’ ′88 . Notícias. , 20 December Maputo
   Google Scholar
• Craveirinha , J. 2003 . Aminha mãe ‘My mother’. . Índico, LAM Inflight Magazine , 23 April-June Maputo
   Google Scholar
• Cumming-Potvin , W. , Renshaw , P. and Van Kraayenoord , C. 2003 . Asociocultural analysis of language learning: New forms of literacy practices in a language and culture awareness programme. . Language and Education , 17 ( 6 ) : 391 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Dalby , D. 1985 . The educational use of African languages in sub-Saharan Africa: The state of the art , Paris : UNESCO . Document ED/851 WS/62
   Google Scholar
• Diop , C. A. 1959 . L'Unité Culturelle de l'Afrique Noire: Domaines du patriarcat et du matriarcat dans l'Antiquité classique ‘The Cultural Unity of Black Africa: The Domains of Patriarchy and of Matriarchy in Classical Antiquity’ , Paris : Présence Africaine .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. 2001 . The ecology of language revival. . Current Issues in Language Planning , 2 ( 2&3 ) : 231 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Ethnologue . 2006 . Languages of Mozambique On WWW at http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name5MZ. Accessed 27.4.06.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman , J. A. 2001 . If threatened languages can be saved, then can dead languages be revived? . Current Issues in Language Planning , 2 ( 2&3 ) : 222 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Gee , J. P. 1990 . Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses , New York : The Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gee , J. P. 1991 . What is applied linguistics? USC, California Paper delivered to the Second Language Research Forum (SLRF)
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves , P. 2002 . The role of ambiguity in second language change: The case of Mozambican African Portuguese. . Second Language Research , 18 ( 4 ) : 325 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , A. and FSC . 1990 . “ Evaluating bilingual education in the Philippines: Towards a multidimensional model of evaluation in language planning ” . In Language Planning and Education in Australasia and the South Pacific , Edited by: Baldauf , R. B. Jr and Luke , A. 319 – 334 . Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. B. and Baldauf , R. B. Jr. 1997 . Language Planning: From Practice to Theory , Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Kgosana , C. 2005 . Mother-tongue instruction first , 9 October 12 Johannesburg : City Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kitoko-Nsiku , E. 2005a . Como explicar os significados extra-linguistícos (ou culturais)? ‘How to explain extra-linguistic (or cultural) meanings?’ . Folha de Linguistíca e Literatura ‘Journal of Linguistics and Literature’ , 8 : 2 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitoko-Nsiku , E. 2005b . The lack and weakness of African exegetes: Crisis in Biblical translation On WWW at http://academic.sun.ac.za/as/cbta/Bible%20in%20AfricaSept2005/Nsiku_Lack%20and%20weakness%20of%20African%20exgetes.pdf. Accessed 23.10.06.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , I. 2003 . Oimpério português responde por escrito ou: estamos numa nice: sobre a situação luso-africana na perspectiva dos estudos de pós-colonialismo ‘The Portuguese Empire strikes back by writing or are we feeling fine about it: On the lusophone-African situation from a perspective of studies on post-colonialism’. . Folha de Linguística e Literatura ‘Journal of Linguistics and Literature’ , 5 : 6 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Laye , C. 1973 . The Dark Child , New York : Farrar, Strauss and Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Linton , R. 1987 . O homem: Uma Introdução à Antropologia ‘Man: An Introduction to Anthropology’ , Martins Fontes : São Paulo .
   Google Scholar
• Lopes , A. J. 2001 . Language revitalisation and reversal in Mozambique: The case of Xironga in Maputo. . Current Issues in Language Planning , 2 ( 2&3 ) : 259 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopes , A. J. 2002 . “ O Português como língua segunda em África: Problemáticas de planificação e política linguística ‘Portuguese as a second language in Africa: Issues in language planning and policy’ ” . In Uma Política de Língua para o Português ‘A Language Policy for Portuguese’ , Edited by: Mateus , M. H. 15 – 31 . Lisboa : Edições Colibri .
   Google Scholar
• Lopes , A. J. 2004 . The Battle of the Languages: Perspectives on Applied Linguistics in Mozambique/A Batalha das Línguas: Perspectivas sobre Linguística Aplicada em Moçambique ‘bilingual volume’ , Maputo : Imprensa Universitária .
   Google Scholar
• Martins , Z. 1994 . Aproveitamento escolar no Sistema Nacional de Educação ‘School results in the National Education System’ , Maputo : INDE .
   Google Scholar
• Matavele , C. and Machaul , D. 1997 . Estratégias de Introdução e Expansão do Ensino em Línguas Moçambicanas ‘Introduction and Expansion Strategies for Teaching in Mozambican Languages’ , Maputo : INDE .
   Google Scholar
• Matavele , C. and Machaul , D. 1998a . Uma experiência de escolarização bilingue em Moçambique. Síntese das actividades desenvolvidas ao longo do Projecto organizado pelo INDE/MINED ‘A bilingual schooling experience in Mozambique , Maputo : INDE . Asummary of the activities carried out under the project organised by INDE/MINED’
   Google Scholar
• Matavele , C. and Machaul , D. 1998b . Buscando o Currículo para a Escola Primária Moçambicana: A Experiência de Produção de Livros de Ensino Bilingue ‘In Search of a Syllabus for the Mozambican Primary Education: The Experience of Producing Bilingual School Books’ , Maputo : INDE .
   Google Scholar
• Mateene , K. 1980 . “ La faillite de l'emploi obligatoire des langues européennes en Afrique et les avantages d'une politique d'independance linguistique ‘Failure in the obligatory use of European languages in Africa and the advantages of a policy of linguistic independence’ ” . In Reconsidération des Politiques Linguistiques Africaines ‘Rethinking African Language Policies’ , Edited by: Mateene , K. and Kalema , J. Kampala : OUA Bureau of Languages .
   Google Scholar
• Mondlane , E. 1967 . “ Tribos ou grupos étnicos moçambicanos (seu significado na luta de libertação nacional) ‘Mozambican tribes or ethnic groups (its meaning during the national liberation struggle)’ ” . In Datas e Documentos da História da FRELIMO , Edited by: Reis , J. and Muiuane , A. 73 – 9 . Lourenço Marques : Imprensa Nacional . (1975) ‘Dates and Documents of the History of Frelimo’, 2a. edição.
   Google Scholar
• Ndayipfukamiye , L. 2001 . “ The contradiction of teaching bilingually in postcolonial Burundi: From nyakasi to maisons en étage ” . In Voices of Authority: Education and Linguistic Difference , Edited by: Martin-Jones , M. and Heller , M. 101 – 116 . London : Ablex Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Nyerere , J. K. 1968 . Freedom and Socialism. A Selection from Writings & Speeches, 1965–1967 , Dares Salaam : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nyerere , J. K. 1974 . Uhuru Na Maendeleo ‘Freedom and Development’ , Dares Salaam : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nyerere , J. K. 1978 . “ Development is for man, by man, and of man: The declaration of Dar es Salaam ” . In Adult Learning: A Design for Action , Edited by: Hall , B. and Kidd , J. R. 27 – 36 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Okano , K. 2006 . Language in schools in Asia: Globalisation and local forces. . Language and Education , 20 ( 4 ) : 263 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Pellow , D. 1977 . Recent studies on African women. . African Studies Review , 20 : 117 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Prah , K. K. 1993 . Mother Tongue for Scientific and Technological Development in Africa , Bonn : DSE .
   Google Scholar
• Premsrirat , S. and Malone , D. 2003 . Language Development and Language Revitalization in Asia On WWW at http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenarypapers/suwilaanddennis_malone.pdf. Accessed 24.10.06.
   Google Scholar
• Sefa Dei , G. J. and Asgharzadeh , A. 2006 . Language, education and development: Case studies from the southern contexts. . Language and Education , 17 ( 6 ) : 421 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Senghor , L. S. 1991 . “ Femme noire ‘Black woman’ ” . In Léopold Sédar Senghor: The Collected Poetry , Edited by: Dixon , M. Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia .
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State . 2006 . On www at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7035.htm. Bureau of African Affairs. Accessed 1.4.06.
   Google Scholar
• Vilela , M. 2002 . Reflections on language policy in African countries with Portuguese as an official language. . Current Issues in Language Planning , 3 ( 3 ) : 306 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Wa Thiong'o , N. 1986 . Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature , London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• West , G. O. 2002 . Indigenous exegesis: Locating local reading resources in the academy. . Grace and Truth — A Journal of Catholic Reflection for Southern Africa , 19 ( 2 ) : 66 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Yai , O. B. 1983 . Elements of a policy for promotion of national languages , Paris : UNESCO . Report for the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique
   Google Scholar